Micrographia, or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses : with observations and inquiries thereupon

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By the Council of the Royal Society
of London for Improving of Natural
Knowledge.

Ordered,72wf tfo Boot written by Robert Hooke,M.^.Fe//o»' of this Society
Entitukd, Micrographia, or fome Phyfiological Defcriptions of
Minute Bodies, made by Magnifying Glafles, with Obfervations and
Inquiries thereupon, Be printed by John Martyn,W James Alleftry,
Printers to the faU Society.

Novem. 23.

l66*- Brouncker. P.R.S.

MICROGRAPHIA :

OR SOME

Phyfiologkal Defcriptions

O F

MINUTE BODIES

MADE BY

MAGNIFYING GLASSES-

WITH

Observations and I n clu iries thereupon.

,• . . , III

By Rt HO 0 KE^ Fellow of the Roy a l Society

Non pojjis oculo quantum contendere Linceuf,

Kon tamen idcirco contemnas Lippus inungi. Horat. Ep. lib. I.

LONDO iV^Printed by Jo. MartynSznd Ja. Allcflry, Printers to the
Royal Societ Y3and arc to be fold at their Shop at the Bell in
£PWs Church-yard. M DC LX V.

TO THE

5rb

KIN

SIR,

3 rl

Do here moft humbly lay
this [mall Prefent at Tour
Majepes Royal feet. And
: though it comes accompa-
ny'd with two difadvant ages ,the meannefs
of the Author, and of the Subjeft • yet
in both I am incouraged by the greatnefs
of your Mercy and your Knowledge.
By the ozk 1 am taught 0 that you can

A forgive

The Epistle

• forgive the moft prefumptuous 0 fenders :
And by the other, that you will not t-
fieem the lead work of Nature, or Art,
unworthy your Observation. Amidft the
many felicities that have accompanied
your Majepes happy Reftauration and
Government/itis none of the leaft confi-
derable, that Fhilofophy and Experimental
Lmninghzve profpefd under your Royal
Patronage. And as the calm profperity
of your Reign has given us ihcleifure
to follow thefe Studies of quiet and re-
tirement, foit is juft, that the Fruits of
them fhould , by way of acknowledge-
ment, be return cl to your Majefly.
There ares Sir, feveral other of your
Subje&s, of your Royal Society, now
bufle about Nobler matters : The Im-
provement of Manufactures and Agricul-
ture, the Jncreafe of Commerce , the Ad-
vantage oi ' Navigation: In all which
they are a (sifted by your Majepes Incou-
rageffient and Example. Amidft all thofe

A greater

Dr D i C ATORY.

greater Defigns0l hereprefume to bring
in that which is more proportionable to
the finable fs of my Abilities , and to
offer fome of the leaft of all vifibk
things ,to that Mighty King, that has ejla*.
blijhtan Empire over the beft:of all///*
vifibk things of this Worlds the Minds
of Men.

Tour Majefties mo jl humble

firiT . ttft>\\vV?^ca '^d bruifiiiOD bns Lobwjcn**

and mofi obedient

dtsaf Servant,

^.wolffiita >fb9Sbi!p ->jn wob boiteM HI JOY

\tw4iom z\ 11 10I •.ano'^oiiCI tfLK'; vJ 3:10b
**\ aril 1o cAtafcfm oib ogiabnu biuo/i) I JOY

^w-.Vr.*\o( dv,::/- mjoy : ; ;
Robert Hooke.

The Preface.

many particulars much outdone by thofeof other Creatures, and when
at befi,tobe far Jbort of the perfection they feem capable of: And theft
infirmities of the Senfes arife from a double caufe, either from the dif-
proportion of the Objed to the Orgzn,whereby an infinite number of
things can never enter into them,or elfe from error in the Perception,
that many things, which come within their reach, are not received in a
right manner.

The like frailties are to be found in the Memory ; we often let many
things flip away from us, which deferve to be retain d; and of thofe
which we treafure up, a great part it either frivolous or falfe ; and if
good, and fubfiantial, either in trail of time obliterated, or at be.fi fo
overwhelmed and buried under more frothy notions, that when there it
need of them, they are in vain fought for.

The two main foundations being fo deceivable, it is no wonder, that
all the fucceeding works which we build upon them,of arguing, conclu-
ding,defining,judging, and all the other degrees of Eeafon, are lyable to
the fame imperfection, being, at befi, either vain, or uncertain : So that
the errors of the underftanding are anfwerable to the two other, being
defective both in the quantity andgoodnefs of its knowledge ; for the li-
mits, to which our thoughts are confi nd, are fmallin r effect of tfa vafl
extent of Nature it felf ; fome parts of it are too large to be comprehen-
ded, and fome too little to beperceived. And from thence it muftfol-
tow,that not having a full fenfation of the Object, we muft be very lame
and imperfect in our conceptions about it, and in alfthe proportions
which we build upon it ; hence, we often take the (hadow of things fir
the fubftance, fmall appearances for good fimilitudes, fimilitudes
for definitions; and even many of thofe, which we think, to be the rnofl
folid definitions, are rather expreffions of our ownmifguided apprehen-
fions then of the true nature of the things thernfelves.
• The effects of thefe imperfections are manifefiedin different ways,ac-
cording to the temper and diffofition of the fever al minds of men, fome
they incline to grofs ignorance and fiupidity, and others to a pre-
fumptuous impofing on other mens Opinions, and a confident dog-
matizing on matters, whereof there it no affurance to be given.

The Preface.

Tim all the uncertainty, and miftakes of humane aliions, proceed
either from the narrownefs and wandring of our Senfes, from the flippe-
rincfl or delufion of our Memory, from the confinement or rajlmejl of
<wr Understanding, /<?ffe *ti& no wonder, that our power over natu-
ral caufes and effetls it fo flowl) 'vnprovd, feeing we are not only to
contend with the obfeurity and difficulty of the things whereon we work,
and think J)ut even the for ces of our own minds conffrire to betray uti.

Thcfe being the dangers in the proc-efl of humane Eeafon, the remedies
of them all can only proceed from the real, the mechanical, the ex-
perimenta! Phihjophy, which has this advantage overthePhilofophyof
difcourfe and d\fyuVdt\on,tbat whereas that chiefly aims at the fubtilty
of its Deductions and Condufwns , without much rigard to the firfl
ground-work , which ought to be well laid on theSenfe and Memory ;
fo this intends the right ordering of them all,and the making them fer-
viceable to each other.

Thefirft thing to be undertaken in this weighty work., is a watch-
fulnefs over the failings and an inlargement of the dominion, of
the Smfes.

To which end it is requifite, firfi, That there JIjouU be a fcrupu-
lous choice,and a ftrict examination, of the reality, conftancy, and
certainty of the Particulars that we ddmit:Thk is the fir ft rife where-
on truth is to begin, and here the moft fever andmoft impartial dili-
gence, mufi be imployed ; the ftoring up of all, without any regard to
evidence or ufe, will only tend to. darknefs and confufion. We mufi
not therefore efleem the riches of ourPhilofophicaltreafure by the num-
ber only, but chiefly by the weight moft vulgar Inftances are not to
be neglet\ed,but above all, the moft inftructive are to be entertain d ;
thefootfteps of Nature are to betracd,not only in her ordinary courle,
but when fhe feems to be put to her jhifis,to make many doublings and
turnings, and to ufe fomekjnd of art in indeavouring to avoid our
difcovery.

The next care to be taken, in reffetl of the Senfes, is a fupplying of
their infirmities with Infrruments, and, as it were, the adding of arti-
ficial Organs to the natural ; this in one of them has been of late years

accom-

The Preface.

accomplifht with prodigious benefit to all forts of ufeful knowledge , by
the invention of Optical Glajfes. By the means of Telefcopes, there is
nothing fo far diftant but may be represented to our view ; and by the
help of Microfcopes, there is nothing fo fmall, as toefcape our inqui-
ry ; hence there is a new vifible World difcovered to the underftanding.
By this means the Heavens are opend, and a vafl number of new Stars,
and new Motions, and new Produtlions appear in them, to which all the
antient Aflronomerswere utterly Strangers. By this the Earth it felf,
which lyes fo neer us, under our feet, fbews quite a new thing to us, and
in every little particle of its matter, we now behold almoft as great a
variety of Creatures, as we were able before to reckon up in the whole
Univerfe/V felf

It feems not improbable , but that by thefe helps the fubtilty of the
compofition of Bodies, the ftrufiure of their parts, the various texture
of their matter, the inflruments and manner of their inward motions,
and all the other pojfible appearances of things, may come to be more
fully difcovered ; all which the antient Peripateticks were content to
comprehend in two general and ( unleft further explain d) ufekjl
words of Matter and Form.From whence there may arife many admi-
rable advantages,towards the increafe of the Operative, and the Me-
chanick Knowledge, to which this Age feems fo much inclined, becaufe
we may perhaps be inabled todifcern all the fecret workings of Nature,
almoft in the fame manner as we do thofe that are the productions of
Art, and are rnanagd by Wheels, and Engines, and Springs, that were
devifed by humane Wit.

In this kind I here prefent to the World my imperfettlndeavours ;
which though they Jb all prove no other way confiderable,yet, I hope, they
may be in fome meafure ufeful to the main Defign of a reformation
inPhilofophy,if it be only by Jhewing, that there is not fo muchrequifd
towards it,any ftrength of Imagination^ exat\nefs of Method,^ depth
of Contemplation(*/w/g/> the addition of thefe,where they can be had,
muft needs produce a much moreperfetl compofure)as afmcere Hand,
and a faithful Eye, to examine, and to record, the things themfelves
as they appear.

And

The Preface.

And I beg my Render ; to let me take the boldnefl to affure hint,
that in this prefent condition of knowledge , a man fo qualified, as 1
have indeavoured to he, only with refolution, and integrity, and plain
intentions of imploying hi* Senfes aright /nay venture to compare the re-
alky and the ufefulnefl of hit fervices, towards the true Philofophy, with
thofe of other men, that are of much fir onger, and more acute fpecula-
tions,tte fl) all not mahz ufe of the fame method by the Senfes.

The truth is, the Science of Nature has been already too long made
only a work of the Brain and the Fancy : It is now high time that it
fhould return to the plainnefi and (oundnefl of Obfervations on ma-
terial and obvious things. It it faid of great Empires, That the beft
way to preferve them from decay, is to bring them back to the
firft Principles, and Arts, on which they did begin. The fame
is undoubtedly true in Philofophy,thatbywandringfar away into invi-
fible Notions,/;^ almoft quite deftroyd it felfand it can never be re-
covered, or continued, but by returning into the fame fenfible paths,
in which it did at firft proceed.

If therefore the Reader expetls from me any infallible Deductions,
or certainty of Axioms, I am to fay for my felf, that thofe fironger
Works of Wit and Imagination are above my weak Abilities ; or if
they had not been fo, I would not have made ufe of them in this pre-
fent Subject before me: Whereever he finds that I have ventufd at
any fmallConjetlures, at the caufes of the things that I have ob fervid*
Ibefeech him to look upon them only as doubtful Problems,^ uncer-
tain ghefles, and not as unquefiionable Conclufions, or matters of un-
confutable Science-, I have produced nothing here, with intent to bind
his underftanding to an implicit confent ; I am fo far from that, that
Idefirehim, not abfolutely to rely upon thefe Obfervations of my eyes,
if he finds them contraditled by the future Ocular Experiments of fi-
ber and impartial Difcoverers.

As for my part, I have obtained my end, if thefe my fmall Labours
fball be thought fit to take up fome place in the large ftocktf natural
Obfervations, which fo many hands are bufie in providing. If I have
contributed the meaneft foundations whereon others may raife nobler

b Super-

The Preface.

Superfrructures, lam abundantly fatisfied ; and all my ambition is,
that I may ferve to the great Phibjophers of this Age , a* the makers
and the grinders of myGlaffesdidtome ; that I may prepare and fur-
nifh them with fome Materials, which they may afterwards order and
manage with better skill-, and to far greater advantage.

The next remedies in this univerfal cure of the. Mind are to be. ap-
ptyedto the Memory , and they are toconfifi of fuchViretiions a6may
inform u*, what things arebefi to be ftor'd up for our purpofe, and
which is the beft way of fo difpofing them, that they may not only be
kept in fetety, but ready and convenient Jo be at any time produc'd/or
ufe, 06 occafion fhall require. But I will not here prevent my felf in
what I may fay in another Difcourfe , wherein I fhall make an at-
tempt to propofe fome Confederations of the manner of compiling a Na-
tural and Artificial Hipry, andoffo ranging and regiftring its
Particulars into Philofophical Tables, as may make them mofi ufeful
for the raifing cf Axioms and Theories*

The laft indeed h the mofi hazardous Enterprise, and yet the mofi
neceflary ; and that it, to takg fuch care that the J udgment and the
Reafon of Man ( which is the third Faculty to be repair d and im-
proved) jbould receive fuch affifiance, as to avoid the dangers to
which it is by nature 'mofi fubjetl. The Irnperfetlions, which I have al-
ready mention d, to which it h lyable, do either belong to the extent,
or the goodnefs of its knowledge ; and here the difficulty is the grea-
ter, leafi that which may be thought a remedy for the one fkodd
prove deftru&ive to the other, leafi by feeking to inlarge our Know-
ledge, we fkould render it weak, and uncertain ; and leafi by being
too fcrupulotis and exatl about every Circumfiance of it, we fboM
confine and 'fireighten it too much.

In both thefe the middle wayes are to be taken, nothing kto be
omitted, and yet every thing to pafl a mature deliberation .* No
Intelligence from Men of all Profeffions, and quarters of the World,
to be (\\g\\ted,andyet all to be fo fevereiy examin'd,f^it there rtmam
no room for doubt or inftabiUty ; rigour in admitting, f#u$
ftri&hefs in (omparing^nd above all, much flownefs in debating, and

fhynefe

The Prefac e.

{hynefs in determining, it to be prallifed. The Underftanding is to
order all the infer iour fer vices of the lower Faculties; but yet h is to
do this only -as a lawful Matter, and not as a Tyrant. It muji not in-
croach upon their Offices, nor take upon it f elf the employments which
belong to either of them. It muftw Atch the irregularities of the Sen-
fes, but it muji not go before them, or prevent their hformation. It
awa^ekamine, range, and diipofe,o/ the bank, which is laid up in the
Memory ; but it muji be fure to mak$ dirrin&ion between the fober and
well collected heap , and the extravagant Idea's, and miftaken
Images , which there it may fmetimes light upon. So many art the
links,7//W2 which the true Phihfopky depends, of whiehftf anyone be loofe,
wweak , the whole chain is in danger oj being diffdv d his to be-
gin with the Hands and Eyes, and to proceed on through the Memory %
to be continued by the Reajbn ; nor is it to pop there, but to corne about
to the Hands and Eyes again, and fo, by a continual paffage round
from one F acuity to another , it is to be maintained in life andftrength,
as much as the body of man is by recirculation of the blood through the
fever al farts of the body, the Arms, the Fat, the Lungs, the Heart, and the
Head.

If once this method were followed with diligence and attention, there is
nothing that lyes within the power of human Wit (or which is far more
zffeUual ) of human Induftry , which we might not compafl ; we might
not only hope for Inventions to equalize thofe of Copernicus, Galileo,
Gilbert Haivy, and of others, whofe Names are almoft loft, that were the
Inventors of Gun-powder, tfeSeamans Compafs, Printing, Etching,
Graving, Microfcopes, &c. but multitudes that may far exceed them :
for even thofe difcoveries feem to have been the producls of fome fuch me-
thod, though but imperfeUx ; What may not be therefore expecled from it if
thoroughly profecuted? Talking and contention of Arguments would
foon be turn d into labours ; all the fine&rezvns of Opinions, and uni-
vcrfal metaphyseal natures, which the luxury of fubtil Brains has de-
vis d, would quickly vaniff), andgiveplace to iolid fuftories, Experi-
ments and Works. And as at firfl, mankind 'fell by tafting of the
forbidden Tree of Knowledge,fo we^ their Pofl-erity, may he in 'part reftor'd

The Preface.

by the fame way, not only by beholding and contemplating, but by tu-
fting tootbofe fruits of Natural knowledge, that were never jet forbidden.

From hence the World may be ajfified with variety of Inventions, new
matter for Sciences may be collected, the old improv'd, and their rufi:
rubb d away ; and as it is by the benefit of Senfes that we receive all our
Skjll in the works of Nature,fo they alfo may be wonderfully benefited by
it, and maybe guided to an eafier and more exail performance of their
Offices ; 'tis not unlikely-, hut that we may find out wherein our Senfes arc
deficient, and as eafily find wayes of repairing them.

The Indeavours of Skilful men have been mofl converfant about the
affijlance of the Eye, and many noble Productions have followed upon it ;
and from hence we ma) conclude, that there is a way open d for advancing
the operations, not only of all the other Senfes jbut even of the Eye it'felfithat
which bat been already done ought not to content m,but rather to incourage
U6 to proceed further, and to attempt greater things in the fame and diffe-
rent wayes.

'Tis not unlikely, but that there may be yet invented feveral other
helps for the eye,as much exceeding thofe already found,asthofe do the bare
eye,fuch as by which we may perhaps be able to difcover living Creatures in
the Moon, or other Planets, the figures of the compounding Particles of
matter, and the particular Schematifms and Textures of Bodies.

And as Glafles have highly promoted our feeing,^ 'tis notimpr (ha-
bitant that there may be found many Mechanical Inventions to improve
cur other Senfes, of hearing, fmelling, tafting, touching. 'Tis not
impoffible to hear awKifyer a furlongs dijlance, it having been already
dene; and perhaps the nature of the thing would not make it more im-
poffible, though that furlong fijould be ten times multiply d. And though
fome famous Authors have affirm d it impoffible to hear through the thin-
ned plate of Mufcovy-glafs ; yet Iknow a way, by which 'tis eafie enough
to hear one ffeak. through a wall a yard thick. It has not been yet
thoroughly examirid,how far Otocoufticons may be improvd, nor what
other wayes there may be of quickning our hearing, or conveying found
through other bodies then the Air: for that that is not the only medium,
/ can ajfure the Reader, that I have,by the help of a diftended mre,propa-

gated

The Preface,

anted the found to a very confiderable diflance in an inftant, or with at
feemingly quick, a motion at that of lights at leaft, incomparably fwifter
then that, which at the fame time was propagated through the Air ; and
this not only in a flraight line , or diretl, but in one bended in many
angles.

Nor are the other three fo perfet\,but that diligence, attention, and
many mechanical contrivances, may alfo highly improve them* For
fmce the fenfe of fmelling feems to be made by the fwift paffage of the
Air ( impregnated with the fleams and effluvia of fever al odorous
Bodies ) through the grijly meanders of the Nofe whofe furfaces are
cover'd with a very fenfible nerve , and moiftned ^^tranfuda-
tion from the procerus mamillares of the Brain , and fome ad-
joyning glandules, and by the moift (team of the Lungs, with a Liquor ■
convenient for the reception of thofe effluvia and by the adhefion and
mixing of thofe fleams with that liquor ,and thereby a feeling the nerve, or
perhaps by infmuating themfelves into the juices of the brain, after the
fame manner, at I have in the following Ob fervations intimated, the parts
of Salt topafl through the skins of Efs, and Frogs. Since, I fay, fmelling
feems to be made by fome fuch way, 'tit not improbable, but that fome con-
trivance, for making a great quantity of Airpajl quicKthrough the Nofe,
might at much promote the fenfe of fmelling, at the any wayes hindringthat
pafage does dull and deftroy it. Several tryals I have made , both of
hindring and promoting this fenfe,and have fucceededin fome according to
expectation ; and indeed to me it feems capable of being improvd, for the
judging of the conftitutions of many Bodies. Perhaps we may thereby
alfo 'fudge ([at other Creatures feem to do) what is wholfome,what poyfon ;
and in a word, what are the fpecifick. properties of Bodies.

There may be alfo fome other mechanical wayes found out , of fenfibly
perceiving the effluvia of Bodies ; fever al hfiances of which, were it here
proper, I could give of Mineral fleams and exhalations ; and it feems not
impojfible, but that by fome fuch wayes improved, may be discovered, what
Minerals lye buried under the Earth, without the trouble to dig for them ;
fome things to confirm thit Conjecture may be found in Agricola, and other
Writers of Minerals, fyeaHngof the Vegetables that are apt to thrive, or
pine, in thofe fleams, c Whether

The Preface.

Whether alfothofe fleams, which feem to iffue out of the Earth, and
tnh with the Air ( and fo to precipitate fome aqueous Exhalations,where-
with 't'pi impregnated ) may not be by fome way deteiled before they produce
the effetl, feems hard to determine ; yet fomething of thh kind lam able to
difcover,by an Inflrument I contrived to fbew all the minute variations in
thepreffure of the Air ; by which Iconflantly findjhat before , and during
the time of rainy weather ', thepreffure of the Air h lefl, and in dry wea-
ther , but efpecially when an Eaftern Wind ( which having pafi over
vafi trails of Land it heavy with Earthy ? articles ) blows, it h much
more, though thefe changes are varied according to very odd Laws.

The Inftrument is this. I prepare a pretty capaceous Bolt-head A B, with
a fmall ftem about two foot and a half long DC; upon the end of this D
I put on a fmall bended Glafs,or brazen Syphon D E F ( open at D, E and F,
but to be doled with cement at F and E, as occafion ferves) whofe ftem F
fhould be about fix or eight inches long, but the bore of it not above half an
inch diameter,and very even 5 thefe I fix very ftrongly together by the help
of very hard Cement , and then fit the whole Glafs A B C D E F into a long
Board3or Frame,in fuch manner3that almoft half the head A B may lye buri-
ed in a concave Hemifphere cut into the Board R S $ then I place it fo on
the Board RS, as is expreft in the firft Figure of the firft Scheme and fix
it very firm and fteady in that pofture, fo as that the weight of the Mercury
that is afterwards to be put into it,may not in the leaft fhake or ftir it ; then
drawing a line X Y on the F rame R X, fo that it may divide the ball into
two equal parts, or that it maypafs, as 'twere, through the center of the
ball. 1 begin from that, and divide all the reft of the Board towards LIT
into inches, and the inches between the 2 5 and the end E(which need not be
above two or three and thirty inches diftant from the line X Y) I fubdivide
into Decimals then flopping the end F with foft Cement,or foft Wax, I in-
vert the Frame, placing the head downwards, and the Orifice E upwards 5
and by it, with a fmall Funnel, I fill the whole Glafs with Quickfilver then
by flopping the fmall Orifice E with my finger, I oftentimes erecr and invert
the whole Glafs and Frame,and thereby free the Quickfilver and Glals from
all the bubbles or parcels of lurking Air then inverting it as before,Ifill it
top full with clear and well ftraind Quickfilver, and having made ready a
fmall ball of pretty hard Cement, by heat made very foft, I prels it into the
hole E, and thereby flop it very faft and to fecure this Cement from flying
out afterward,I bind over it a piece of Leather, that is fpread over in the in-
fide with Cement, and wound about it whilft the Cement is hot : Having
thus faftned it, 1 gently erect, again the Glafs after this manner : I firft let the
Frame down edge-wayes, till the edge R V touch the Floor, or ly horizon-
tal 3 and then in that edging pofture raife the end R S 5 this I do , that if
there chance to be any Air hidden in the fmall Pipe E, it may alcend into the
Pipe F, and not into the Pipe D C : Having thus ere&ed it, and hung it by
the hole Q, or fixt it perpendicularly by any other means, I open the end F,

and

The Preface.

and by a fmall Syphon I draw out the Mercury fo long,till I find the furface of
it AB in the head to touch exactly the line XY} at which time I immedi-
ately take away the Syphon , and if by chance it be run fomewbat below
the line X Y, by pouring in gently a little Mercury at F, Iraife it again to
its dcfired height , by this contrivance I make all the fenlible rifing and fal-
ling of the Mercury to be vifible in the furface of the Mercury in the Pipe F,
and fcarceany in the head A B. But becaufe there really is fome fmall
change of the upper furface alfo, I find by feveral Obfervations how much
it rifes in the Ball, and falls in the Pipe F, to make the diftance between the
awo furfaces an inch greater then it was before and the meafure that it
falls in the Pipe is the length of the inch by which I am to mark the parts of
the Tube F, or the Board on which it lyes, into inches and Decimals : Ha-
ving thus juftned and divided it, I have a large Wheel MNOP, whole
outmofr limb is divided into two hundred equal parts this by certain fmall
Pillars is fixt on the Frame R T, in the manner expreft in the Figure. In
the middle of this, on the back fide., in a convenient frame, is placed a fmall
Cylinder, whofe circumference is equal to twice the length of one of thofe
di vifions, which I find anfwer to an inch of afcent, or defcent, of Mercury :
This Cylinder I, is movable on a very fmall Needle 5 on the end of which is
fixt a very light Index K L, all which are fo pois'd on the Axis; or Needle,
that no part is heavier then another : Then about this Cylinder is wound a
fmall Clew of Silk, with two fmall fteel Bullets at each end of it GH; one
of thefe, which isfomewhat the heavier, ought to befo big, as freely to
move to and fro in the Pipe F 5 by means of which contrivance , every the
kaft variation of the height of the Mercury will be made exceeding vifible
by the motion to and fro of the fmall Index K L.

But this i* but one way of difcovering the effluvia of the Earth mixt
with the Air ; there may be perhaps many others,witnefl the Hygrofcope,
an Inftrument whereby the watery fleams volatile in the Air are difcerned,
which the Nofe it felfisnot able to find. Thh I have defalk din the
following Trail in the Defer iption of the Beard of a wild Oat. Others there
are,may be difcovered both by the Nofe , and by other wayes alfo. Thut
the fmoak of burning Wood k fmelt, feen, and fufficicntly felt by the
eyes: 7he fumes of burning Brimftone are fmelt and difcovered alfo
by the deflroying the Colours of Bodies , at by the whitening of a red
Rofe : And who knows, but that the Induflry of man, following th'ps me-
thod[may find out wayes of improving thh fenfe to 06 great a degree of per-
fection 06 it k in any Animal, and perhaps yet higher.

'7# not improbable alfojbut that our tafte may be very much improvd,
either by preparing our toft for the Body, as, after eating bitter things,
Wine,or other Vinous liquors, are more fenfibly tafled ; or elfe by pre-
paring

The Prefacf.

paring Bodies for our taft ; a* the difolving of Metals with acid Liquors,
make them taftable, which were before altogether infipid ; thus Lead be-
comes Tweeter then Sugar ', and Silver more bitter then Gall, Copper
and Iron of mofl loathfome tafts. And indeed the bufinefi of this fenfe
being to difcover the pre fence of diffolved Bodies in Liquors put on the
Tongue,or in general to difcover that a fluid body has fome folid body dijfolvd
in it, and what they are ; whatever contrivance makes this difcovery
improves this fenfe* In this kind the mixtures of Chymical Liquors af-
ford many Inftances ; as the fweet Vinegar that is impregnated with
Lead may be difcovered tobefo by the afufion of a little of an Alcalizate
folution : The bitter liquor of Aqua fbrtis and Silver may be difcover d
to be chargd with that Metal, by laying in it fome plates of Copper :
'Tis not improbable alfo,but there maybe multitudes of other wayes of difco-
vering the parts dijfolvd, or diffoluble in liquors ; and what is this difco-
very but a kind of fecundary tafting.

'Tps not improbable alfo,but that the fenfe of feeling may be highly im-
provd, for that being a fenfe that judges of the more grofs and robufi:
motions of the. Particles of Bodies, feems capable of being improvd and
affifted very many wayes. Thus for thediftinguifihing ofUezt and Co\d,the
Weather-glafs Thermometer, which I have defcribd in this follow-
ing Treatife, do exceedingly perfetl it ; by each of which the leaft varia-
tions of heat or cold, which the mofl Acute fenfe is not able to diftinguiff?,are
manifefled This is oftentimes further promoted alfo by the help of Burn-
ing-glafles,^^ the like^ which colletl and unite the radiating heat. Thus
the roughnefs and fmoothnefs of a Body is made much more fenfible by
the help of a Microfcope, then by the moft tender and delicate Hand. .
Perhaps, a Phyfitian might, by fever al other tangible proprieties , difcover
the confiitution of a Body as well as by the Pulfe. I do but infiancein
thefe,to fhew what poffibility there may be of many others, and what proba-
bility and hopes there were of finding them jf this method .were followed ;
for the Offices of the five Senfes being to deteel either the fubtil and curi-
ous Motions propagated through all pellucid or perfectly homogeneous
Bodies; Or the more grofs and vibrative Puhe communicated through
the Air and all other convenient medi ums,whether fluid or folid : Or the

effluvia

The Preface.

effluvia of Bodies diflblv'd in the Air ; Or the particles of bodies dif-
lblv'd or diflbluble in Liquors, or the more quick and violent lea-
king motion n/heat in all or any of thefe: whatfoever does any my es pro-
mate any of thefe kinds of criteria, does aford a way of improving fome
one fen fe. And what a multitude of thefe would a diligent Man meet
with in hit inquiries ? And this for -the helping and promoting the fenfi-
tive faculty only.

Next,as for the Memory, or retentive faculty, we maybe fufficiently
infmdted from the written Hiftories of civil actions, what great ajfi-
fiance may be afforded the Memory, in the committing to writing things ob-
fervable in natural operations. If a Phyfitian be therefore- accounted the
more able in his faculty, becaufe he hat had long experience and praclice,
the remembrance of which, though perhaps very imperfetl, does regulate all
hit after anions : What ought to be thought of that man, that has not only
a pefeVi regifter of his own experience,but ps grown old with the experience
of many hundreds of years, and many thoufands of men.

And though of late , men, beginning to be fenfible of this convenience,
have here and there regiftred and printed fome few Centuries, yet for the
mcfipart they are fet down very lamely and imperfeblly, and, I fear, many
times not fo truly, they feeming, fever al of them, to be defignd more for
Orientation then publique uie : For, not to inflance,that they dofor the
moft part, omit thofe Experiences they have made , wherein their Patients
have mifcarried,it ps very eafie to beperceiv d,that they do all along hyper-
bolically extol their own Prefcriptions, and vilifie thofe of others. Not-
withftanding all which, thefe kinds of Hijlories are generally efteernd ufe-
ful, even to the ablefi Phyfitian.

What may not be expelled from the rational or deductive Faculty
that ps furnifht with fuch Materials, and thofe fo readily adapted, and
rang d for ufe,that in a moment, as 'twere, thoufands of Inflances, ferving
for the illuftration,determination, or invention, of almoft any inquiry,
may be represented even to the fight ? Howneer the nature of Axioms
muft all thofe Proportions be which are examind before fo many Wit-
nefles ? And how difficult will it be for any, though never fo fubtil an er-
ror in Philofophy, to fcape from being difcovefd, after it has indufd the
touch, andfo many other tryals ? d What

The Preface.

What kind of mechanical way, andphyfical invention alfo vs there re-
quird, that might not this way be found out ? The Invention of a way to
find the Longitude of places is eafily perform d, and that to as great per-
fection as i&dtftfd\ or to as great an accuratenefs as ^Latitude of
places can be found at Sea ; and perhaps yet alfo to a greater certainty
then that has been hitherto found, as I pall very ft eedily freely manifefi to
the world The way of flying in the Air feems principally unpraclicable,
by reafon of the want of ftrength in humane mufcles ; if therefore
that could be fuppli d,it were J think? eafie to make twenty contrivances to
perform the office of Wings .* What Attempts alfo I have made for the
fufplying that Defetl, and my fucceffes therein, which, I think.-, are wholly
new, and not inconfiderable, I fball in another place relate,

'Tis not unlikely alfo, but that Chymifts, if they followed this method,
might find out their fo much fought for Alkaheft. What an univerfal
Menftruum , which difolves all forts of Sulphureous Bodies, I have
dif cover d ( which has not been before taken notice of as fuch ) I have
ftjewn in the fixteenth Obfervation.

What a prodigious variety of Inventions in Anatomy has this latter
Age aforded, even in our own Bodies,in the very Heart, by which we live,
andtheBrz\n,which h the feat of our knowledge of other things ? witnefl
allthe excellent Works of Pecquet, Bartholinns, Billius, and many
others ; and at home, of 'Doclor Ihrvy, Doflor Ent,Do5ior Wil\\s,Doffor
Gliflbn. //zCeleftial Obfervations we have far exceeded all theAn-
tients,even the Chaldeans and Egyptians themfelves, whofe vaft Plains,
high Tov/ers,and clear Air, did not give than fo great advantages over
ws, as we have over them by our Giafles. By the help of which, they have
been very much outdone by the famous Galileo, Hevelius, Zulichem ;
and our own Countrymen, Mr. Rook, Dotlor Wren, and the great Orna-
ment of our Church and Nation,the Lord Bifhop of Exeter. And to fay
no more in Aerial Difcoveries, there has been a wonderful progrefl made
by the Noble Engine of the moft Illuftrious Mr. Boy\e,whom it becomes
me to mention with all honour, not only as my particular Patron,but as the
Patron of Philofophy it felf ; which he every day increafes by his La-
bours, and adorns by hh Example. •

The

The Preface.

The good fuccejl of all theft great Men,and many others, and the nori
feemingly great obvioufneis of rnoft of their and divers other Inventions,
which from the beginning of the world have been, a* 'twere, trod on, and
yet not minded tilltbefe loft inquifitive Ages ( an Argument that there
may be yet behind multitudes of the like ) puts me in mind to recommend
fuch Stu<iies,and the profecution of them by fuch methods, to the Gentlemen
of our Nation jvhofe leifure makes them fit to undertake, and the plenty
of their fortunes to accomplifh, extraordinary things in this way. And I
do. not onljpropofe this kind of Experimental Philofophy a* a matter of
high rapture and delight of the mind, but even as a material and fenfi-
ble Pleafure. So vaft is the variety of Gbjefts which will come under
their Infyeblions, fo many different wayes there are of handling them, fo
great is the fatisfa&ion of finding out new things, that I dare compare
the contentment which they will injoy, not only to that of contemplation,
but even to that which rnoft men prefer of the very Senfes themfelves.

And if they will pleafe to take any incouragement from fo mean
and fo imperfect endeavours as mine, upon my own experience, I can
alfure them,without arrogance, That there has not been any inquiry or Pro-
blem in Mechanicks, that I have hitherto propounded to my felf, but by a
certain method ( which I may on fome other opportunity explain ) I have
been able prefently to examine thepoffibility of it ; and iff), as eafily to ex+
cogitate divers wayes of performing it : And indeed it is pojfible to do as
much by this method in Mechanicks, as by Algebra can be perform^ in
Geometry. Nor can I at all doubt, but that the fame method is as ap-
plicable to Phy fical Enquiries , and as likely to find and reap thence as
plentiful a crop of Inventions ; and indeed there feems to be no fubjetl fo
barrenjbut may with this good husbandry be highly improv d.

Toward the profecution of this method i/zPhyfical Inquiries, J. have
here and there gleaned up an handful of Obfervations, in the colletlion of
mofi of which I made ufe o/Microfcopes, and fome other Glafles and In-
ftruments that improve the fenfe ; which way I have herein taken , not
that there are not multitudes of ufeful and pleafant Obfervables,yet uncoU
kl\ed,obviom enough without the helps of Art , but only to promote the ufe
of Mechanical helps for the Senfes,both in the furveying the already vifible

World,

The P R E F A c t.

World, and for the difcovery of many others hitherto unknown, and to make
utjvitb the great Conqueror, to be affefted that we have not yet overcome one
World when there are fo many others to be difcovered, every confukrabk
improvement ofTelefcopes or Microfcopes^ producing new Worlds and
Terra-Incognita's to our view.

The Glajfes lufed were of our English make,but though very good of the
kind, yet far port of what might be expebled, could we once find a way of
making Glajfes Elliptical, or ofr fome more true fib ape ; for though both
Microfcopes, tf/^/Telefcopcs, m they now are, will magnifie an Objecl
about a thoufand thoufand times bigger then it appears to the naked eye ;
yet the Apertures of the Objecl-glajfes are fo very fmall,that very few Rays
an admitted, and even of thofe few there are fo manyfalfe, that the Object
appears dark and indiftincl : And indeed thefe inconveniences are fuch,06
feem infepar able from Spherical Glajfes, even when moft exailly made-fout
thway we have hitherto made ufe of for thatpurpofe it fo imperfecl,that?jhere
may be perhaps ten wrought before one be made tolerably good, and moft of
thofe ten perhaps every one differing in goodnefi one from another, which h
an Argumentythat the way hitherto ufed i*,at leaft,very uncertain. So that
thefe Glajfes have a double def ell , the onefhat very few of them arc exaclly
true wrought ; the other, that even of thofe that are befi among them, none
will admit a fufficient number of Rayes to magnifie the ObjeSi beyond a
determinate bignefi. Againfi which Inconveniences the only Remedies I
have hitherto met with are thefe.

Firft, for Microfccpcs ( where the Objecl we view is near and within our
power)the befi: way of making it appear bright in the Glafs,is to caft a great
quantity of light on it by means of cenvex glajfes.f or thereby ,though the aper-
ture be very fmall,yet there will throng in through it fuch multitudes5that an
Objecl will by this means indure to be magnifi'd as much again as it would
be without it. The way for doing which is this. I make choice of fome
Room that has only one window open to the South , and at about three or
four foot diftance from this Window,on a Table, I place my Mcrofiope, and
then fo place either a round Globe of Water, or a very deep clear piano con-
vex Glals ( whofe convex fide is turn'd towards the Window ) that there
is a great quantity of Rayes collecled and thrown upon the Objecl; Or if
the Sun fhine, I place a (mall piece of oyly Paper very near the Objecl, be-
tween that and the light 5 then with a good large Burning-Glafs I lb colled
and throw the Rayes on the Paper,that there may be a very great quantity
of light pafs through it to the Objecl ~ yet I fo proportion that light, that it

may

The .Preface.

may not Gngc or burn the Paper. Inftead of which Paper there may be
made ufe of a fmall piece of Looking-glafs plate , one of whofe fides is made
rough by being rubb'd on a Hat Tool with very fine fand, this will, if the
heat be leifurely caft on it, indure a much greater degree of heat, and con-
fequently very much augment a convenient light. By all which means the
light of the Sun, or of a Window, may be fo caft on an Object, as to make it
twice as light as it would otherwife be without it, and that without any in-
convenience of glaring, which the immediate light of the Sun is very apt to
create in moft Objetts 5 for by this means the light isfo equally diffufed,
that all parts are alike inlightned } but when the immediate fight of the Sun
falls on it, the reflexions from fome few parts are fo vivid, that they drown
the appearance of all the other, and are themfel ves alfo, by reafbn of the in-
equality of light, indiftindr, and appear only radiant fpots.

Rut becaule the light of the Sun, and alfo that of a Window, is in a conti-
nual variation, and fo many Objects cannot be view'd long enough by them
to be throughly examin'd 5 befides that , oftentimes the Weather is fo dark
and. cloudy, that for many dayes together nothing can be view'd : And be-
caufe alfo there are many Objects to be met with in the night, which cannot
Co conveniently be kept perhaps till the day, therefore to procure and caft a
fufficient quantity of light on an Objeft in the night, I thought of, and often
ufed this, Expedient.

Iprocur'd me a fmall Pedeftal , fuch as is defcrib'd in the fifth Figure of
the firft Scheme on the fmall Pillar A B, of which were two movable
Armes CD, which by means of the Screws E F, I could fix in any part of
the Pillar 5 on the undermoft of thele I plac d a pretty large Globe of Glafs
G, fill'd with exceeding clear Brine, ftopt, inverted, and fixt in the manner
vifible in the Figure $ out of the fide of which Arm proceeded another
Arm H, with many joynts $ to the end of which was faftned a deep plain
Convex glafs I, which by means of this Arm could be moved to and fro, and
fixt in any pofture. On the upper Arm was placed a fmall Lamp K, which
could be lo mov'd upon the end of the Arm , as to be fet in a fit pofture to
give light through the Ball : By means of this Inftrument duly plac'd , as is
expreftinthe Figure, with the (mall flame of a Lamp may be caft as great
and convenient a light on the Object as it will well indure^and being always
conftant, and to be had at any time, I found moft proper for drawing the
reprefentations of thofe fmall Objects I had occafion to obferve.

None of all which ways (though much beyond any other hitherto made
ufe of by any I know ) do afford a fufficient help: but after a certain
degree of magnifying,they leave us again in the lurch. Hence it were very
defirable, that fome way were thought of for making the Objedt-glafs of
fuch a Figure as would conveniently bear a large Aperture.

As for Telefcopes, the only improvement they feem capable of i* the
increafwg of their length ; for the Objetl being remote, there it no thought
of giving it a greater light then it hat ; and therefore to augment the
Aperture, the Glafi muji be ground of a very large ff>hete ; for, by that

e means.

The Pre f-a c f.

means,the longer the Glafl be, the bigger aperture will it bear, if the Glafes
be of an equal gocdnejl in their kind. Therefore a fix will indure a
much larger Aperture then a three foot Glafl ; and a fixtyfoot Glafl mil
proportion ably bear a greater Aperture then a thirty ,and mil as much ex-
cel it alfo as a fix foot does a three foot? as J have experimentally obfervd
in one of that length made by Mr. Richard Reives here at London,
which will bear an Aperture above three inches over , and yet make
the Objetl proportion ably big and difiincl; whereas there are very
few thirty foot Glafes that will indure an Aperture of more then two in-
ches over. So that for Telefcopes , fuppofmg we had a very ready way
of making their Objetl Glafes of exatlly fiherical Surfaces, we might, by
increafing the length of the Glafl, magnifie the Objetl to any ajfignable big-
nefl. And for performing both thefe, I cannot imagine any way more ea-
fie,and more e^atl, then by this following Enginery means of which, any
Glafes,of what length foever,may be fyeedily made.lt feems the moft eafie^
hecaufe with one and the fame Tool may be with care ground an Objetl
Glafl, of any length or breadth requisite , and that with very little or no
trouble in fitting the Engine , and without much skill in the Grinder.
It feems to be the moft exact, for to the very loft flroke the Glafl does
regulate and retlifie the Tool to its exatl Figure ; and the longer or more
the Tool and Glafl are wrought together, the more exatl will both of them
be of the defird Figure. Further, the motions of the Glafl and Tool do
fo crofl each other , that there h not one point of either s Surface,but has
thoufands of crofi motions thwarting it , fo that there can be no hind of
Kings or Gutters made either in the Tool or Glafl.

The contrivance of the Engine is, only to make the ends of two large
Mandrils fo to move , that the Centers of them may be at any convenient
diftance afunder , and that the Axis of the Mandrils lying both in the fame
plain produe'd, may meet each other in any affgnable Angle ; both which
requifites may be very well perform'd by the Engine defcrib'd in the third
Figure of the firft Scheme : where A B fignirles the Eeam of a Lath fixt per-
pendicularly or Horizontally, C D the two Poppet heads, fixt at about two
foot diftance, E F an Iron Mandril^whofc tapering neck F runs in an adapt-
ed tapering brafs Collar ; the other end E runs or. the point of a Screw G 5
in a convenient place of this is faftned H a pully Wheel, and into the end of
it,that comes through the Poppet head C, is fcrc wed a Ring of a hollow
Cylinder or fome other conveniently (hap'd Tool, of what widened fhall

be

The Preface.

bs thought moft proper for thecize of Glaflcs , about which it is to be im-
ploy'd : As, for Object glafles, between twelve foot and an hundred foot
long , the Ring may be about fix inches oyer , or indeed fomcwhat
more for thofe longer Glafles. It would be convenient alfo, and not
very chargeable, to have four or five fcveral Tools j as one for all Glaflcs
between an inch and a foot , one for all Glaflcs between a foot and ten foot
long, another for all between ten and an hundred,a fourth for all between a?
hundred and a thoufand foot long} and if Ciiriofity fhall ever proceed fo
far,one for all lengths between a thoufand and ten thoufand foot long ; for
indeed the principle is fuch,that fuppofing the Mandrils well made,andof a
good length, and fuppofing great care be ufed in working and poliftiing
thcm,I lee no reafonjbut that a Glafs of a thoufand,nay of ten thoufand foot
long, may be as well made as one of ten ; for the reafbn is the fame,fuppofing
the Mandrils and Tools be made fufficiently ftrong, fo that they cannot
bend ; and fuppofing the Glafs., out of which they are wrought, be capable
of fo great a regularity in its parts as to refraction : this hollow Cylinder K
is to contain the Sand, and by being drove round very quick to and fro by
means of a fmall Wheel,which may be mov d with ones foot, ferves to grind
theGlafs : The other Mandril isfhap'd like this, but it has an even neckin-
ftcad of a taper one,and runs in a Collar, that by the help of a Screw, and a
joynt made like M in the Figure, it can be frill adjuftned to the wearing or
wafting neck : into the end of this Mandril is fere wed a Chock N, on which
with Cement or Glew is faftned the piece of Glafs Q_ that is to be form'd 5
the middle of which Glafs is to be plac'd juft on the edge of the Ring, and
the Lath OP is to be fet and fixt ( by means of certain pieces and fcrews,
the manner whereof will be fufficiently evidene'd by the Figure ) in fuch
an Angle as is requifite to the forming of fuch a Sphere as the Glafs is de-
fign'd to be of ', the geometrical ground of which being fufficiently plain,
though not heeded before, I fhall, for brevities fake, pais over. This laft
^//Sri/istobemade ( by means of the former, or fome other Wheel) to
run round very fwift alfo , by Which two crols motions the GJafs cannot
chufe ( if care be us'd ) but be wrought into a moft exa&ly fpherical
Surface.

But becaufe tve are certain, from the Laws of refra&ion ( which 1
I have experiment ally found ho he fo,by an Inflrumtnt I fhall prefently dt-
fcribe ) that the lines of the angles of Incidence are proportio-
nate to the lines of the angles of Refra&ion, therefore if GlaJJes could
be made of thofe kind of Figures, or fome other, fuch atthe moft incompa-
rable Des Cartes bat invented, and demonftrated in bh Philofopbicaland
MathematicalWorks,vee might hope for a much greater perfeclion of Opticks
then can be rationally expelled from fpherical ones; for thougb,cxtcr\s pa-
ribus, we find, that the larger the Telefcope Objecl Glajfes are, and the
fhorter thofe of the Microfcope, the better they magnifie, yet both of them,

befide

The Preface.

bcfidi fuch determinate dimenftons , are by certain inconveniences rendred
.unufeful ; for it will be exceeding difficult to make and manage a Tube
above an hundred foot long, and it will be at difficult to inlighten an
Objetl left then an hundred part of an inch diftant from the Objeft Glaft.

I have not as yet made any attempts of that kind, though I know two or
three wayes, which, as far as I have yet considered, feem very probable,and
may invite me to mah a tryal as foon as I have an opportunity, of which I
may hereafter perhaps acquaint the world. In the Interim, I flialldefcribe
the Inftrument I even now mentioned, by which the refra&ion of all kinds
of Liquors may be moft exatlly meafurd, thereby to give the curious an
opportunity of making what further tryals of that kind they flail think
requijite to any of their intended tryals ; and to let them fee that the laws
cf Refratlion are not only notional.

The Inftrument confifted of five Rulers , or long pieces placed together,
after the manner cxpreft in the fecond Figure of the firft Scheme , where
A B denotes a ftraight piece of wood about fix foot and two inches long,
about three inches over, and an inch and half thick 5 on the back fide of
which was hung a fmall plummet by a line ftretcht from top to bottom, by
which this piece was fet exactly upright,and fo very firmly fixt 5 in the mid-
dle of this was made a hole or center, into which one end of a hollow cy-
lindrical brafeBox CC, fafhion'd as I (hall by and by defcribe, wasplac'd,
and could very eafily and truly be mov'd to and fro ; the other end of this
Box being put into, and moving in, a hole made in a fmall arm D D ; into
this box was faftned the long Ruler E F, about three foot and three or four
inches long, and at three foot from the above mention'd Centers P P was
a hole E, cut through, and crofs'd with two fmall threads, and at the end of
it was fixt a fmall fight G, and on the back fide of it was fixt a fmall Arm H,
with a Screw to fix it in any place on the Ruler L M this Ruler L M was
mov'd on the Center B (which was exactly three foot diftance from the
middle Center P ) and a line drawn through the middle of it LM, was
divided by a Line of cords into Ibrne fixty degrees,and each degree was (ub-
dividedinto minutes, fothat putting the crofs of the threads in E upon any
part of this divided line, I prefently knew what Angle the two Rules A B
and E F made with each other, and by turning the Screw in H, I could fix
them in any pofition. The other Ruler alio R S was made much after the
lame manner, only it was not fixt to the hollow cylindrical Box. but,by means
of two fmall brafs Armes or Ears, it mov'd on the Centers of it ; thisalfo,
by means of the crofs threads in the holeS, and by a Screw in K, could be
faftned on any divifion of another line of cords of the lame radius drawn on
N O. And fo by that means, the Angle made by the two Rulers, A B and
R S, was alfo known. The Brafs box C C in the middle was (hap d very
much like the Figure X, that is, it was a cylindrical Box ftopp'd clofe at ei-
ther end,off of which a part both of the fides and bottomes was cut out, fo

that

The Preface.

that the Box, when the Pipe and that was joyne d to it, would contain the
Water when till'd half full, and would likewife, without running over, in-
dureto beinclind to an Angle 3 equal to that of the gfeateft refraction 6f
Water, and no more,without running over. The Ruler E F was fixt very faft
to the Pipe V, fb that the PipeV directed the length of the Ruler E F, and
the Box and Ruler were mov'd on the Pin TT, fo as to make any defi-
rable Angle with the Ruler A B. The bottom of this PipeV wasftop'd
with a fmall piece of exactly plain Glafs, which was plac'd exactly per-
pendicular to the Line of direction, or Axis of the Ruler £ F. The Pins
alio TT weredrill'd with fmall holes through the Axis^and through thofe
holes was ftretcht and raltned a fmall Wire. There was likewife a fmall
Pipe of Tin loofly pur on upon the end of V, and reaching down to the
fight G 5 the ufeof which was only to keep any falfe Rayes of lightfrofn
pafling through the bottom of V, and only admitting fuch topafsas pier-
ced through the fight G : All things being placed together in the manner
defcrib'd in the Figure 5 that is, the Ruler A being flxt perpendicular, t
fiirdtheBox CC with Water, or any other Liquor, whofe refraction I in-
tended to try , till the Wire palling through the middle of it were juft co-
vered : then I moved and fixt the Ruler F E at any aflignablc Angle, and
placed the flame of a Candle juft againft the fight G » and looking through
the fight I, I moved the Ruler R S to and fro, till I perceived the light pa£
fing through G to be covered, as 'twere, or divided by the dark Wire paf-
fingthrough PP.* then turning the Screw i.iK, I fixt it in that pofture:
And through the hole S, I obferved what degree and part of it was cut by
the crofs threads in S. And this gave me the Angle of Inclination, APS
anfweringto the Angle of Refracr.ion BPE : for the furface of the Liquor
in the Box will be alwayes horizontal , and confequently A B will be a
perpendicular to it 5 the Angle therefore APS will meafure, or be the
Angle of Inclination in the Liquor 5 next EPB mult be the Angle of Re-
fradion,for the Ray that pafies through the fight G, pafies alio perpendicu-
larly through the Glafs Diapl ragmc at F, and confequently alfo perpends
cularly through the lower furface of the Liquor contiguous to the Glafs, and
therefore fuflers no refraction till it meet with the horizontal furface of the
Liquor in C C, which is determined by the two Angles.

By means of this Inftrument I can with\\tt\e trouble, and a very
fmall quantity of any Liquor, examine, rnofl accurately, the refra&ion
of it , not only for one inclination, but for all-, and thereby am inabled
to make very accurate Tables ; fever al of which I have alfo experimentally
made,and find, that Oyl of Turpentine has a much greater Refratlion
then Spirit of Wine , though it be lighter ; and that Spirit of Wine
ha* a greater Refratlion then Water, though it be lighter alfo ; but that
fait Water alfo has a greater Refratlion then frefh, though it be heavier :
but Allum water has a left refratlion then common Water, though hea-
vier alfo.So that it feems,as to the refraction made in a Liquor, the fpeci-

The Preface.

fick gravity U of no efficacy. By this I have alfofoundjhatlookwhat pro-
portion the Sine of the Angle of ^Inclination has to the Sine of the
Angle of Refraction, correspondent to it^ the fame, proportion have all
the Sines of other Inclinations to the Sines of their appropriate Refraftions.

My way for raeafuring how much a date magnifies an Ob ject., plac'd at a
convenient diftance from my eye,is this. Having rectifi'd the Microfcope^ to
fee the defir'd Object through it very diftinctly, at the fame time that I look
upon the Object through the Glafs with one eye, I look upon other Objects
at the fame diftance with my other bare eye 5 by which means I am able,
by the help of a Ruler divided into inches and fmall parts, and laid on the
Pedejial of the Microfcop e,to caft,as it were, the magnifi'd appearance of the
Object upon theRuler,and thereby exactly to meafure the Diameter it ap-
pears of through the Glafs, which being compar'd with the Diameter it ap-
pears of to the naked eye , will eafily afford the quantity of its magnify-
ing.

The Microfcope^ which for the moft part I made ufe of, was fhap'd much
like that in the lixth Figure of the firft Scheme^ the Tube b.eing for the molt
part not above fix or feven inches long,though, by reafon it had four Draw-
ers, it could very much be lengthened, as occafion required 5 this was con-
trived with three Glaflesja fmall Object Glafs at A, a thinner Eye Glafs about
B, and a very deep one about C : this I made ufe of only when I had oc-
cafion to fee much of an Object at once 5 the middle Glafs conveying a
very great company of radiating Pencils, which would go another way, and
throwing them upon the deep Eye Glafs. Rut when ever I had occafion to
examine the fmall parts of a Body more accurately , I took out the middle
Glafs,and only made ufe of one Eye Glafs with the Object Glafs, for always
the fewer the Refractions are, the more bright and clear the Object appears.
And therefore 'tis not to be doubted , but could we make a Microfcope to
have one only refraction, it would, ceteris paribus , far excel any other that
had a greater number. And hence it is, that if you take a very clear piece
of a broken Venice Glafs, and in a Lamp draw it out into very fmall hairs or
threads, then holding the ends of thefe threads in the flame, till they melt
and run into a fmall round Globnl, or drop, which will hang at the end of
the thread ; and if further you ftick feveral of thefe upon the end of a flick
with a little fealing Wax, fo as that the threads frand upwards, and then on
a Whetftone firft grind off a good part of them, and afterward on a fmooth
Metal plate, with a little Tripoly, rub them till they come to be very
fmooth} if one of thefe befixt with a little foft Wax againft a fmall needle
hole,prick'd through a thin Plate of Brafs, Lead, Pewter, or any other Me-
tal, and an Object, plac'd very near^ be lock'd at through it, it will both
rcagnifie and make fome Objects more diftinct then any of the great Alicro-
fecpes. But becaufe thefe, though exceeding eafily made, are yet very trou-
bkfometo be us'd,becaufeof their fmalnefs,and the nearnefsof the Object 5
therefore to prevent both thefe, and yet ha ve only two Refractions, I pro-
vided me a Tube of Brafs, fhap'd much like that in the fourth Figure of the
firft Scheme 3 into thefmaller end of this I fixt with Wax a good piano con-
vex

The Preface.

vex Object Glafs,with the convex fide towards the Object, and into the
bigger end I fixt alio with wax a pretty large piano Convex Glals, with
the convex fide towards my eye, then by means of the fmall hole
by the fide 5 I fill'd the intermediate fpace between thefe two Glaflbs
with very clear Water, and with a Screw ffapp'd ;itin 5 then putting,
on a Cell for the Eye, I could per ceive an Object more bright then I could
when the intermediate fpace was only fill'd with Aii^but this, for other in->'
conveniences, I made but little ufe of.

My way for fixing both the Glafs and Object to the Pedeftal ruoft conve-
niently was thus : Upon one fide of a round Pedeftal A B, in the fixth Fi-
gure of the firlt SckemcjNus fixt a fmall Pillar CC, on this was fitted a fmall
Iron Arm D, which could be mov'd up and down5and fixt in any part of the
Pillar,by means of a fmall Screw E ; on the end of this Arm was a fmall Ball
fitted into a kind of focket F,made in the fide of the Brafsrving G, through
which the fmall end of the Tube wasfcrew'df, by means of which contri-
vance I could place and fix the Tube in what pofture I d efir'd ( which for
many Obfervations was exceeding neceftary T and adjuften it molt exactly
to any Object.

For placing the Object,! made this contrivance } upon the end of a fmall
brafs Link or Staple H H, I lofaftneda round. Plate I I, that it might be
turn'd round upon its Center K, and going pretty ftiff, would ftand
fixt in any pofture it wasfet § on the fide of this was fixt a, fmall Pillar P,
about three quarters of an inch high, and through the top of this was thruft
a fmall Iron pin M, whofetop juft flood oyer the Center of the Plate ; on
this top I fixt a fmall Object, and by means of thefe contrivances I was able
to turn it into all kind of pofitions, both to my Eye and the Light £ for by
moving round the fmall Plate on its center, I could move it one way, and by
turning the Pin M, I couJdmove it another way , and this without ftirring'
the Glals at all , or at leaft but very little : the Plate likewife I could move
to and fro to any part of the Pedeftal ( which in -many cafes was very con-
venient ) and fix italfb in any Pofition, by means of a Nut N, 'which was
fcrew'd on upon the lower part of the Pillar C C All the other Con-
trivances are obvious enough from the draught,and will need nodefcription

Now though th'pi were the Inftrument I made rnofi ufe of, yet I have
made fever al other Try ah with other kinds of Microfcopes, which both
for matter and form were very different from common fyherical Glaffes.
I have made a Microfcope with one piece of Glafl, both whofe furfaees
were plains. / have made another only with a piano concave, without
any kind of reflection, divers alfo by means of reflection. I have made,
others of Waters, Gums, Refins, Salts, Arfenick, Oyls, and with
divers other mixtures of watery and oyly Liquors. And indeed the
fubjetl u capable of a great variety ; but I find generally none more ufe-
ful then that which h made with two Glaffes, fuch a* I have already de-
fcr&d. What

The Preface.

W hat the things are Iobfervd, the following defer iptions mil mahifefi ;
in brief they were either exceeding fmall Bodies, or exceeding fmall
Pores, or exceeding fmall Motions, fome of each of which the Reader
will find in the following Notes,and fuch, as Iprefume, ( many of them
at leafl) will be new, and perhaps not left ftrange: Some fpecimen of
each of which Heads the Header will find in the fubfequent delineations,
and indeed of fome more then I was willing there Jhould be; which was
occafioned by my firfi Intentions to print a much greater number then t
have fince found time to compleat. Of fuch therefore as I had, I [elect-
ed only fome few of every Head, which for fome particulars feerndmoft ob-
servable, rebelling the reft as fuperfluows to the prefent Defign.

What each of the delineated Subjects are,the following defcriptions an-
nexe to each will inform,of which I fh all here, only once for all, add, That
in divers of them the Gravers have pretty well followed my diretlions and
draughts ; and that in making of them, lindeavoured (as far as I was
able ) fir ft to difcover the true appearance , and next to makg a plain re-
prefentation of it. This I mention the rather , becaufe of thefe kind of
Objetls there is much more difficulty to difcover the true ffjape, then of
thofe vifible to the naked eye, the fame ObjeM feeming quite differing, in
one pofition to the Light, from what it really is, and may be difcover d
in another. And therefore I never began to make any draught before by
many examinations in fever al lights, and in fever al pofttions to thofe
lights, I had difcovefd the true form. For it is exceeding difficult in
fome Objetls , to diftinguifh between a prominency and a depreflion,
between a fhadow and a black (lain, or a reflection and a whitenefs
in the colour. Befides, the transparency of moft Objetls renders them,
yet much more difficult then if they were opacous. The Eyes of a Fly in
one kind of light appear almoft like a Lattice, drilld through with abun-
dance of fmall holes ; which probably may be the Reafon, why the Ingeni-
ous Dr. Power feems to fuppofe them fuch. In the Sunfinne they look,
like a Surface covefd with golden Nails ; in another pofture,like a Sur-
face cover d with Pyramids ; in another with Cones ; and in other po-
ftures of quite other fiapes ; but that which exhibits thebeft, is the Light
colletled on the Objetl, by thofe means I have already defcribd.

And

. . The PKEFACf.
And thh was undertaken in profecut'ion of the Defign which the ROY-
AL SOCIETY has proposed to it flelfl. For the Members of the Affembly ha-
ving before their eys fo many fatal Inflames of the errors and falfboodsjn which
the greatefl part of mankind has fo long wandred, becaufe they relyd upon the
flrength of humane Eeaflon alone, have begun anew to correct all Hy-
pothefes by flenfle, 06 Seamen do their dead Reckonings by Cceleftial
Obfervations;tf7ft/ to thkpurpofe it has been their principal indeavour to en-
large is? ftrengthen ffoSenfes by Medicine,^ by fuch outward Inftru-
ments a* are proper for their particular works'. By this means they find fome
reafbn to fluff etl,that thofle effetls of Bodies ,which have been commonly attri-
buted to Qualities, and thofle conflejl'd to be occult, are performed by the
flmall Machines of "Nature, which are not to be difcernd without thefle helps^
fleeming themcerprodulls o/Motion,Figure,W Magnitude; and that the
Natural Textures, which fome call the Plaftick faculty, may be made in
Looms,which a greater perfletlion of Opticks may make diflcernable by theft
Glafesflo at new they are no more puzzled about themjhen the vulgar are to
conceive, howl 2.^t^vy or fiowred Stuffs are woven. And the ends of all thefle
Inquiries they intend to be the Pleafure of Contemplative minds, but above
all,the eafe and difpatch of the labours- of mens hands .They do indeed neg-
letl no opportunity to bring all the rare things of Remote Countries within the
compajl of their knowledge and pr alike. But they flill acknowledg their mod
ufeful Informations to arifefrom common things, and from diverfifying
their moft ordinary operations upon them. They do not wholly rejetl Experi-
ments of meer light and theory ; but they principally aim at fuch, whoflc
Applications will improve and facilitate the preflent way 0/ Manual Arts.
And though fome men, who are perhaps taken up about lefli honourable Em-
ployments, arepleas d to cenfure their proceedings, yet they can flhewmort
fruits of their firfl three years, wherein the) haveafflembled, then any other
Society in Europe can for a much larger ffaceof time. Tit true, fluch un-
dertakings 06 theirs do commonly meet with flmall incouragement, becaufli
men are generally rather taken with the pla'ufible and difciirlive, then the,
real and the flolidpart of Philoflophy ; yet by the good fortune of their infiitu-
tionjnan Age of allothers the moft inquifitive,^ have been affifted by the
contribution and^xtknctof very many of the chief 'Nobility and 'Gentry,*

g and

The P R E F A C E.

and other s^ho are foifie of the mod confiderable in their fever al Profeffions.
But that that yet farther convinces me of the Real eftcem that the more fe-
rious part of men have of thfa Society that fever al Merchants//?^ whd
alii in earrtefl(whofe Object fa meum & tuum ,that great Rudder of humane
dffairs)have adventufd confiderable fums of Money Jo put in practice what
fotrte of our Members have contrived, and have continued ftedfaft in theit
good opinions of fuch tndeavours, when not one of a hundred of the vulgar
have believed their undertakings feaf able. And it fa alfofit to beaddeJ,that
they have one advantage peculiar to themfelves,that very many of their num-
ber are men of Conveffe and Traffick ; which fa a good Omen, that their
attempts will bring Philofophy from words toz&\on,feeingtbe men ofBufi-
nejlhave had fo great a pare in their firfi foundation.
And of thfa kind I ought not to conceal one particularGcnerotity, which more
nearly concerns my felf.lt fa the munificence of Sir JohnCutler,/« endowing
a Letlure for the promotion of Mechanick Arts,to be governed and diretled
byThfaSoc'iety JhfaBounty I mention for the Honourablenefs of the thing it
felf^andfor the expectation which I have of the efficacy of the Example ;fbr
it cannot now be objected to them,that their Vefigns will be efleemed frivolous
and vain, when they have fuch a real Teftimony of the Approbation of
a Man that fa fuch an eminent Ornament of thfa renowned City, and one-,
who, by the Variety, and the happy Succefs, of hfa negotiations, has given
evident proofs, that he fa not eafie to be deceived. Thfa Gentleman has well
obfervd, that the Arts of life have been too long imprifon d in the dark
Jhops of Mechanic^ themfelves,isf there hiridred from gtbwt\\ehher by ig*
norance,or felf-interefi\and he hat bravely freed them from thefe inconveni-
ences:^ hath not only obliged Tradelmeri^J Trade/* felfHehas done a
work that fa Worthy of London, and has taught the chief City of Commerce
in the world the right way how Commerce fa to be improvd. We have already
feen many other great figns of Liberality and a large mind, from the1 fame
hand:For by hfa diligence about ^Corporation for the Poor;^ hfa bono*
rabk Subfcriptions/or the rebuilding of &.Paul's;fy hfa chearful Disboirf-
ment for the replanting oflrthnd^and by many other fuch publick works,
he has Jhewn by what means he indeavours to eftablifli hfa Memory ; and
no® by thfa Idftgift he has done that,wUch became one of the wifeft ©Itteefts^

of

The P r £ f a c e.

of our Nation to accompli ft), feeing one of the wifeft of our Statefmen,the
Lord Verulam, fix ft propounded it.

But to return to my Subjetl^from a digreffton, which, Ihope,my Reader
WH pardon me, feeing the Example is fo rare that lean make no more fucb
digreffions. Iftbefe my firft Labours ft) all be any wayes ufefulto inquU
ring men, Imuft attribute the incouragement and promotion of them to a ve-
ry Reverend and Learned ?eiibn,of wborn this ought in juflice to be faid,
That there is fcarce any one invention, which this Nation has pro-
diicd in our Age, but it has fome way or other bceri fet forward by
his afliftance. My Reader J btlitve,will quickly ghefi, that it is Dr. Wil-
kins thatlmean.He id indeed a man born for the good of mankind, and for
the honour of 1m Couutry . In the Iweetneis of whofe behaviour,*;? the
calmnefs of 1m mind, in the unbounded goodnefs of his heart, we have
an evident Inftance, what the true and the primitive unpaffionate Religi-
on was, before it Vat fowred by particular Factions. In a word, his Zeal
has been fo conftant and effectual in advancing all good and profitable
Am,that motie of theAntient Romans {aid ofScipio, That he thanked
God that he was a Roman ; becaufe whereever Scipio had been born,
there had been the feat of the Empire of the world i So may I thank
God, that Dr. Wilkins was an Englishman, for whereever he had lived,
there had been the chief Seat of generous Knowledge and true Philofo-
phy. fo the truth of tbtefhere are fo many worthy men living that willfub^
fcribe, that I am confident-, what I have here [aid, will not be looked upon,
by any ingenious Reader, fa A fenegyrick*, but only as a real tefti-

By the Advice of this Excellent rilan I firft fet upon thti Enterprife,y*t
ftill came to it tilth much RelUdLzhcyJbecaufe I was to follow the footftepsof
fo eminent a Perfon as Dr. Wren , whotoastbe firft that attempted any
thing of this nature \ whofe original draughts do now mak^mhf the Orna-
ments of that great ColleUxion of Rarities in the Kings Clofet. This Ho-
nor, which bis firft beginnings of this kind have receivd, to be admitted in-
to the moft famousplace of the world,didnot fo much incourage, as the ha-
zard of coming after Dr. Wren did affright me 5 for of him Imuft affirm^
thdt, fence the time of Archimedes, there fcarce ever met in one man, in fo

great

The P R E F A C E.
great a perfection, fitch a Mechanical Hand, and fo Philofophical a
Mind.

But at laft,bcing a[fur eel both by Dr. Wilkinsyiwi Dr. Wren himfelf
that he had given over hi* intentions of profecuting it, and not finding that
there was any elfe defignd thepurfuing of it,Ifet upon this undertaking, and
was not a little incouragd to proceed in it,bythe Honour the Royal Society
was pleas d to favour me with fin approving of thofe draughts (which from
time to time as I had an opportunity of defcribing) Iprefented to them. And
particularly by the Incitements of divers of thofe Noble and excellent Per-
fons of it, which were my more effecial Friends,who were not left urgent with
me for the publi (Jnng, then for the profecution of them.

After I had almoft compleated thefe Pitlum and Obfervations ( ha-
ving had divers of them ingraven , and was ready to fend them to the
Prefix 1 was inform 'd , that the Ingenious Phyfitian Dr. Henry Power
had made fever al Microfcopical Obfervaiions,which had I not afterwards,
upon our inter changably viewing each others Pape¥s, found that they were
for the mofl part differing from mine, either in the Subject it felf, or in the
particulars taken notice of ; and that his defign was only to print Obfer-
vations without Pictures,! had even then fupprefled what I had fo far pro-'
ceeded in. But being further excited by fever al of my Friends, in comply-
ancewith their opinions, that it would, not be unacceptable to fever alinqui-
fitive Men, and hoping alfo , that I Jhould thereby difcover fomething
New to the World, I have at length caft in my Mite, into- the vafl Treafu-
ry of A Philofophical Hiftory . And it k my hope, as well as belief, thai
thefe my Labours will be no more comparable to the Productions of many
other Natural Philofophers, who are now every where bufie about greater
things ; then my little Objects are to be compafd to the greater and more
beautifulWorks of Nature, A Flea, a Mite, a Gnaty to an Horfe,an Ele-
phant, or a Lyon* ; V\lV;^
~oH t\K .|!oD jjn'A&i & iM%>a>\\^
~&s#ttWu w>t .V> d m\ mA W# **A*^i;£;,Vvu\$A itaj vA A^fat'iotf
~:rl sAt it pgjrjijo G\fcv< \ k^sfom vin> $itj^i«rat^ %AvaAt*t

r-..% #\\ :-,\ \>Mjtl£iit\z^R$\W ,iG^{\a^\\\\^\| bigs

SOME

H 4

MICROGRAPH1A,

Phyfiolbgical Dcfcriptians

dbjibnini •.. n.r. P . ru'wK -^.i; i -uf^'r . :. G quifil ?.A /.<;: I

MINUTE BODIES*

in *io •^••UM'!VMADE BY ..v...v.^ {?!ff:'

MAGNIFYING GLASSES;

v :y.\.k j.'-. •.. \\\\.;.'7). • WITH .-I ..-on ' m(»mb

Observations and Inquiries thereupon.

- i ■

Obferv. I. Of the Point of a fbarp fmallNeedk*

fS in Geometry, the moft natural way of* beginning is Schem.2a
from a Mathematical jwztf } fo is the fame method in Fig.i»
Obfervations and Natural hijiory the moft gcnuinc,fim-
p]e, and inftru&ive. We muft firft endevour to make
letters j and draw ftngle ftrokes true , before we ven*
ture to write whole Sentences y or to draw large Pi*
ftures. And in Phyfical Enquiries, we muft endevour
to follow Nature in the more plain and eajie ways ihe
treads in the moft (imple and uncompounded bodies, to trace her fteps, and
be acquainted with her manner of walking there, before we venture our
felves into the multitude of meanders {hehas'm bodies of a more complica*
ted nature ^ left, being unable todiftinguifh and judge of our way, we
quickly lofe both Nature our Guide,and our felves txxxand are left to wan-
der in the labyrinth of groundlefs opinions, wanting both judgment^ that
lights and experience, that clew, which Ihould direcl: our proceedings.

We will begin thefeour Inquiries therefore with the Obfervations of
Bodies of the moft fimple nature firft,and fo gradually proceed to thole of a
more compounded one.ln profecution of which method, we ihall begin with
a Phyjtcal pointy of which kind the Point of a Needle is commonly reckon'd
for one^ and is indeed^ for the moft part, made fo {harp, that the naked
eye canuot diftinguifh any parts of it : It very eafily pierces, and makes its
way through all kind of bodies fofter then it felf:But if view'd with a very
good Mi cr of ope, we may find that the top of a Needle (though as to the

B fenfe

\

MlCROGRAPHIA.

fenfe very Jl)arp) appears a lroad,blunt, and very irregular end } not relem-
bjing a Cone, as is imagin'd, but onely a piece of a tapering body, with a
great part of the top remov'd, or deficient. The Points of Pins are yet
more blunt, and the Points of the moft curious Mathematital Inftruments
do very feldome arrive at (o great a lharpnefs how much therefore can
be built upon demonstrations made onely by the productions of the Ru-
ler and Compalles, he will be better able to coniider that fhall but view
thofe points and lines with a Mtcrofcope.

Now though this point be commonly accounted the lharpeft (whence
when we would exprels the ftlarptiefs of a point the moft fupcrlatruely, we
lay, As (harp as a Needle) yet the Microfcope can afford us hundreds of In-
ftances of Points many thoufand times fharper : liich as thole of the hairs,
and brijlfes, and claws of multitudes of Inje&s 3 the thorns, or crooks ^ or
hairs of haves, and other Imall vegetables 5 nay, the ends of the jiirie or
(mall parallelepipeds of Amianthus , and alumen plumojum 5 of many of
which, though the Points are lb fharp as not to be vilible, though view'd
with a Microjcope (which magnifies the Object, in bulk, above a million of
times) yet I doubt not, but were we able pra&ically to make Microfcopes
according to the theory of them, we might find hills, and dales,and pores,
» and a fufficient bredth, or expanlion, to give all thofe parts elbow-roorri,
even in the blunt top of the very Point ot any of thefe lb very ftiarp bodies.
For certainly the quantity or extenlion of any body may be Divisible in in-
finitum , though perhaps not the matter.

But to proceed : The Image we have here exhibited in the
firft Figure, was the top of a Imall and very Ibarp Needle, whole
point a a neverthelefs appear'd through the Microfcope above a
quarter of an inch broad, not round nor flat , but irregular and un-
even^ lb that it feem'd to have been big enough to have afforded a
hundred armed Mites room enough to be rang'd by each other without
endangering the breaking one anothers necks, by being thruft off Ori ei-
ther fide. The furface of which; though appearing to the naked eye very
imooth,could not neverthelefs hide a multitude of holes and fcratchesand
ruggednefles from being difcover d by the Microfcope to inveft it, feveral
of which inequalities (as A,B,C, feem'd holes made by fome fmall Ipecks of
Ruji 3 and D lbme adventitious body, that ftuck very dole to it) were ca-
fual. All the reft that roughen the furface, were onely fo many marks of
the rudenels and bungling of Art. So unaccurate is it, in all its producti-
ons, even in thole which leem moft neat, that if examine! with an organ
more acute then that by which they were made, the more we fee of their
Jhap e, the lels appearance will there be of their beauty : whereas in the
works of Nature, the deepeft Difccveries fhew us the greateft Excellen-
cies. An evident Argument, that he that was the Author of ah thefe
things, was no other then Omnipotent -0 being able to include as great a va-
riety of parts and contrivances in the yet lmalleft Dilcernable Poir t, as in
thofe vafter bodies (which comparatively are called alio Points) fuch as
the Earth, Sun, or Planets. Nor need it feem ftrange that the Earth it felf
may be by anAnalogie call'd a^Phyfical Point;For as its body5though now

MlCROGRAPHlA. 3

fo near us as to fill our eys and fancies with a fenfcof the vaftncls of it,
may by a little Diftancc, and fome convenient Diminijhing Glaflcs, be
made vanifli into a fcarce vilible Speck, or Point (as I have often
try'd on the Moon, and (when not too bright) on the Sun it felf.) So,
could a Mechanical contrivance fuccesfully anfwerour Theory, we might
fee the leaft fpot as big as the Earth it felf 5 and Difcaver, as Des Cartes Dief ch.
alio conjectures, as great a variety of bodies in the Mddn^ or Planets, as in l0- § 9-
the Earth.

But leaving thefe Diicoveries to future Induftries, we fhall proceed to
add one Obfervation more of a point commonly fo caird,that is, the mark
of a/w# flop, or period. And for this purpofe Iobferved many bothprinted
ones and written 5 and among multitudes I found/hp of them more round
or regular then this which I have delineated in the third figure of the fe-
cond Scheme, but very many abundantly more disfigurdi, and for the
molt part if they leem'd equally round to the eye, I found thole points
that had been made by a Copperplate, and Roll-prels, to be as misfnapen
as thofe which had been made with Types, the moft curious and Imothly
engraven Jirokes and points, looking but as fo many furrows and holes, and
their printed imprejjions, but like Jmutty daubings on a matt or uneven
floor with a blunt extinguilht brand or (tick's end. And as for points
made with a pen they were much more rugged and deformed. Nay,havlng
view'd certain pieces of exceeding curious writing of the kind ( one oi
which in the bredth of a two-pence eompris'd the Lords prayer, the Apojlles
Creed, the ten Commandments, and about half a dozen verfes bejides of the
Bible, whole lines were lb fmall and near together, that I was unable to
number them with my naked eye, a very ordinary Microfcope, I had then a-
bout me, inabled me to fee that what the Writer of it had aflerted was
true, but withall dilcover'd of what pitifull bungling fcribbles and fcrdwls
it was compos'd,Arabian and China characters being almoft as well fhap'd }
yet thus much I mult fay for the Man, that it was for the moft part legible
enough, though in Ibrne places there wanted a good fantjy well prepojeji
to help one through. If this manner of fmall writing were made eafie and
pr amicable ( and I think I know fuch a one, but have never yet made
tryal of it, whereby one might be inabled to write a great deale with much
eaje, and accurately enough in a very little roome ) it might be of very
good ule to convey fecret Intelligence without any danger of Difcovery
or mijirujiing. But to come again to the point. The Irregularities of it
are caufed by three or four coadjutors, one of which is3 the uneven furfacc
of the paper, which at beft appears no Imotherthen a very courle piece of
Jhagd cloth; next the irregularity of the Type or Ingraving0 and a third is the
rough Daubing of the Printing~Inl{that lies upon the inftrument that makes
the impreffion , to all which, add the variation made by the Different
lights and fiadows, and you may have lufficient reafon to ghefs that a point
may appear much more ugly then this, which I have here prefented, which
though it appear 'd through the Microfcope gray, like a great fplatch of
London dirt, about three inches over yet to the naked eye it wasblack,
and no bigger then that in the midft of the Circle A. And could I have

found

4 MlCROGRAPHIA.

found Room in this Plate to have inferted an O you fhould have feen that
the letters were not more diftinft then the points of Diftin&ion, nor a
drawn circle more exactly fojhen we have now fhown a point to be a point.

Obferv. I L 0/ ffo £^ 0/ a Razor.

Schtm.i. *' | He fharpeft f^ehath the fame kind of affinity to the fharpeft Pw'»/
Fig. 2. J in Phyficks, as a hath to a point in Mathematicks 5 and therefore
the Treaty concerning this, may very properly be annexed to the for-
mer. A Razor doth appear to be a Body of a very neat and curious a-
fpedt, till more clofcly viewed by the Microfiope^ and there we may ob-
ferve its very Edge to be of all kind of fhapes, except what it fhould be.
For examining that of a very fharp one, I could not find that any part of
it had any thing of fharpnels in it 5 but it appear'd a rough furface of a
very confiderable bredth from fide to fide, the narrowed part not feem-
ing thinner then the back of a pretty thick Knife. Nor is't likely that it
fhould appear any otherwife, fince as we juft now fhew'd that a point ap-
peared a circle, 'tis rational a line fhould be a parallelogram.

Now for the drawing this fecond Figure(which reprefentsa part of the
Edge about half a quarter of an inch long of a Razor well fet) I fb plac'd it
between the Ob jccl-glafs 8c the light.that there appear'd a reflection from
the very Edge,repreiented by the white line a b c def. In which you may
perceive it to be fomewhat fharper then elfewhere about d0 to be indent-
ed or pitted about />, to be broader and thicker about c, and unequal
and rugged about e, and pretty even between a b and e f. Nor was that
part of the Edge g h i 4 fb fmooth as one would imagine fo fmooth bo-
dies as a Hone and Oyl fhould leave it 5 for befides thofe multitudes of
fcratchesj, which appear to have raz'd the furface gh i and to crois
each other every way which are not half of them expreft in the Figure,
there were feveral great and deep fcratches, or furrows, fuch as g h and
i 4, which made the furface yet more rugged, caus'd perhaps by fbme
fmall Duft cafually falling on the Hone, or fbme harder or more flinty
part of the Hone it felf. The other part of the Razor / /, which is polifh'd
on a grinding-ftone, appear'd much rougher then the other, looking al-
moft like a plow'd field, with many parallels, ridges, and furrows, and a
cloddy, as 'twere, or an uneven furface : nor fhall we wonder at the
roughnefles of thofe fiirfaces , fince even in the moft curious wrought
Glaltesfor Microfcopes, and other Optical ufes, I have, when the Sun has
lhcne well on them , difcover'd their furface to be varioufly raz'd or
fcratched, and to confift of an infinite of fmall broken furfaces, which re-
flect the light of very various and differing colours. And indeed it feems
impoffible by Art to cut the furface of any hard and brittle body fmooth,
fince Vntte, or even the moft curious Powder that can be made ufe of, to
polifhfuch a body, muft confift of little hard rough particles, and each of
them muft cut its way, and confequently leave fbme kind of gutter or

furrows

Ml CROC RA P HI A* 5

furrow behind it. And though Nature does fecm to do it very readily in
all kinds of fluid bodies , yet perhaps future obfervators may difcover
even thcfealfo rugged $ it being very probable, as I elfevvhere (hew, that
fluid bodies are made up of fmall folid particles varioully and Itrongly
mov'd, and may find reafbn to think there is fcarce a furface in rerum na*
tura perfectly fmooth. The black fpot m //, I ghefs to be fome fmall
fpeck of ruft, for that I have oft obferv'd to be the manner of the working
of Corrofive Juyces. To conclude, this Edge and piece of a Razor, if it
had been really fuch as it appcar'd through the Microfiope, would fcarce-
ly have ferv'd to cleave wood, much left to have cut off the hair of beards^
unlcfs it were after the manner that Lncian merrily relates Charon to have
made ufe of,when with a Carpenters Axe he chopd off the beard of a fage
Philofopher, whole gravity he very cautioufly feard would indanger the
overfetting of his Wherry.

Obferv. III. Of fine Lawn, or Lirmen Cloth.

THis is another product of Art, A piece of the fineft Lawn I was able Schem-lS>
to get, fo curious that the threads were fcarce difcernable by the na- *'
ked eye,and yet through an ordinary Microfcope you may perceive what
a goodly piece of coarfe Matting it is '■, what proportionable cords each of
its threads are, being not unlike, both in ihape and fize, the bigger and
coarfer kind of Jingle Rope-j/arn^wheYewith. they ufually make Cables. That
which makes the Lawn fo tranfparent, is by the Microfcope^ nay by the
naked eye, if attentively viewed, plainly enough evidenced to be the
multitude of fquare holes which are left between the threads, appearing
to have much more hole in reipecl: of the intercurrent parts then is for the
moft part left in a latthe-window, which it does a little refemble, onely
the crofling parts are rouridand not flat.

Thefe threads that compofe this fine contexture, though 'they are as
fmall asthofe that conftitute the finer forts of Silks, have notwithstanding
nothing of their glofiie, pleafant,and lively reflection. Nay, I have been
informed both by the Inventor himfelf, and feveral other eye-witnefles,
that though the flax,out of which it is made,has been (by a Angular art, of
that excellent Perfon, and Noble Vertuofo, M. Charts Howard^ brother to
the Duke of Norfoll()(6 curioufly drefs'd and prepar'd,as to appear both to
the eye and the touch, full as fine and asglojfie, and to receive all kinds;
of colours,as well as Sleave-Silk 5 yet when this Silken Flax is twifted into
threads, it quite lofeth its former lufter, and becomes as plain and bale
a thread to look on, as one of the fame bignefs, made of comrflon Flax.

The reafbn of which odd Phenomenon feems no other then this 5 that
though the curioufly dreft Flax has its parts fo exceedingly fmall, as to
equallize, if not to be much fmaller then the clew of the Silk-worm, efpe-
cially in thinnefs, yet the differences between the figures of the confti-
tuting filaments are fo great, and their fubftances fo various, that whereas

C thofe

6 Micrograph i a.

thofe of the Silk^ arc fmall,round, hard, tranfparent, and to their bignefs
proportionally Jiiff, fo as each filament prefervcs its proper Figure, and
confequently its vivid reflection intire, though twifted into a thread, if
not too hard 5 thofe of Flax are flat, limber, fofter3and left transparent, and
in twifting into a thread they joyn,and lie fo clofe together,as to lofe their
own, and deftroy each others particular reflections. There feems there-
fore three Particulars very requilite to make the fo dreft Flax appear Silk
alfo when fpun into threads. Firft, that the fubftance ofitfhouldbe
made more clear and tranfparent, Flax retaining in it a kind of opacating
brown, or yellow 5 and the parts of the whiteftkind I have yetobferv'd
with the Microfcope appearing white, like flaw'd Horn or Glafs, rather
then clear, like clear Horn or Glals. Next that, the filaments fhould each
of them be rounded, if that could be done,which yet is not fo very necefc
fary, if the firft be perform' d, and this third, which is, that each of the
fmall filaments be jlifned^ for though they be iquare, or flat, provided
they be transparent and ftiff, much the fame appearances mud neceflarily
follow. Now, though I have not yet made trial, yet I doubt not, but that
both thefe proprieties may be alfo indued upon the Flax,and perhaps too
by one and the fame Expedient, which fome trials may quickly inform any
ingenious attempter of, who from the ufe and profit of fuch an Invention,
may find rufficient argument to be prompted to fuch Inquiries. As for
the tenacity of the fubftance of Flax, out of which the thread is made, it
feems much inferiour to that of Silk, the one being a vegetable, the
other an animal fubftance. And whether it proceed from the better con-
coction, or the more homogeneous conftitution of animal fubftances
above thole of vegetables, I do not here determine 5 yet fince I ge-
nerally find, that vegetable fubftances do not equalize the tenacity of ani*
mat, nor thefe the tenacity of fome purified mineral fubftances 5 I am
very apt to think, that the tenacity of bodies does not proceed from the
hamous, or booked particles, as the Epicureans, and fome modern Philojb-
phers have imagin'd but from the more exacl: congruity of the confti-
tuent parts, which are contiguous to each other, and lb bulky, as not to
be eafily feparated, or fhatter'd, by any fmall pulls or concuffion of
heat.

Obferv. I V. Qf fine waled Silky or Taffety.

schem. 3. f - 1 His is the appearance of a piece of very fine Tafiety-riband in the
Ftl' »• J bigger magnifying Glafc, which you fee exhibits it like a very con-
venient fubftance to make Bed-matts,or Door-matts of,or to ferve for Bee-
hives, Corn-fcuttles,Chairs; or Corn-tubs,it being not unlike that kind of
work,, wherewith in many parts in England,, they make fuch Utenfils of
Straw,a little wreathed,and bound together with thongs of Brambles. For
in this Contexture, each little filament, fiber, or clew of the Silk-worm,
fcem'd about the bignefs of an ordinary Straw, as appears by the little ir-
regular

'4

MlCROGRAPHlA.

regular pieces,* b^c ^and e ft The IVarp^ot the thread that ran crofting the
Riband,appear'd like afingle Rope of an Inch Diameter 5 but the Woof,
or the thread that ran the length of the Riband, appear'd not half (6
big. Each Inch of fix-peny-broad Riband appearing no left then a piece,
of Matting Inch and half thick, and twelve foot fquare 5 a few yards of
this, would be enough to floor the long Gallery of the Loure at r<tris.
But to return to our piece of Riband : It affords us a not unpleaiant ob-
ject, appearing like a bundle;, or wreath, of very clear and tranfparent
Cylinders the Silk be white, and curioufly ting'd $ if it be colour'd,each
of thole fmall homey Cylinders affording in fome place or other of them,
as vivid a reflection, as if it.had been fent from a Cylinder of Glafs or Horn,
In-fo-much, that the reflections of Red, appear'd as if coming from fo
many Granates, ox Rubies'. The lovelinefs of the colours of Silks above
thofe of hairy Stuffs,or Linnen,confifting as I elfe-where intimate,chiefiy in
the tranfparency, and vivid reflections from the Concave.or inner iurface
of the transparent Cylinder, as are alfo the colours of Precious Stones 5
for moft of the reflections from each of thefe Cylinders^ come from the
Concave furfaceof the air, which is as 'twere the foil that incompafles the
Cylinder. The colours with which each of thefe Cylinders are ting'd, feem
partly to be fuperhcial, and fcicking to the out-fides of them ^ and partly^
to be imbib'd, or funck into the fubftance of them : for Silk, feeming to
be little elfe then a dried thread of Glew, may be fuppos'd to be very
eafily relaxt.and foftened,by being fteeped in warm, nay in cold, if pene-
trant, juyces or liquors. And thereby thofe tinctures, though they tinge
perhaps but a fmall part of the fubftance, yet being fo highly impregnated
with the colour, as to be almoft black with it, may leave an impreflion
ftrong enough to exhibite the defird colour. A pretty kinde of artifi-
cial Stuff I have feen, looking almoft like tranfparent Parchment, Horn,
or Ifing-glafs, and perhaps fome fuch thing it may be made of, which be-
ing tranfparent, and of a glutinous nature, and eafily mollified by keep-
ing in water, as I found upon trial, had imbib'd, and did remain ting'd
with a great variety of very vivid colours, and to the naked eye, it look'd
very like the fubftance of the Silk. And I have often thought, that pro-
bably there might be a way found out, to make an artificial glutinous
compofition, much refembling, if not full as good, nay better, then that
Excrement,or whatever other fubftance it be out of which, the Silk-worm
wire-draws his clew. If fuch a compofition were found, it were certain-
ly an eafie matter to find very quick ways of drawing it out into fmall
wires for ufe. I need not mention the ufe of fuch an Invention,nor the be-
nefit that is likely to accrue to the finder,they being fufficiently obvious.
This hint therefore, may, I hope, give fome Ingenious inquifitive Perfon
an occafion of making fome trials, which if fuccefsfull, I have my aim, and
I fuppofe he will have no occafion to be difpleas'd,

Obferv. V*

8

MlCROGRAPHIA.

Obferv. V. Of watered Silks, or Stufs*

Schtm, j. | Here are but few Artificial things that are worth obfeiving with a
f*« *• J[ Microfcope \ and therefore I (hall fpeak but briefly concerbing them.
For the Productions of art are fuch rude mif-fliapen things, that when
view'd with a Microfcope jheve is little elfe obfervable5but their deformity.
The mofr curious Carvings appearing no better then thofe rude Ruffian
Images we find mentiond in rurchas, where three notches at the end of a
Stick, flood for a face. And the moft fmooth and burnifii'd furfaces appear
moft rough and unpolifht : So that my firft Reafon why I (hall add but a
few obfervations of them, is, their mif-lhapen form ^ and the next, is their
ufeleisnefs. For why fhould we trouble our lelves in the examination of
that form or fhape (which is all we are able to reach with a Microfcope)
which we know was dcfign'd for no higher a ufe, then what we were able
to view with our naked eye } Why fhould we endeavour to difcover
myfteries in that which has no fiich thing in it ? And like Rabbins find out
Caballifms, and oenigm&s in the Figure, and placing of Letters, where no
fuch thing lies hid : whereas in natural forms there are fome fofmall, and
fo curious,and their defign'd bufihefs lb far remov'd beyond the reach of
our fight5that the more we magnify the object, the more excellencies and
myfteries do appear ■> And the more we difcover the imperfections of our
fenfesj and the Omnipotency and Infinite perfections of the great Crea-
tour. I (hall therefore onely add one or two Obfervations more of artifi-
cial things, and then come to the Treaty concerning fuch matters as are
the Productions of a more curious Workman. One of thefe^fhall be that
of a piece of water'd Silk, reprefented in the fecond Figure of the third
Scheme^sit appear d through the leaft magnifying Glafs. A B. fignifying
the long way of the SturT,and C D the broad way. This Sturl, if the right
fide of it be looked upon, appears to the naked eye, all over fo waved,
undulated, or grain'd, with a curious, though irregular variety of brigh-
ter and darker parts, that it adds no fmall gracefulnefs to theGlofsof it.
It is fo known a propriety, that it needs but little explication, but it is ob-
fervable, which perhaps every one has not considered, that thofe parts
which appear the darker part of the wave, in ^ne pofition to the light, in
another appears the lighter,and the contrary ^and by this means the undu-
lations become tranfient, and in a continual change,according as the po-
fition of the parts in refpe&of the incident beams of light is varied. The
reafon of which odd phenomena, to one that has but diligently examin'd
it even with his naked eye, will be obvious enough. But he that obferves
it with a Microfcope^ may more eafily perceive what this Proteus is. and
how it comes to change its fhape. He may very eafily perceive, that it
proceeds onely from the variety of the Reflection* of light, which is caus'd
by the various fijape of the Particles^ or little protuberant parts of the
thread that compofe the furface j and that thofe parts of the waves that

appear

M iCROGRAPHlAo

appear the brighter.throw towards the eye a multitude of fmall reflexi-
ons of light, whereas the darker fcarce afford any. The reafon of which
reflection, the Microfcope plainly difcovers, as appears by the Figure, In
which you may perceive, that the brighter parts of the furface confift of
an abundance ot large and ftrong renections,denoted by a, a, a, a, a, 8cc.
for the furfaces of thofe threads that run the long way, are by the Mecha-
nical procefs of watering, creasd or angled in another kind of pofture
then they were by the weaving : for by the weaving they are onely bent
round the warping threads j but by the watering, they are bent with art
angle, or elbow, that is in ftead of lying, or being bent round the threads,
as in the third Figure, a, a, a, a, a, are about b,b,b (b,b,b reprefenting the
ends,as 'twere, of the crofsthreads,they are bent about) they are creas'd
on the top of thole threads, with an angle, as in the fourth Figure, and
that With all imaginable variety 5 fo that,whereas before they reflected
the light onely from one point of the round furface, as about c, c, c, they
now when water'd, reflect the beams from more then half the whole fur-
face,as de,de,de, and in other pofturcs they return no reflections at all
from thofe furfaces. Hence ip one pofture they compofe the brighter
parts of the waves,in another the darker. And thefe reflections arealfo
varied, according as the particular parts are varioufly bent. The reafon
of which creafing we (hall next examine 3 and here we muit fetch our in-*
formation from the Mechanifm or manner of proceeding in this operation 3
which, as I have been inform'd, is no other then this.

They double all the Stuff that is to be water'd. that is,they create it juft
through the middle of it, the whole length of the piece, leaving the right
fide of the Stuff inward, and placing the two edges, or filvages juft upon
one another,and,as near as they can,place the wale fo in the doubling of it,
that the wale of the one fide may lie very near parallel, or even with the
wale of the other 3 for the nearer that pofture they lie, the greater will
the watering appear 3 and the more obliquely,or acrofs to each other they
lie, the fmaller are the waves. Their way for folding it for a great wale
is thus : they take a Pin,and begin at one fide of the piece in any wale,and
lb moving it towards the other fide, thereby direct: their hands to the op-
pofite ends of the wale, and then, as near as they can, place the two op-
.pofite ends of the fame wale together, and fo double, or fold the whole
piece, repeating this enquiry with a Pin at every yard or two's diftance
through the whole length 3 then they fprinkle it with water,and fold it the
longways, placing between every fold a piece of Paftboard, by which
means all the wrong fide of the water'd Stuff becomes flat, and with little
wales, and the wales on the other fide become the more protuberant 3
whence the creafings or angular bendings of the wales become the more
perfpicuons:7 Having folded it in this manner,they place it with an inter-
jacent Paftboard into an hot Prefs, where it is kept very violently preft,
till it be dry and ftifT} by which means, the wales of either contiguous
fides leave their own imprefiions upon each other , as is very mani-
feit by the fecond Figure, where 'tis obvious enough, that the wale of the
piece A B C D runs parallel between the pricked lines e/, ef, ef, and as

D manifeft

IO

MlCROGRAPHIA

manifeft: to difcern the impreflions upcn thefe wales, left by triofe that
were preft upon them,which lying not exactly parallel with them,but a lit-
tle athwart them , as is denoted by the lines ofy o o o0gh. gh,gh3 between
which the other wales did lie parallel^they are fo varioufly,and irregular-
ly creas'd that being put into that ftiape when wet,and kept fo till they be
arie, they fo fet each others threads, that the Moldings remain almoft as
long as the Stuff lafts.

Hence it may appear to any one that attentively confiders the Figure,
why the parts of the wale <*, a, a, a, a, <?, fhould appear bright } and why
the parts fhould appear fhadowed, or dark} why fbme, as

d^d^d^d, (hould appear partly light,and partly dark : the varieties of
which reflections and fhadows are the only caufe of the appearance of wa-
tering in Silks, or any other kind of StufTs.

From the variety of reflection, may alfo be deduc'd the caufe why a
fmall breez or gale of wind ruffling the furface of a fmooth water, makes
it appear black 5 as alfo,on the other fide, why the fmoothing or burnilh-
ing the furface of whitened Silver makes it look black $ and multitudes of
other phenomena might hereby be folv'd, which are too many to be here
infifted on.

. Obferv. VI. Of fmall Glafs Canes.

THat I might be fatisfi'd, whether it were not poffible to make an
Artificial pore as fmall as any Natural I had yet found, I made fe-
veral attemps with fmall glafs pipes, melted in the flame of a Lamp, and
then very fuddenly drawn out into a great length. And, by that means
without much difficulty. I was able to draw fome almoft as fmall as a
Cobweb^ which yet, with the Microfcope, I could plainly perceive to be
perforated, both by looking on the ends of it, and by looking on it againfi
the light 5 which was much the eafier way to determine whether it were
folid or perforated 5 for, taking a fmall pipe of glafs, and clofing one
end of it, then filling it half full of water, and holding it againfi the light,
I could, by this means, very eafily find what was the differing afpett of a
folid and a perforated piece of glafs 5 and fo eafily diftinguifh, without
feeing either end, whether any Cylinder of glafi I look 'don, were a folid
ftic^ or a hollow cane. And by this means,I could alfb prefently judge of
any fmall filament of glafs, whether it were hollow or not, which would
have been exceeding tedious to examine by looking on the end. And
many fuch like ways I was fain to make ufe of, in the examining of di-
vers other particulars related in this Book, which would have been no
eafie task to have determined meerly by the more common way cf look-
ing on, or viewing the Object. For, if we confider firft, the very faint
light wherewith the object is enlightened, whence many particles ap-
pear opacouS) which when more enlightned, appear very tranfparent, fb
that I was fain to determine its tranfparency by one glafs, and its texture
by another Next, the nnmanageabknefs of moft Objetfs, by reafbn

MlCROGRAPHlA* 1*1

of theirfmalnefi, 3. The difficulty of finding the defircd point, and of
placing it lb, as to reflect the light conveniently for the Inquiry, Laftly,
ones being able to view it but with one eye at once, they will appear rio
fmall objlr all ions, nor arc they eafily remov'd without many contrivan-
ces. But to proceed, I could not find that water, or lome deeply tingd
liquors would in fmall ones rife fo high as one would expect 5 and the
highefi I have found it yet rife in any of the pipes I have try'd, was to
2 1 inches above the level of the water in the veflel : for though I found
that in the fmall pipes it would nimbly enter at firfr, and run about 6 or
7 inches upwards 5 yet I found it then to move upwards fo flow, that I
have not yet had the patience to obferve it above that height of 21 in-
ches (and that was in. a pretty large ripe, in comparifon of thofe I for-
merly mentioned $ for I could obierve the progrefs of a very deep tingd
liquor m it with my naked eye, without much trouble 5 whereas many of
the other pipes were fo very fmall, that unlefs in a convenient pojlure to the
light, I could not perceive them :) But 'tis very probable., that a greater
patience and ajjiduity may difcover the liquors to rife, at leaftto remain
fufpended, at heights that I fhould be loath now even to ghefs at, if at
leaft there be any proportion kept between the height of the afcending
liquor, and the bignefs of the holes of the pipes.

An Attempt for the Explication of this Experiment.

My Conje&ure, That the unequal height of the furfaces of the water,
proceeded from the greater prejjure made upon the water by the Air
without the Tipes ABC, then by that within them , I (hall endeavour to
confirm from the truth of the two following Proportions:

The firft. of which is, That an unequal prejjure of the incumbent Air
will caufe an unequal height in the water s Surfaces.

And the fecond is, That in this experiment there is fuch an unequal
prejjure.

That the firfl: is true, the following Experiment will evince. For if
you take any Veflel fo contrived, as that you can at pleafure either /«-
creafe or diminijl) the prejjure of the Air upon this or that part of the Su-
perficies of the water, the equality of the height of thofe parts will pre-
fently be lojl 5 and that part of the Superficies that fuftains the greater pref
fitre: will be injerior to that which undergoes the lefs. A fit Veflel for
this purpofe, will be an inverted Glafs Syphon, fuch an one as is delcri-
bed in the Sixth Figure. For if into it you put Water enough to fill it as
high as A B, and gently blow in at D, you (hall deprefs the Superficies J?,
and thereby raife the oppofite Superficies A to a confiderable height } and
by gently judging you may produce clean contrary erTe&s.

Next, That there is fuch an unequal prejjure, I fhall prove from this,
7 hat there is a much greater incongruity of Air to Glafs ^andfome other Bodies y
then there is of Water to the fame,

D 2 By

Mi CROGRAPHIA.

By Congruity, I mean a property of a fluid Body, whereby any part of it
is readily united with any other part, either of it felf or of any other Simi-
lar, fluid, or folid body : And by Incongruity a property of a fluid, by which
it is kindred from uniting with any dijfimilar,fluid,or folid Body.

This laft property, any one that hath been obfervingly converfant
about fluid Bodies, cannot be ignorant of. For (not now to mention
feveral Chymical Spirits and Oyls, which will very hardly, if at all, be
brought to mix with one another infomuch that there may be found
fome 8 or 9, or more, feveral diftinct Liquors, which fwimming one up-
on another, will not prefently mix) we need feek no further for Exam-
ples of this kind in fluids, then to obferve the drops of rain falling through
the air, and the bubbles of air which are by any. means conveyed under
the forface of the water ^ or a drop of common Sallet Oyl fwimming upon
water. In all which, and many more examples of this kind that might
be enumerated, the incongruity of two fluids is eahly difcernable. And
as for the Congruity or Incongruity of Liquids, with feveral kinds of firm
Bodies, they have long fince been taken notice of, and called by the
Names of Drinefs and Moifiure (though thefe two names are not compre-
hensive enough, being commonly ufed to fignifie only the adhering or
not adhering of water to fome other folid Bodies)o£ this kind we may ob-
ferve that water will more readily wet fome woods then others 5 and that
water, let fall upon a Feather, the whiter fide of a Colwort, and fome
other leaves, or upon almoft any dufly, unttuous, or refinous fuperficies,
will not at all adhere to them, but eafily tumble off from them, like a folid
Bowl whereas, if dropt upon Linnen, Paper, Clay, green Wood, &cc. it will
not be taken off, without leaving fome part of it behind adhering to them.
So guickefdver , which will very hardly be brought to fiick^to any vegeta-
ble body, will readily adhere to, and mingle with, feveral clean metalline
bodies.

And that we may the better finde what the caufe of Congruity and
Incongruity in bodies is, it will be requifite to confider, Firft, what is the
caufe of fluidnefs 5 And this, I conceive, to be nothing elfe but a certain
ptlfe or Jbake oiheat } for Heat being nothing elfe but a very briskjinA ve-
hement agitation of the parts of a body (as I have elfwhere made proba-
bable) the parts of a body are thereby made fo loofe from one another,
that they eafily move any way, and become fluid. That I may explain
this a little by a grofs Similitude, let us foppofeadifhof fandfet upon
fome body that is very much agitated, and fhaken with fome quicks and
firong vibrating motion,^ on a Milfone turn'd round upon the under ftone
very violently whilft it is empty -,or on a very ftiffDr#«?-head,which is ve-
hemently or very nimbly beaten with the Drumfticks. By this means,
the fand in the difh, which before lay like a J;///and una&ive body, be-
comes a perfeCt fluid ^ and ye cannofooner make a hole in it with your
finger, but it is immediately/^^ up again, and the upper furface of it
levell d. Nor can you bury a light body, as a piece of Cork under it, but
it prefently emerges or fwims as 'twere on the top 5 nor can you lay a
heavier on the top of it, as a piece of Lead, but it is immediately buried

in

MiCROGRAPHlA.

in Sand, and (as 'twere) finks to the bottom. Nor can you make a hole
in the fide of the Difti, but the land fhall run out of it to a level, not an
obvious property of a fluid body, as fucli, but this dos imitate $ and all
this meerly caufed by the vehement agitation of the conteining veflel 5
for by this means, each (and becomes to have zvibrative or dancing mo*
tion, lb as no other heavier body can reji on it, unlefs fufieind by fome
other on either fide : Nor will it fuffer any Body to be beneath it, unlefs
it be a heavier then it felf. Another Inftance of the ftrange loofening
nature of a violent jarring Motion, or a ftrong and nimble vibrativc
one, we may have from a piece of iron grated on very ftrongly with a
file : for if into that a pin be fcrewd fo firm and hard, that though it has
a convenient head to it, yet it can by no means be unferevp'd by the fin-
gers if, I fay, you attempt to unferew this whilft grated on by the file, it
will be found to undoe and turn very eafily. The firft of thefe Examples
manifefts, how a body actually divided into fmall parts, becomes a fluids
And the latter manifefts by what means the agitation of heat fo eafily
loofens and unties the parts of folid and firm bodies. Nor need we fup-
pofe heat to be any thing clfe, befidesfuch amotion 5 for fuppofing we
could Mechanically produce fuch a one quicksand firong enough, we need,
not fpend/«e/ to melt a body. Now, that I do not fpeak this altogether
groundlefs, I mull: refer the Reader to the Obfervations I have made up-
on the mining fparks of Steel, for there he (hall find that the fame effects
are produced upon fmall chips or parcels of Steel by the flame, and by a
quick^ and violent motion $ and if the body otfteel may be thus melted
(as I there (hew it may) I think we have little reafon to doubt that al-
moft any other may not alfo. Every Smith can inform one how quickly
both his File and the Iron grows hot with filing, and if you rub almoft
any two hard bodies together, they will do the iame : And we know,
that a fuflicient degree of heat caufes fluidity, in fome bodies much foon-
er, and in others later 5 that is, the parts of the body of fome are fo laofe
from one another, and fo unapt to cohere, and fo minute and little, that a
very fmall degree of agitation keeps them always in the jiate of fluidity.
Of this kind, I fiippofe, the Mther, that is the medium or fluid body, in
which all other bodies do as it were fwim and move 5 and particularly,
the Air, which feems nothing elfe but a kind of tin&ure oxfolution of ter-
reftrial and aqueous particles dijjolv'd into it, and agitated by it, juft as
the tinfture of Cocheneel is nothing but fome finer dijjoluble parts of that
Concrete lick'd up or dijjolv'd by the fluid water. And from this Notion
of it, we may eafily give a more Intelligible reafon how the Air becomes
fo capable oiRarefaBion and Condenfation. For, as in tinctures, one grain
of fome firongly tinging fubftance may fenftbly colour fome hundred thou-
fand grains of appropriated L\quovs,fo as every drop of it has its proportio-
nate (hare, and be fenfibly ting'd, as I have try'd both with Logwood
and Cocheneel : And as fome few grains of Salt is able to infed as
great a quantity,as may be found by precipitations, though not fo eafily
by the fight or ajie $ fo the Air, which feems to be but as 'twere a tincture
or faline fubftance, dijjolv d and agitated by the fluid and agil Mther 5may dif-

perfe

MiCROGRAPHIA.

perfe and expand it felf into a vafl fpace, if it have room enough, and
infecl^as it were,every part of that fpace. But,as on the other fide^if there
be but fome few grains of the liquor, it may cxtraB all the colour of the
tinging fubftance, and may difolve all the Salt, and thereby become
much more impregnated with thole fubftances, fo may all the air that fufc
ficed in a rarifyd fiate to fill fome hundred thoufaud fpaces of ./Ether, be
compris'd in only 0#e,but in a pofition proportionable denfe. And though
we have not yet found out fuch Jlrainers for Tinctures and Salts as we
have for the Air, being yet unable to feparate them from their diffolving
liquors by any kind of filtre, without precipitation, as we are able to fe-
parate the Air from the ./Ether by Glafs, and feveral other bodies. And
though we are yet unable and ignorant of the ways of precipitating Air
out of the ./Ether as we can Tin&tires, and Salts out of feveral dijjolvents^
yet neither of thefe feeming impojfible from the nature of the things, nor
fo improbable but that fome happy future induftry may find out ways to
effect them 5 nay, further, fince we find that Nature does really perform
(though by what means we are not certain) both thefe actions, namely,
by precipitating the Air in Rain and Dews, and by fupplying the Streams
and Rivers of the World with frefh water, jlraind through fecret fob-
terraneous Caverns : And fince, that in very many other proprieties they
do fb exactly feem of the fame nature 5 till further obfervations or
tryals do inform us of the contrary, we may fafely enough conclude them of
the fame kind. For it feldom happens that any two natures have fo ma-
ny properties coincident or the fame, as I have obferv'd Solutions and
Air to have, and to be different in the reft. And therefore I think it nei-
ther impcjfible. irrational, nay nor difficult to be able to predi& what is
likely to happen in other particulars alfo, befides thole which Obfervation
or Experiment have declared thus or thus 5 efpecially, if the circum-
fiances that do often very much conduce to the variation of the effects be
duly weigh 'd and confiderd. And indeed, were there not a probability of
this, our inquiries would be endlefs, our tryals vain, and our greateff in-
ventions would be nothing but the meer produU s of chance, and not of
Reafon $ and, like Mariners in an Ocean, deftitute both of a Compajs and
the fight of the Celejiialguids, we might indeed, by chance, Steer dire&ly
towards our defired Port, but 'tis a thoufand to one but we mifs our aim.
But to proceed, we may hence alfo give a plain reafon, how the Air comes
to be darkped by clouds, &c. which are nothing but a kind of precipitati-
on, and how thole precipitations fall down in showrs. Hence alfo could
I very eafily, and I think truly, deduce the caufe of the curious ftxangu-
lar figures of Snow, and the appearances of Haloes, d^c. and the liidden
thickning of the Sky with Clouds, and the vanifhing and difappearing of
thole Clouds again 5 for all thefe things may be very eafily imitated in a
glafs of liquor, with fome flight Chymical preparations as I have often try'd,
and may fomewhere elfe more largely relate, but have not now time to
fet them down. But to proceed, there are other bodies that confift of
particles more Grofs, and of a more apt figure for cohefton, and this re-
quires a fomewhat greater agitation 3 fuch, I fuppofe 5. fermented vinous

Spirits

Ml CROG R A P H I A* 1$

Spirits, fevcral chymical Oils, w hich are much of kin to thofe Spirits, &c.
Others yet require a greater, as water, and fb others much greater, for al-
moft infinite degrees: For, I fuppole there are very few bodies in the
world that may not be made aliquatenus fluid, by fome or other degree of
agitation or heat. , .

Having therefore in fhort Cet down my Notion of a Fluid body, I come
in the next place to confider what Congruity is and this, as I faid before,
being a Relative property of a fluid, whereby it may be faid to be like or
unlike to this or that other body, whereby it does or does not mix with
this or that body. We will again have recourfe to our ibrmer Experi-
ment, though but a rude one 5 and here if we mix in the difh fever al kinds
of lands, fome of bigger, others of lefs and finer bulks, we (hall find that
by the agitation the fine find will ejecl and throw out of it lelf all thofe
bigger bulks of fmall fiones and the like, and thofe will be gathered toge-
ther all into one place j and if there be other bodies in it of other natures,
thofe alfo will bejeparated into a place by themfelves, and united or tum-
bled up together. And though this do not come up to the higheft proper-
ty of Congruity, which is a Coh<eJion of the parts of the fluid together, or
a kind of attraction and tenacity, yet this does as 'twere fimdow it out,
and fbmewhat refemble it} for juft after the lame manner, I fuppole
thcpuljeof heat to agitate the fmall parcels of matter, and thole that are
of 2i like bignefi, and figure, and matter, will hold, or dance together, and
thofe which are of a differing kind will be thrufi or Jhov'd out from be-
tween them 5 for particles that are all fimilar, will, like lb many equal
mufical firings equally firetcht, vibrate together in a kind of Harmony or
nnifon 5 whereas others that are difftmilar, upon what account fbever,un-
lefs the difproportion be otherwife counter-ballanc'd, will, like Co many
firings out of tune to thofe unifons, though they have the lame agitating
pulfe, yet make quite differing kinds of vibrations and repercufflons, lb that
though they may be both mov'd,yet are their vibrations fo different, and
fo untund, as 'twere to each other, that they crofs and jar againft each
other, and confequently, cannot agree together, but fly back^irom each
other to their fimilar particles. Now, to give you an inftance how the
difproportion of lome bodies in one refpefr, may be counter-ballanc'd by
a contrary difproportion of the fame body in another refped, whence we
find that the fubtil vinous Jpirit is congruous, or does readily mix with wa-
ter, which in many properties is of a very differing nature, We may con-
fider that a unifon may be made either by two firings of the fame bignefi,
length, and tenfwn, or by two firings of the fame bignefi, but of differing
tength,and a contrary differing tenfion-0 or %ly. by two firings of unequal
length and bignefi, and of a differing tenfwn, or of equal length, and diffe-
ring bignefs and tenfwn, and leveral other fuch varieties. To which three
properties in firings, will correfpond three proprieties alfo in fand, or the
particles of bodies, their Matter or Subfiance, their Figure or shape, and
their Body or Hulk- And from the varieties of thefe three, may arife in-
finite varieties in fluid bodies, though all agitated by the fame pulfe or vi-
brative motion. And there may be as many ways of making Harmonies

M I C R O G R A P H I A

and Difcords with thefe, as there may be with mufical firings. Having
therefore fcen what is the caufe of Congruity or Incongruity, thofe rela-
tive properties of fluids, we may, from what has been faid, very eafily
collect, what is the reafon of thole Relative proprieties alfo between flu-
id bodies andjblid j forfince all bodies conliftof particles o£ fuch a Sub-
fiance, Figure, and Bulkj^ but in fome they are united together more firm-
ly then to be loofened from each other by every vibrative motion (though
I imagine that there is no body in the world, but that fome degree of a-
gitation may, as I hinted before, agitate andloofcn the particles fo as to
make them fluid) thofe cohering particles may vibrate in the fame man-
ner almoft as thofe that are loofe and become unifons or difcords, as I
may fo fpeak, to them. Now that the parts of all bodies, though never
fo Jo/id, do yet vibrate, I think we need go no further for proof, then
that al/bod\es have fome degrees of heat in them, and that there has not
been yet found any thing perfellly cold: Nor can I believe indeed that there
is any fuch thing in Nature, as a body whole particles are at reft, or lazy
and unaflive in the great Theatre of the World, it being quite contrary to
the grand Oeconomy of the Univerfe. We fee therefore what is the rea-
fon of the fympathy or uniting of fome bodies together, and of the anti-
pathy or flight of others from each other : For Congruity teems nothing
elfe but a Sympathy, and Incongruity an Antipathy of bodies 5 hence Jlmi-
lar bodies once united will not eafily part, and dijfimilar bodies once dif
joyn d will not eafily unite again 3 from hence may be very eafily dedue'd
the reafon of thejujpenfion of water and Quickcfilver above their ulual fla-
as I (hall more at large anon fhew.

Thefe properties therefore (alwayes the concomitants of fluid bodies)
produce thele following vifible Ejfetfs :

Firft, They unite the parts of a fluid to its fimilar Solid, or keep them
Jeparate from its dijjimilar. Hence gh/ickjfilver will (as we noted before}
fticl^to Gold, Silver, Tin, Leaded, and unite with them : but r^«/offfrom
Wood, Stone, Glafs, &c. if never fo little fcituated out of its horizontal le-
vel$ and water that will wet fait and dijfblve it, will flip off from Tallow,
or the like, without at all adhering 3 as it may likewife be oblerved to
do upon a dufty fuperficies. And next they caufe the parts othomogene-
al fluid bodies readily to adhere together and mix3 and of heterogeneal,\.o
be exceeding averfe thereunto. Hence we find, that two fmall drops of
water, on any luperficies they can roulon,will, if they chance to touch
each other, readily unite and mix into One 3d drop : The like may be ob-
ferved with two {mz\\ Bowls o£ guitkzfilvcr upon a Table or Glafs, pro-
vided their furfaces be not dujly 5 and with two drops of Oyl upon fair
water, &c. And further, water put unto wine, fait water, vinegar, fpirit

wine, or the like, does immediately (especially if they be Ihaken to-
gether) difperfe it lelf all over them. Hence, on the contrary, we alio
find, that Oyl of Tartar poured upon gHiick^filver, and Spirit of Wine on
that Oyl, and Oyl of Turpentine on that Spirit, and Air upon that Oy/3though
they be ftopt clofely up into a Bottle, and flaxen never fo much, they
will by no means long fufTcrany of their bigger parts to be united or in-
cluded

MlCROGRAPHlA

eluded within any of the other Liquors(by which recited Liquors,may be
plainly enough reprefented the four Perrpatetical Elements^ and the rttor*
lubtil /Ether above all.) From this property 'tis-, that a drop of route r does
not mingle with, or vanilh into Air0 but is driven (by that Fluid equally
protruding it on every fide) and forc't into as little afpace as it can pofc
libly be contained in, namely, into a Round Globule. So likewife a lit-
tle Air blown under the water ^ is united or thruft into a bubble by the
ambient water. And a parcel cf guickzfilver enclofed with Air^ Water,
or almoft any other Liquor^ informed into a round Ball.

Now the caufe why all thefe included Fluids, newly mentioned5 'or it
many others as are wholly included, within a heterogeneous fluids are
not exattly of a Spherical Figure (feeing that if caufed by thefe Principles
only, it could be of no other) muft proceed from lome other kind of
pre/fure againft the two oppofite flatted fides. This adventitious or acci-
dental prep/re may proceed from divers caufes^ and accordingly muft di-
verfifie the Figure of the included heterogeneous fluid : For feeing that a
bocly may be included either w ith a fluid only, or only with a folid , or
partly with a fluid, and partly with a folid, or partly with one fluid, and.
partly with another 5 there will be found a very great variety of the ter-
minating furfaies^ much differing from a Spherical^ according to the vari-
ous refinance or preffure that belongs to each of thefe encompaflingbo4
dies.

Which Properties may in general be deduced from two heads' 5
Motion^ and Rett. For, either this Globular Figure is altered by a natu-
ral Motion^ fuch as is Gravity 5 or a violent^ luch as is any accidental motion
of the fluids, as we fee in the wiftd ruffling up the water,and the purlings
of Streams^ and foaming of C at arracls, and the like. Or thirdly, By the
Reft^ Firmnefs and Stability of the ambient Solid. For if the including
Solidbe of an angular or any other irregular Form, the included fluid will
be near of the likens a Pint-P*tf full of water a Bladder full of Air. And
next, if the including or included fluid have a greater gravity one than
another,then will the globular Form be depreft into anEt/ipticojphericat:
As if, for example, we fuppofe the Circle A B C D, in the fourth Figure^
to reprefent a drop of water , snuck^fdver ', or the like, included with the
Air or the like .. which fuppolmg there were no gravity at all in either of
the fluids^ or that the contained and containing were of the fame weighty
would be equally comprett into an exactly /phericalbody (the ambient
fluid forcing equally againft every fide of it. ) But fuppofing either a
greater gravity in the included , by r'eafon whereof the parts of it being
preft from A towards and thereby the whole put mto motion ^ and
that motion being kindred by the rejiftance of the jubjaccnt parts of the
ambient, the globular Figure A D B C will be depreft into the Elliptic-
fpherical, E G F H. For the fide A is detruded to E by the Gravity } and
B to F by the rejiftance of the fubjacent medium : an & therefore C muft
neceflarily be thruft to G5 and D to H. Or elfe, fuppofing a great** ^grdvi-
ty in the ambient^ by whofe more then or di nary pre/Jure againft thie under
fide of the included globule } B will be forced to F, and by its refiftance of

E the

MlCROGRAPHIA.

the motion upwards , the fide A will be depreft to E, and therefore C being
thruft to G and D to H 3 the globular Figure by this means alfo will be
made an Elliptico-fpherical. Next if a fluid be included partly with one,
and partly with another fluid, it will be found to be (haped diverfly , ac-
cording to the proportion of the gravity and incongruity of the 3 fluids
one to another : As in the fecond Figure, let the upper MM At be ^/r,the
middle L M N 0 be common Oyl, the lower O 0 0 be Water, the Oyl
will be form'd, not into a Jpherical Figure, fuch as is reprefented by the
pricked Line, but into fuch a Figure as LMN O, whofe fide LMN
will be of a flatter EllipticalF'igure, by reafon of the great difproportion
between the Gravity of Oyl and Air, and the fide L O M ofarounder^
becaufe of the fmaller difference between the weight of Oyl and Water.
LMy,Theglobular Figure will be changed,if the ambient be partly fluid
and partly folid. And here the termination of the incompafled fluid to-
wards the incompafling is (hap'd according to the proportion of the con-
fruity or incongruity of the fluids to the folids , and of the gravity and
incongruity of the fluids one to another. As fuppofe the fub jacent me-
dium that hinders an included fluids defcent,be a folid , as let K I, in the
fourth Figure, reprefent the fmooth luperficies of a Table 3 E G F H, a
parcel of running Mercury 3 the fide G F H will be more flatted , ac-
cording to the proportion of the incongruity of the Mercury and Air to
the Wood,an& oi the gravity of Mercury and Air one to another 5 The fide
CE H will likewile be a little more depreft by reafon the fub jacent
parts are now at reft, which were before in motion.

Or further in the third Figure, let A I L D reprefent an including fo-
lid medium of a cylindrical ftiape ( as fuppofe a fmall Glafs Jar ) Let
FGE MM reprefent a contain a fluid, as water 5 this towards the bot-
tom and fides, is figured according to the concavity of the Glafs : But its
upper Surface, ( which by reafon of its gravity, ( not confidering at all
the Air above it, and fo neither the congruity or incongruity of either of
them to the Glafs) Ihould be terminated by part of a Sphere whofe dia-
meter fhould be the fame with that of the earth, which to our fenfe would
appear a ftraight Line, as F G E, Or which by reafon of its having a
greater congruity to Glafs than Air has, ( not confidering its Gravity )
would be thruft into a concave Sphere, as C H B, whofe diameter would
be the fame with that of the concavity of the Veflel : ) Its upper Surface,
I lay, by reafon of its having a greater gravity then the Air, and having
likewife a greater congruity to Glals then the Air has5 is terminated, by a
concave Elliptico-JphericalVigxxve, as C K B. Fcr by its congruity it eafily
conforms it felf, and adheres to the daft, and conftitutes as it were one
containing body with it, and therefore ihould thruft the contained Air on
that fide it touches it,into a fphericalF'iguxe, as B H C, but the motion of
Gravity depreffing a little the Corners B and C, reduces it into the afore-
laid Figure C KB. Now that it is the greater congruity of one of the
two contiguous fluids,then of the other,to the containing folid,that caufes
the feparating farfaces to be thus or thus figured : And that it is not be-
caufe this or that figurated furface is more proper, natural, or peculiar to

one

. M ICROGRAP HI A. I#

one of thefe fluid bodies,thcn to the other,wilI appear from this J that the
fame fluids will by being put into differing^//^/ i change t\\Q\v fiy facet.
For the fame water, which inaClafs Or wooden Vcllel will have a con-
cave luiface upwards,and will rife higher in a fmaller then a greater Pipe,
the fame water, I lay, in the fame Pipes greafed over or oylcd5 will pro-
duce quite contrary effects } for it will have a protuberant and convex fur-
face upwards, and will not rife fo high infmall,asiri bigger Pipes : Nay,
in die Vt 1 v iame iolicl Veflel . you may make the very fame two contigu-
ous Liquids to alter their Surfaces $ for taking a final! Winc-glti(s5-dr fuch
like Veliel, and pouring water gently into it, you fhall perceive the for-
face of the v/ater all the way concave, till it ri(e even with the top, when
you (hall find it ("if you gently and carefully pour in more) to grow
very protuberant and convex 5 the reafon of which is plain , for that the
folid fides of the containing body are no longer extended , to which the
water does more readily adhere then the air^ but it is henceforth to be
included with air, which would reduce it into a hemifphere, but by reafon
of its gravity, it is flatted into an Oval Quicksilver alfo which to Glafs
is more incongruous then Air ( and thereby being put into a Glafi-pipe,
will not adhere to it, but by the more congruous air will be forced to have
a very protuberant furface , and to rile higher in a greater then a feiler*
Pipe ) this Quicksilver to clean Metal, efpecially to Gold,S therein Lead,
&c. Iron excepted,is more congruous then Air , and will not only ftick to
it,but have a concave Surface like rvatet, and rife higher in a lefs, then in a
greater Pipe.

In all thefe Examples it is evident , that there is an extraordinary and
adventitious force, by which the globular Figure of the contained hetero-
geneous fluid is altered } neither can it be imagined, how it fhould other-
#wife be of any other Figure then Globular : For being by the heterogene-
ous fluid equally protruded every way,whatfoever part is protuberant, will
be thereby depreji. From thiscaufeit is, that in its effects It does very
much refemble a round Spring (fuch as a Hoop.) For as in a round Spring
there is required an additional prejjure againft two oppohte fides , to re-
duce it into an Oval Form , or to force it in between fhe fides of a Hole,
whofe Diameter is lefs then that of the Spring, there muft be a considera-
ble force or protrujion againft the concave or inner fide of the Spring 5 So
to alter this j^m^/conftituticn of an included fluid body , there is re-
quired more preffiire againft oppofite fides to reduce it into an Oval-^ and,
to prefs it into an Hole lefs in Diameter then it felf, it requires a great etpro-
irufton againft all the other fides. What degrees of force are requifite
to reduce them into longer and longer Ovals , or to prels them into lefs
and lefs holes, I have not yet experimentally calculated 5 but thus much
by experiment I find in general , that there is alwayes required a greater
prefliire to clofe them into longer Ovals , or protude them into frrfaller
holes. The neceility and realbn of this, were it requifite,! could eafily ex-
plain: but being not foneceflary,. and requiring more room and time
then I have for it at prefent , I fhall here omit it 5 and proceed to fhew,
that this may be prefently found true , if Experiment be made with a

E 1 round

M

I CROGRAP HIA

round spring f the way of making which trials is obvious enough. ) And
with the fluid bodies of Mercury > Air, &c, the way of trying which, will
be fomewhat more difficult } and therefore I (hall in brief defcribe it. He
therefore that would try with Air , muft firft be provided of a Clafs-pipe,
made of the fhape of that in the fifth Figure , whereof the fide A B, re*
prefents a ftraight Tube of about three foot long, C,reprefents another
part of it,which confifts of a round Bubble 5 fo ordered,that there is left a
pajjage or hole at the top , into which may be fattened with cement feveral
fmall Pipes of determinate cylindrical cavities : as let xhe hollow of

F.

G.
H.
I.
K.
L.
M.j

> be <- f » I of an inch.

h
x

X
3*

There may be added as many more , as the Experimenter (ball think n"t>
with holes continually decreafing by known quantities, fo far as his fenfes
are able to help him 5 I fay, fo far, becaufe there may bt made Pipes fo
fmall that it will be impoffible to perceive the perforation with ones na-
ked eye,though by the help of a Microfcope, it may eafily enough be per-
ceived : Nay, I have made a Pipe perforated from end to end, fo fmall,
that with my naked eye I could very hardly fee the body of it, infomuch
that I have been able to knit it up into a knot without breaking : And
more accurately examining one with my Microfiope, I found it not fo big
as a fixteenth part of one of the fmaller hairs of my head which was o£
the fmaller and finer fort of hair, fo that fixteen of thefe Pipes bound fag-
got-wife together, would but have equalized one fingle hair 5 how fmall
therefore muft its perforation be ? It appearing to me through the Mi cro"
fcope to be a proportionably thickfided Pipe.

To proceed then, for the trial of the Experiment, the Experimenter
muft place the lube A B, perpendicular, and fill the Pipe F ( cemented in-
to the hole E ) with water, but leave the bubble C full of Air, and then
gently pouring in water into the Pipe A B, he muft obferve diligently
how high the water will rife in it before it protrude the bubble of Air C,
through the narrow paflage of F, and denote exattly the height of the
Cylinder of water , then cementing in a fecond Pipe as G, and filling it
with watery he may proceed as with the former, denoting likewife the
height of the Cylinder of water , able to protrude the bubble C through
the parTage of G, the like may he do with the next Pipe^and the next^dv.
as far as he is able : then comparing the feveral heights of the Cylinders $
with the feveral holes through which each Cylinder did force the air ("ha-
ving due regard to the Cylinders of water in the fmall Tube s) it will be
very eafie to determine, what force is requifite to prefs the Air in-
to fuch and fuch* hole3 or ( to apply it to ourprefent experiment )

how

Ml CROG RA P H I A- 21

how much of the preflure of the Air is taken off' by its ingrcGinto fmal-
ler and fmaller holes. From the application of which to theentringof
the Air into the bigger hole of the Vejfti* and into the fmaller hole of the
ripe, we fhall clearly find, that there is a greater preflure of the air upon
the water in the Veflelox greater/* ipe, then there is upon that in the lefler
pipe: For (nice the preilure of the air every way is found to be equal,
t hat is, as much as is able to preis up and fuftain a Cyltnder of Quicksilver
of two foot and a half high, or thereabouts 5 And fince of this preflure
fo many more degrees are required to force the Air into a fmaller then
into a greater hole that is full of a more congruous fluid. Andlaftly,
fince thofe degrees that are requilite to prefs it in, are thereby taken off
from the Air within , and the Air within left with fo many degrees of
preflure lefs then the Air without 5 it will follow*, that the Air in the lefs
Tube or pipe , will have lefs preflure againft the fuperficies of the water
therein, then the Air in the bigger : which was the minor Proportion to
be proved.

The Conclufion therefore will neceflarily follow, viz,. That this une*
qualprefure of the Air caufed by its ingref into unequal holes, k a caufe Jujjj-
cient to produce this ejfett , without the help of any other conc urrent } and
therefcre is probably the principal (if not the only) caufe of thefe Phano*
mena.

This therefore being thus explained , there will be divers Phenomena
explicable thereby, as, the rifing of Liquors in a Filtre, the rifing of Spirit
of Wine, Oyl^ melted Tallow, &c. in the Week, of a Lamp, ( though made
of fmall Wire, ihreeds of AsLefius, Strings of Glafs, or the like ) the rifing
of Liquors in a Spunge, piece of Bread,S and, &c perhaps alio the amend-
ing of the Sap in Trees and Plants, through their fmall, and fome of them
imperceptible pores, (of which I have faid more, on another occafion ) at
leaft the pafling of it out of the earth into their roots. And indeed up*
on the confideration of this Principle , multitudes of other ufes of it oc-
curr d to me, which I have not yet fo well examined and digefted as to
propound for Axioms , but only as Queries zn&Conjetfures which may
ferve as hints toward fome further difcoveries.

As firfr. Upon the confideration of the congruity and incongruity of Bo*
dies,as to touch, I found alfo the like congruity and incongruity Cif I may
fo fpeak ) as to the Tranjh/itting of the Raies of Light : For as in this re-
gard ,water ( not now to mention other Liquors ) feems nearer of affini-
ty to Glafs then Air, and Air then Quicksilver : whence an oblique Ray out
of Glafs, will pafs into water with very little refrat~lion from the perpendi-
cular, but none out of Glafs into Air, excepting a direti, will pafs without
a very great refraction from the perpendicular, nay any oblique Ray un-
der thirty degrees, will not be admitted into the Air at all. And Quiche
fiver will neither admit oblique or direct, but reflects all 5 feeming, as to
the tranfmitting of the Raies of Light , to be of a quite differirlg confti-
tution,fi om that of Air ,Wattr plafs , &c. and to refemblemoft thofe opa-
cous and ftrong reflecting bodies of Metals : So alfo as to the property of
cohefion or congruity , Water fcems to keep the fame order , being

more

22

MlCROGRAPHIA.

more congruous to Glafs then Air , and Air then Quickfilver.

A Second thing ( which was hinted to me, by the consideration of the
included fluids globular form , caufed by the protrufion of the ambient
heterogeneous fluid ) was, whether the Phenomena of gravity might not
by this means be explained,by fuppofing the Globe of Earth, Water, and
Air to be included with a fluid, heterogeneous to all and each of thcrr^
(b fubtil , as not only to be every where interjperjed through the Air, (for
rather the air through it ) but to pervade the bodies of Glafs , and even
the clojeji Metals , by which means it may endeavour to detrude all earth-
ly bodies as tar from it as it can 5 and partly thereby ,and partly by other
of its properties may move them towards the Center of the Earth. Now
that there is fome luch fluid,I could produce many Experiments and Rea-
lons , that do feem to prove it : But becaufe it would ask fome time and
room to fet them down and explain them, and toconfiderandanfwer all
the Objections ( many whereof I forefee ) that may be alledged againft
it 5 I fhall at prelent proceed to other (Queries, contenting my felf to have
here only given a hint of what I may (ay more elfwhere.

A Third Query then was , Whether the heterogeneity of the ambient
fittid may not be accounted a fecondary caufeoi the roundnefs or globular
formoi the greater bodies of the world ,fuch as arethofe of the Sun,Stafs9
and Vianet s , the Jubjiance of each of which feems altogether heterogene-
ous to the ar cum- ambient fluid aether'} And of this I (hall fay more in the
Obfervation of the Moon.

A Fourth was. Whether the globular form of the fmaller parcels of
matter here upon the Earthy as that of Fruits, Pebbles, or Flints , &ct
C which feem to have been a Liquor at firft ) may not be caufed by the!
heterogeneous ambient fluid. For thus we fee that melted Glafs will be
naturally formed into a round Figure \ fo likewife any fmall Parcel of any
fujible body , if it be perfectly enclofed by the Air , will be driven into a
globular Form 5 and,when cold, will be found a folid Ball. This is plainly
enough manifefted to us by their way of making Jbot with the drops of
Leadi which beinga very pretty curiofityjand known but to a very few,
and having the liberty of publishing it granted me, by that Eminent Vir-
tuofo Sir Robert Moray , who brought in this Account of it to the Rdyal So-
ciety, I have here tranferibed and inlerted.

To make fmall (hot of different fizes ; Communicated by his
* Highnefs P. R.

*cu v*H w{>ndo '{ns '{cn ^Uj^biwpaq xlvmov I nor.

TAke Lead out of the Pig what quantity you pleafe, melt it down?
fir and clear it with an iron Ladle , gathering together the
bhckifb parts that fwim at top like fcum, and when you fee the co-
lour of the clear Lead to begreeniftjjbut no foonerrfrew upon it Auri-

pigmentum

MlCROGRAPHlAi 23

pigmentum powdered according to the quantity of Lead, about as
much as will lye upon a half Crown piece will fervefor eighteen Or
twenty pound weight offome forts of Lead ; others will require more, dr
kfi. After the Auripigmentum is put in, fir the Lead well, and the
Auripigmentum will flame: when the flame is over, take out fome
of the Lead in a Ladle having a lip or notch in the brim for conveni-
ent pouring out of the Lead,and being well warmed among fl the melted
Lead, and with a ftickmake fome fingle drops of Lead trickle out of
the Ladle into water in d Glafs , which if they fall to be round and
without tails, there it Auripigmentum enough put in, and the temper
of the heat is right, otherwife put in more. Then lay two bars of Iron
( or fome more proper Iron-* oil made on purpofe) upon a Pail of wa-
ter,and place upon them a round Plate of Copper, of the fze and figure
of an ordinary large Pewter or Silver Trencher, the hollow whereof is to
be about three inches over , the bottom lower then the brims about half
an inch, pierced with thirty, forty, or more fmall holes-, the fmaller the
holes are, the fmaller the Jhot will be; and the brim is to be thicker then
thebottom,to conferve the heat the better.

The bottom of the Trencher being fome four inches diftant fr urn the
water in the Pail,lay upon it fome burning Coles,to keep the Lead melt-
ed upon it. Then with the hot Ladle take Lead of the Pot where it
flands melted, and pour it foftly upon the burning Coles over the bottom
of the Trencher, and it will immediately run through the holes into the
water in fmall round drops. ThuA pour on new Lead fill as faji as
it runs through the Trencher till all be done ; blowing now and then
the Coles with hand-Bellows, when the Lead in the Trencher cools fo as
to flop from running.

Whilfi one pours on the Lead, another mufti with another Lddle,
tbruftedfour or five inches under water in the Pail, catch from time
to time fome of the fhot,as it drops down, to fee the fize of it, and whether
there be any faults in it. The gfeateft cafe is to keep the Lead upon
the Trencher in the right degree of heat ; if it be too coot , it will not
run through the Trencher, though it fiand melted upon it ; and this k to

24 MlCROGRAPHIA.

be helped by blowing the Coals a little , or pouring on new Lead that h
hotter : but the cooler the Lead,the larger the Shot; and the hotter, the
fmaller ; when it h too hot, the drops will crack, and fly ; then you
mujl flop pouring on new Lead,andlet it cool; and fo long as you ob-
ferve the right temper of the heat, the Lead will confiantly drop into very
round Shot, without fo much as one with a tail in many pounds.

When all is done, take your Shot out of the Pail of water, and put it
in a Frying-pan over the fire to dry them , which mufl be done warily,
fiill jhakjng them that they melt not ; and when they are dry you may
feparate the fmall from the great , in Pearl Sives made of Copper or
Lattin let into one another, into as many fixes as you pleafe. But if
you would have your Shot larger then the Trencher makes them , you
may do it with a Sticky making them trickle out of the Ladle, as hath
been faid.

If theTrencher be but toucht a very little when the Lead flops from
going through it, and be not too cooljt will drop again , but it h better
not to touch it at all. At the melting of the Lead take care that there
be no kind of Oyl, Greafe, or the like, upon the Pots, or Ladles,or Tren-
cher.

The Chief caufe of thh Globular Figure of the Shot, feems to be the
Auripigmentum ; for, as foon as it it put in among the melted Lead,
it hfes its finning brightnefs , controlling inflantly a grayifh film or
skin upon it, when you fcum it to make it clean with the Ladle. So
that whenthe Air comes at the falling drop of the. melted Lead, that
skin confirms them every where equally : but upon what account, and
whether thh be the true caufe, 'vs left to further difquifition,

Much after this fame manner, when the Air is exceeding cold through
which it pafles., do we Hnd the drops of Rain, falling from the Clouds9
congealed into round Hail-ftonesby the freezing Ambient.

To which may be added this other known Experiment, That if you
gently let fall a drop of water upon fmall find or dujly you fliall find, as it
were, an artificial round Jione quickly generated. I cannot upon this oc-
cafioti omit the mentioning of the ftrange kind of Grain , which I have
obferved in a Jione brought from Kettering in Horth<iu:ftonJlme.;md there-
fore called by Maibns Kettering- is tone 2, dj\fhicnTee the Defcription.

Which

Micrograph! A;

Which brings into my mind what I long fince obfervcd in the fiery Sparks
that are ftruck out of a Steel. For having a great delire to fee what was
left behind, after the Spark was gone out, I purpofely ftruck fire over a
very white piece of Paper, and obferving diligently where fome confpi-
cuous fparks went out , I found a very little black fpot no bigger then
the point of a Pin, which through a Jllicrofcope appeared to be a perfect-
ly round Ball, looking much like a polifht ball of Stdel, infomuch that
I was able to fee the Image of the window reflected from it. I cannot
hereftay ( having done it more fully in another place ) to examine the
particular Reafons of it, but {ball only hint, that I imagine it to be fome
imall parcel of the Steel , which by the violence of the motion of the
ftroke ( moft of which feems to be impreft upon thofe fmall parcels ) is
made fo glowing hot, that it is melted into a Vitrum, which by the ambi-
ent Air is thruft into the form of a Ball.

A Fifth thing which I thought worth Examination was. Whether the
motion of all kind of Springs, might not be reduced to the Principle
whereby the included heterogeneous fluid feems to be moved 5 or to that
whereby two Solids, as Marbles, or the like,are thruft and kept together
by the ambient fluid.

A Sixth thing was,Whetner the Rifing and Ebullition of the Water out
of Springs and Fountains ( which lie much higher from the Center of the
Earth then the Superficies of the Sea, from whence it feems to be derived)
may not be explicated by the rifing of Water in a fmaller Pipe .• For the
Sea-water being ftrained through the Pores or Crannies of the Earth, is,-
as it were, included in little Pipes, where the prefliire of the Air has not
fo great a power to refift its rifing : But examining this way, and finding
in it feveral difficulties almoft irremovable, I thought upon away that
would much more naturally and conceivably explain it, which was by
this following Experiment : I took a Glafs-Tube , of the form of that
defcribed in the fixth Figure, and chufing two heterogeneous fluids , fiich
as Water and Oyl , I poured in as much Water as filled up the Pipes as
high as A B, then putting in fome Oyl into the Tube A G, I depreft the
fuperficies A of the Water to E, and B I railed to G, which was not 1q
high perpendicularly as the fuperficies of the Oyl F, by the fpace F I5
wherefore the proportion of the gravity of thefe two Liquors was as
GHtoFE.

This Experiment I tried with feveral other Liquors , and particularly
with frefh Water and Salt ( which I made by drflolving Salt in warm
Water ) which two though they are nothing heterogeneous, yet before
they would perfedly mix one with another, I made trial of the Experi-
ment .• Nay, letting the Tube wherein I tried the Experiment remain for
many dayes , I obferved them not to mix 5 but the fuperficies of the frefti
was rather more then lefs elevated above that of the Salt. Now the
proportion of the gravity of Sea- water, to that of River- water, accord-
ing to Stevinus and Varenius , and as I have fince found pretty true by
making trial my felf, is as 46. 1045. that is, 46. Ounces of the (alt Wa-

F ter

MlCROGRAPHIA.

ter will take up no more room then 45. of the frefh. Or reciprocally
45 pints of falt-water weigh as much as 46 of frefh.

But I found the proportion of Brine to frefh Water to be near 13 to 1 2:
Suppofing therefore G H M to reprefent the Sea, and F I the height of
the Mountain above the Superficies of the Sea , F M a Cavern in the
Earth, beginning at the bottom of the Sea, and terminated at the top of
the Mountain, L M the Sand at the bottom , through which the Water
is as it were (trained , fb as that the frefher parts are only permitted to
tranfude,and the faline kept back 5 if therefore the proportion of G M
to F M be as 45 to 46, then may the Cylinder of Salt-water G M make
the Cylinder of Frefh-water to rife as high as E, and to run over at N.
I cannot here ftand to examine or confute their Opinion , who make the
depth of the Sea, below its Superficies , to be no more perpendicularly
meafured then the height of the Mountains above it : Tis enough for
me to fay, there is no one of thofe that have aflerted it , have experimen-
tally known the perpendicular of either 5 nor (hall I here determine,whe-
ther there may not be many other caufes of the feparation of the frefh
water from the fait , as perhaps fome parts of the Earth through which it
is to pafs , may contain a Salt , that mixing and uniting with the Sea-falty
may precipitate it 5 much after the fame manner as the Al^alizate and
Acid Salts mix and precipitate each other in the preparation of Tarta-
rnm Vitriolatum. I know not alfo whether the exceeding cold (that
muft neceflarily be ) at the bottom of the Water, may not help towards
this feparation , for we find , that warm Water is able to diflolve and
contain more Salt , then the fame cold 5 infomuch that Brines ftrongly
impregnated by heat, if let cool , do fuffer much of their Salt to fubfide
and cryftallize about the bottom and fides. I know not alfb whether
the exceeding prefliire of the parts of the Water one againft another,
may not keep the Salt from defcending to the very bottom , as finding
little or no rcom to infert it felf between thofe parts 9 protruded fb vio-
lently together , or elle fqueeze it upwads into the fuperiour parts of the
Sea, where it may more eafily obtain room for it felf, amongft the parts
of the Water , by reafon that there is more heat and lefs prefmre. To
this Opinion I was fbmewhat the more induced by the relations I have
met with in Geographical 'Writers^ of drawing frefh Water from the bot-
tom of the Sea , which is fait above. I cannot now ftand to examine,
whether this natural perpetual motion may not artificially be imitated :
Nor can I ftand to anfwer the Objections which may be made againft this
my Suppofition : As, Firft, How it comes to pafs,that there arc fometimes
fait Springs much higher then the Superficies of the Water? And, Se-
condly ,Why Springs do not run fairer and flower, according to the vary-
ing height made of the Cylinder of Sea- water, by the ebbing and flow-
ing of the Sea }

As to the Firft, In fhort, I fay, the frefh Water may receive again a
faline Tincture near the Superficies of the Earth , by pafling through
fome fait Mines , or elfe many of the faline parts of the Sea may be kept
back, though not all.

And

Micrographi a.

And as to the Second , The fame Spring may be fed and fupplyed by
divers Caverns, coming from very far diftant parts of the Sea , fo as that
it may in one place be high , in ahother lorv water and fo by that means
the Spring may be equally iupply'd at all times. Or elfe the Cavern may
be fo ftraight and narrow , that the water not having fo ready and free
paiiage through it, cannot upon lo fhort and quick mutations of preflirre,
be able to produce any fenfible eflbcT: at fueh a diftahec. Befides that,
to confirm this hypothecs, there are many Examples found in Natural Hijio-
rianspi Springs that do ebb and flow like the Sea : As particularly,thofe
recorded by the Learned Camden, and after him by to be found in.
this I/land: One of which,they relate to be on the Top of a Mountain,
by the fmall Village Kilken in Flintfiire , Maris aemulus qui ftatis tempo-
ribus fuasevomit & reforbct Aquas 5 Which at certain times rifeth and
falleth after the manner of the Sea. A Second in Caermardenjhire,
near Caermarden, at a place called Cantred Bichan 5 §>ui ( ut fcribit Gi-
raldus ) natural/ die bis undis deficiens , & toties exuberans , marinas
imitatur injiabilitates } That twice in four and twenty hours ebbing and
flowing s reiembleth the unftable motions of the Sea. The Phenomena
of which two may be eafily made out, by fuppofing the Cavern, by which
they are fed, to arife from the bottom of the next Sea. A Third, is a
Well upon the River Ogmore mGlamorganJlme, and near unto Newton, of
which Camden relates himfelf to be certified5by a Letter from a Learned
Friend of his that obferved it, t ons abeji hinc, &c. The Letter is a little
too long to be inierted,but the fubftance is this 5 That this Well ebbs and
flows quite contrary to the flowing and ebbing of the Sea in thole parts:
for 'tis almoft empty at Full Sea, but full at Low water. This may hap-
pen from the Channel by which it is fupplied , which may come from the
bottom of a Sea very remote from thofe parts , and where the Tides are!
much differing from thofe of the approximate (hores. A Fourth, lies in
Wejlmorland, near the River Loder } Qui injiar Euripi fapius in die red-
procantibus undis fluit & refluit , which ebbs and flows many times a day;
This may proceed from its being fupplyed from many Channels , coming
from feveral parts of the Sea, lying fufhciently diftant afunder to have the
times of High-water differing enough one from the other 5 fo as that
whenfoever it (hall be High water over any of thofe places, where thele .
Channels begin, it ftiall likewife be fo in the Well 5 but this is but a luppo-
fition.

A Seventh Query wa3. Whether the dijjolution or mixing of feveral bo-
dies, whether tiuid or folid,with (aline or other Liquors,might not partly
be attributed to this Principle of the congruity of thofe bodies and their
dillolvents ? As of Salt in Water,Metals in feveral Menjiruums, Unduous
Gums in Oyls, the mixing of Wine and Water, &c. And whether preci-
pitation be not partly made from the fame Principle of Incongruity } I
fay partly, becaule there are in fome Diildlutions,fome other Caufes con-
current.

I (hall laftly make a much more feemingly ftrange and utiiikeij Query $
and that is, Whether this Principle, well examined and explained, may

F 2 not

MlCROGRAPHIA.

not be found a co-efficient in the moft confiderable Operations of Na-
ture ? As in thofe of Heat^nd Lighted confequently.of Rarefaction and
Condenfationi Hardnefi, and Fluidnefs, Perfpicuity and Opacoufnefs^Refr acti-
ons and Colours. &c. Nay,I know not whether there may be many things
done in Nature,in which this may not ( be faid to ) have a Finger ? This
I have in fome other paflages of this Treatife further enquired into and
Ihewn, that as well Light as Heat may be caufed by corrofton3which is ap-
plicable to congruity^nd confequently all the reft will be but fubfequents:
In the mean time I would not willingly be guilty of that £m>r,which the
thrice Noble and Learned Verulam juftly takes notice of, as fuch,and calls
Thilojophi£ Genus Empiricum , qnodinpaucorum Experimentoriun Anguftifr
& Obfcuritate fundatum eji. For I neither conclude from one fingle Expe-
rimemyior are the Experiments I make ufe of all made upon one Subject :
Nor wreft I any Experiment to make it quadrarc with any preconceiv'd
Notion. But on the contrary , I endeavour to be conversant in divers
kinds of Experiments, and all and every one of thofe Trials, I make the
Standards or Touchftones, by which I try all my former Notions, whether
they hold out in weight, and meafure,and touch, &c For as that Body is
no other then a Counterfeit Gold , which wants any one of the Proprie-1
ties of Cold, ( fuch as are the Malleablenels, Weight, Colour, Fixtnefs
in the Fire,Indiflblublenels in Aqua fortis^nd the like ) though it has all
the other j fo will all thofe Notions be found to be falfe and deceitful,
that will not undergo all the Trials and lefts made of them by Experi-
ments. And therefore fuch as will not come up to the defired Apex of
Perfection , I rather wholly reject, and take new , then by piecing and
patching,endeavour to retain the old,as knowing fuch things at beft to be
but lame and imperfect. And this courfe I learned from Nature 5 whom
we find neglectful of the old Body, and fuflering its Decaies and Infirmi-
ties to remain without repair 3 and altogether follicitous and careful of
perpetuating the Species by new Individuals. And it is certainly the moft
likely way to erect a glorious Structure and Temple to Nature, fuch as (lie
Will be found ( by any zealous Votary ) to refide in 5 to begin to build a
new upon a fare Foundation of Experiments.

- But to digrels no .further from the confederation of the Th&nomena^
more immediately explicable by this Experiment, we (hall proceed to
(hew, That, as to the rifing of Water in a Fibre, the reafon of it will be
manifeft to him,that does take notice,that a Fibre is conftituted of a great
number of fmall long fol d bodies , which lie fo clofe together, that the
Air in its getting in between them , doth lofe of its preflure that it has a-
gainftthe Fluid without them^ by which means the Water or Liquor not
finding fo ftrong a reflftance between them as is able to counter-ballance
the preflure on its fuperficies without, is raifed upward, till it meet with a
prerture of the Air which is able to hinder it. And as to the Rifing of
OyJ, melted Tallow, Spirit of Wine, &c. in the Week of a Candle or
Lamp, it is evident, that it differs in nothing from the former, fa ve only
in this, that in a Fibre the Liquor defcends and runs away by another
part 3 and in the Week the Liquor is difperfed and carried away by the

...... • Flame j

.Micrograph! a. -

Flame > fomcthing there is aferibable to the Heat , for that it may rarifie
the more volatil and fpirituous parts of thole combuftible Liquors, and fo
being made lighter then the Air , it may be protruded upwards by that
more ponderous fluid body in the Form of Vapours J but t.his can be
afcribed to the afcenfion of but a very little,and moft likely of that on-
ly which afcends without the Week. As for thefVifing of it in a Spunge,
BreadjCotton.dv. above the llipci ficies of the fubjacent Liquor , what
has been faid about the FJlfre ( if confidered) will eadly fuggeft a
reafon , conlidering that all thefe bodies abound with final 1 holes or
pores. ' • . r

From this fame Principle alio ( viz,, the unequal prejfttre of the Air a-
gainfl the unequal Juperficies of the water ) proceeds the caufc oi the ac-
ceflion orincurfion of any floating body againft the fides of the con-
taining Veflel , or the appropinquatwn of two floating bodies, as Bubbles t
Corks, Sticks, Straws^ &c. one towards another. As for inftance, Take
a Glafs-jar, fuch as A B in the feventh Figure, and filling it pretty near the
top with water , throw into it a fmall round piece of Cork , as C, and
plunge it all over in water , that it be wet , fo as that the water may rife
up by the fides of it,then placing it any where upon the fuperficies, about
an inch,or one inch and a quarter from any fide, and you fhall perceive it
by degrees to make perpendicularly toward the neareft part of the fide,
and the nearer it approaches , the fatter to be moved $ the reafon of
which Phenomenon will be found no other then this , that the Air has a
greater prefliire againft the middle of th.Q fuperficies , then it has againir
thofe parts that approach nearer , and are contiguous to the fides. Now
that the prefliire is greater , may ( as I (hewed before in the explication
of the third Figure ) be evinced from the flatting of the water in the
middle, which ariles from the gravity of the under fluid : for fince, as I
(hewed before,if there were no gravity in the under fluid,or that it were
equal to that of the upper , the terminating Surface would be Spherical,
and fince it is the additional prefliire of the gravity of water that makes
it fo flat,it follows, that the prefliire upon the middle muft be greater then
towards the fides. Hence the Ball having a ftronger prefliire againft that
fide of it which refpecrs the middle of the Juperficies , then againft that
which rerpedfs the approximate fide . muft neceflarily move towards that
part, from whence it finds leaft refiftance, and fo be accelerated, as the re-
fiftance decreafes. Hence the more the water is railed under that part
of its way it is palling above the middle, the fafter it is moved : And
therefore you will find it to move fafter in E then in D, and in D then
in C. Neither could I find the floating fubftance to be moved at all, un-
til it were placed upon fome part of the Superficies that was fenhbly ele-
vated above the height of the middle part. Now that this may be the
true caufe, you may try with a blown Bladder, and an exadly round Ball
upon a very imooth fide of fome pliable body , as Horn or Quicksilver.
For if the Ball be placed under a part of the Bladder which is upon one
fide of the middle of its prefliire , and you preis ftrongly againft the
Bladder,you ihall find the Ball moved from the middle towards the fides.

Having

Mi CROGRAPHIA.

Having therefore fhewn the reafon of the motion of any float towards
the fides, the reafon of the incurfion of any two floating bodies will eafi-
ly appear : For the rifing of the water againft the fides of either of
them,is an Argument fufticient,to fliew the prellure of the Air to be there
lefsjthen it is further from it,where it is not fo much elevated $ and there-
fore the realbn of the motion of the other toward it , will be the fame as
towards the fide of the Glafs only here from the lame reafon , they are
mutually moved toward each other , whereas the fide of the Glafs in the
former remains fixt. If alfo you gently fill the Jar fo full with water3
that the water '^protuberant above the fides, the fame piece of Cork that
before did haften towards the fides , does now fly from it as faft towards
the middle of the Superficies j the realbn of which will be found noo-
ther then this, that the prelTure of the Air is fironger againft the fides of
the Superficies G and H, then againft the middle 1 5 for fince, as I (hewed

Spherical , and that the flatting of the Surface in the middle is from the
abatement of the waters prefliire outwards, by the contrary indeavour
of its gravity 5 it follows that the prefliire in the middle muft be lefs then
on the fides } and therefore the confecution will be the fame as in the
former. It is very odd to one that considers not the reafon of it , to fee
two floating bodies of wood to approach each other,as though they were
indued with fome magnetical vigour , which brings into my mind what I
formerly tried with a piece of Cork or fuch like body, which I fo order-
ed, that by putting a little (tick into the fame water, one part of the faid
Cork would approach and make toward the ftick, whereas another
would dilcede and fly away,nay it would have a kind of verticity , fo as
that if the Equator ( as I may fo fpeak ) cf the Cork were placed to*
wards the ftick, if let alone, it would inftantly turn its appropriate Pole
toward it, and then run a-tilt at itrand this was done only by taking a dry
Cork, and wetting one fide of it with one fmall ftroak 5 for by this means
gently putting it upon the water, it would deprefs the fuperficies on eve-
ry fide of it that was dry , and therefore the greateft prefliire of the Air,
being near thofe fides caufed it either to chafe away,or elfe to fly oft from
any other floating body, whereas that fide only, againft which the water
alcended,Avas thereby able to attracl.

It remains only, that I lhould determine how high the Water or other
Liquor may by this means be raifed in a fmaller Pipe above the Superfi-
cies of that without it , and at what height it may be fuftained : But to
determine this, will be exceeding difficult, unlefs I could certainly know
how much of the Airs prefiure is taken oft' by the fmalnefs of fuch and
fuch a Pipe,and whether it may be wholly taken orT,that is,whether there
can be a hole or pore fo fmall , into which Air could not at all enter,
though water might with its whole force ^ for were there foch , 'tis mani-
feft , that the water might rile in it to fome five or fix and thirty Englifti
Foot high. I know not whether the capillary Pipes in the bodies of fmall
Trees, which we call their JUicrojcopical pores. jenzy not be fuch 5 and whe-
ther the congruity of the fides of the Pore may not yet draw the juyce

before, the Principle of

would make the terminating Surface

even

MlCROGRAPHlA.

even higher then the Air was able by its bare prcflurc toraifcit: For,
Congruity is a principle that not only unites and holds a body joyned to
it, but, which is more, attracts and draws a body that is very near it, and
holds it above its ufiial height.

And this is obvious even in a drop of water fufpended under any Si-
milar or Congruous body : For,befides the ambient preiiiire that helps to
keep it fulteind, there is the Congruity of the bodies that are contigu-
ous. This is yet more evident in Tenacious and Glutinous bodies 5 fuch
as Gummous Liquors, Syrups, Pitch, and Rofin melted^ &c. Tar, Tur-
pentine, Balfbm, Bird-lime, &c. for there it is evident, that the Parts
of the tenacious bod}', as I may fo call it, do (tick and adhere lb clofe-
ly together, that though drawn out into long and very (lender Cylin-
ders, yet they will not eafily relinquilh one another ? and this, though
the bodies be aliquatenus fluid, and in motion by one another 5 which,
to fuch as confider a fluid body only as its parts are in a confuted irregu-
lar motion, without taking in alio the congruity of the parts one among
another, and incongruity to (bme other bodies, does appear not alittle
Orange. So that befides the incongruity of the ambient fluid to it, we
are to confider alfo the congruity of the parts of the contein d fluid one
with another.

And this Congruity ("that I rnay here a little further explain it ) is both
a Tenaceous and an Attractive power 5 for the Congruity, in the Vi-
brative motions,may be the caufeof all kind of attraction, not only Ele-
ctrical, but Magnetical alfo, and therefore it may be alfo of Tenacity
and Glutinoufnefs. For, from a perfect congruity of the motions of two
diftant bodies, the intermediate fluid particles are feparated and dro-
ven away from between them, and thereby thofe congruous bodies are,
by the incompafling mediums, compell'd and forced neerer together 3
wherefore that attradtivenefs muft needs be ftronger, when, by an im-
mediate contact, they are fore'd to be exactly the lame : As I (hew more
at large in my 'Theory of the Magnet. And this hints to me the realbn of
the fufpenfion of the Mercury many inches, nay many feet, above the ufii-
al (ration of 30 inches. For the parts of gmickrfilver, being (b very
fimilar and congruous to each other, if once united, will not eafily (uffer
a divulfion : And the parts of water, that were any wayes heterogeneous^
being by exantlation or rarefaction exhauft ed, the remaining parts being
alfo very fimilar, will not eafily part neither. And the parts of the Glate
being folid, are more difficultly disjoyn ct 3 and the water, being fome-
what fimilar to both, is, as it were, a medium to unite both the Clafi and
the Mercury together. So that all three being united, and not very dip
fimilar, by means of this contact, if care be taken that the Tube in e-
recting be not (hogged, the Quicksilver will remain fufpended, notwith-
ftanding its contrary indeavour of Gravity , a great height above its or-
dinary Station , but if this immediate Contact be removed , either by a
meer feparation of them one from another by the force of a (hog, where-
by the other becomes imbodied between them, and licks up from the
furface fome agil parts , and fo hurling them makes them air 3 or elie

MiCROGRAPHIA.

byfome fmall heterogeneous agil part of the Water, or Air, orQuick-
fiJver, which appears like a bubble, and by its jumbling to and fro there is
made way for the heterogeneous JEthcr to obtrude it felf between the
Glafs and either of the other Fluids, the Gravity of Mercury precipitates
it downward with very great violence $ and if the Veflel that holds the
reftagnating Mercury be convenient, the Mercury will for a time vibrate to
and fro with very large reciprocations^ and at laft will remain kept up by
the preflure of the external Air at the height of neer thirty inches. And
whereas It may be objected, that it cannot be, that the meer imbodying
of the jEther between thefe bodies can be the caufe,fince the JEther ha-
ving a free paffage alwayes , both through the Pores of the Glals , and
through thole of the Fluids , there is no reafon why it (hould not-make a
feparation at all times whilft it remains fufpended, as when it is violently
difjoyned by a fhog. To this I anfwer , That though the JEther pafles
between the Particles, that is, through the Pores of bodies, fo as that any
chafme or feparation being made , it has infinite pallages to admit its en-
try into it, yet fuch is the tenacity or attractive virtue of Congruity, that
till it be overcome by the meer ftrength of Gravity, or by a fhog afiifting
that Conatus of Gravity, or by an agil Particle, that is like a leaver agi-
tated by the Mtber 3 and thereby the parts of the congruous fubftances
are feparated fo far afunder , that the ftrength of congruity is fo far wea-
kened^ not to be able to reunite them, the parts to be taken hold of be-
ing removed out of the attractive Sphere, as I may fo fpeak, of the con-
gruity 5 fuch, I fay, is the tenacity of congruity, that it retains and holds
the almoft contiguous Particles of the Fluid , and fuffers them not to be
feparated, till by meer force that attractive or retentive faculty be over-
come : But the feparation being once made beyond the Sphere of the
attractive activity of congruity , that virtue becomes of no effect at all,
but the Mercury freely falls downwards till it meet with a refiftance from
the preflure of the ambient Air, able to refift its gravity, and keep it for-
ced up in the Pipe to the height of about thirty inches.

Thus have I gently raifed a Steel pendulumhy aLoadftone to a great
Angle^till by the fhaking of my hand I have chanced to make a fepara-
tion between them, which is no fooner made, but as if the Loadftone had
retained no attractive virtue, the Pendulum moves freely from it towards
the other fide. So vafta difference is there between the attractive vir-
tue of the Magnet when it acts upon a contiguous and upon a disjoyned
body : and much more muft there be between the attractive virtues of
congruity upon a contiguous and disjoyned body 5 and in truth the attra-
ctive virtue is fb little upon a body disjoyned, that though I have with a
Micro/cope obferved very diligently, whether there were any extraordi-
nary protuberance on the fide of a drop of water that was exceeding neer
to the end of a green ftick, but did not touch it, I could not perceive the
leaft} though I found, that as foon as ever ittoncht it the whole drop
would prefently unite it felf with it 3 fo that it feems an abfolute con-
tact is requifite to the exercifing of the tenacious faculty of congruity.

Obferr.

Micrograph! a.

'fno

— - — -

Obferv. VII. Of fome Phenomena of Glafs drops.

Iff? 9f.<nli ol gr/;/ ToaJGifi bmn u j. orii 13^ lua ::>iiiKjTnt a<rid (rtJiq b bnut

THefeC?/*/} Drops are fmall (parcels of coarlc green Glafe taken out of
the Pots that contain the Metal fas they call it Q in fufion, upon the
end of an Iron Pipe 5 and being exceeding hot, and thereby of a kind of
fluggifh fluid Confidence, are (uttered to drop from thence into a Bucket
of cold Water, and in it to lye till they be grown fenfibly cold.

Some of thcfe I broke in the open air , by mapping ofFa little of the1
fmall ftem with my fingers, others by crulhing it with a (mall pair of Ply-
ers 3 which I had no (boner done 3 then the whole bulk of the drop flew
violently, with a very brisk noife, into multitudes of fmall pieces, fome of
which were as fmall as duft, though in fome there were remaining pieces
pretty large, without any flaw at all,and others very much flaw'd, which
by rubbing between ones fingers was eafily reduced to duft $ thefe di-
(perfed every way fo violently , that fome of them pierced my skin, t
could not find,either with my naked Eye,or a Microfcope, that any of the
broken pieces were of a regular figure,nor any one like another, but for
the moft part thofe that flaw'd off in large pieces were prettily bran-
ched.

The ends of others of thefe drops Fnipt off whilft all the bodies and
ends of them lay buried under the water, which, like the former, flew alt
to pieces with as brisk a noife, and as ftrong a motion.

Others of thefe I tried to break, by grinding away the blunt end, and
though I took a feemingly good one , and had ground away neer two
thirds of the Ball, yet would it not fly to pieces, but now and then fome
fmall rings of it would fnap and fly off, not without a brisk none and
quick motion,leaving the Surface of the drop whence it flew very pretti-
ly branched or created , which was eafily diicoverable by the Micro/cope.
This drop,after I had thus ground it, without at all impairing the remnant
that was not ground away, I cawed to fly immediately all into (and upon
the nipping off the very tip of its (lender end.

Another of thefe drops I began to grind away at the (mailer end , but
had not worn away on the ftone above a quarter of an inch before the
whole drop flew with a brisk crack into fand or fmall duft 3 nor would
it have held fo long , had there not been a little flaw in the piece that I
ground away, as I afterwards found.

Several others of thefe drops I covered over with a thin but very tuff
skin of Icthyocolla^ which being very tough and very tranfparent,Was the
moft convenient fubftance for thefe tryals that I could imagine, having
dipt,I fay. feveral of thefe drops in this tranfparcnt Glue whilft hot , and
differing them to hang by a ftring tied about the end of them till they
were cold, and the skin pretty tough 5 then wrapping all the body of the

G drop

Micrograph i a.

drop ( leaving out only the very tip ) in fine fupple Kids-leather very
clofely,l nipped orTthe fmall top, and found, as I expected, that notwith-
ftanding this skin of Glue , and the clofe wrapping up in Leather , upon
the breaking of the top, the drop gave a crack like the reft, and gave my
hand a pretty brisk impulfe: but yet the skin and leather was fo ftrong as
to keep the parts from flying out of their former pofture} and, the skin
being tranfparent , I found that the drop retained exactly its former fi-
gure and polilh, but was grown perfectly opacous and all over flaw'd, all
thofe flaws lying in the manner of rings, from the bottom or blunt end, to
the very top or fmall point. And by feveral examinations with a Micro*
Jcope} of feveral thus broken, I found the flaws, both within the body of
the drop, and on the outward furface,to lye much in this order.

Let A B in the Figure X of the fourth Scheme reprefent the drop cafed
over with Itthyocolla or ifinglafs^nd f by being ordered as is before pre- '
fcribed ) crazed or flawed into pieces, but by the skin or cafe kept in its
former figure , and each of its flawed parts preferved exactly in its due
pofture 5 the outward appearance of it fbmcwhat plainly to the naked
eye, but much more conspicuous if viewed with a fmall fenfi appeared
much after this fhape. That is, the blunt endB for a pretty breadth,
namely , as far as the Ring C C C feemed irregularly flawed with divers
clefts, which all feemed to tend towards the Center of it, being, as I af-
terwards found , andfhall anon (hew in the defcription of the figure Y,
the Bafis, as it were, of a Cone, which was terminated a little above the
middle of the drop , all the reft of the Surface from C C Q to A was
flawed with an infinite number of fmall and parallel Rings, which as they
were for the moft part very round , fb were they very thick and clofe
together, but were not fo exactly flaw'd as to make a perfect Ring , but
each circular part was by irregular cracks flawed likewife into multitudes
of irregular flakes or tiles 3 and this order was obferved likewife the
whole length of the neck.

Now though I could not fb exactly cut this conical Body through the
Axis, as is reprefented by the figure Y , yet by anatomizing, as it were,
of feveral, and taking notice of divers particular circumftances, I was in-
formed, that could I have artificially divided a flaw'd drop through the
Axis or Center . I fhould with a Microfcope have found it to appear much
of this form , where A fignifies the Apex , and B the blunt end, C C the
Cone of the Bafis, which is terminated at T the top or end of it , which
feems to be the very middle of the blunt end, in which, not only the co-
nical body of the Bafis C C is terminated, but as many of the parts of the
drop as reach as high as D D.

And it feemed to be the head or beginning of a Pith, as it were, or a
a part of the body which feemed more fpungy then the reft, and much
more irregularly flawed, which from T afcended by E E, though lefs vi-
fible, into the fmall neck towards A. The Grain, as it were, of all the
flaws , that from all the outward Surface A DC C D A, was much the
fame,as is reprefented by the black ftrokes that meet in the middleDT,
DT, DE,D E, &c.

Not

M I C ROG R A P H I A*

Nor is this kind of Grain , as I may call it, peculiar to Glafs drops thus
quenched 5 for Cnot to mention Coper as-ftones , and divers other Mar-
chajites and Minerals , which I have often taken notice of to be in the
very fame manner flaked or grained, with a kind of Pith in the middle )
I have oblerved the fame in all manner of caft Iron , cfpecially thecoar-
fer fort, fuchas Stoves, and Furnaces, and Backs, and Pots are made of ;
For upon the breaking of any of thofe Subftances it is obvious to ob-
ferve, how from the out-fides towards the middle, there is a kind of
Radiation or Grain much refembling this of the Glafs-drop; but this
Grain is moft confpicuous in Iron-bullets , if they be broken : the fame
Phenomena mav be produced by cafting regulus of Antimony into
a Bullet-mold, as alfo with Glafs of Antimony , or with almoft any fuch
kind of 'Vitrified fubfancc , either caft into a cold Mold or poured into
Water.

Others of thefe Drops I heat red hot in the flrc,and then differed them
to cool by degrees. And thefe I found to have quite loft all their fnlmi-
nating or flying quality, as alfo their hard, brittle and fpringy texture 5
and to emerge of a much fofter temper, and much eafier to be broken or
inapt with ones finger-but its ftrong and brittle quality was quite deftroy-
ed, and it feemed much of the fame confidence with other green Glafs
well nealed in the Oven.

The Figure and bignefsof thefe for the moft part was the fame with
that of the Figure Z 5 that is,all the furface of them was very fmooth and
polifht,and for the moft part round , but very rugged or knobbed about
D, and all the length of the ftem was here and there pitted or flatted.
About D, which is at the upper part of the drop under that fide of the
ftem which is concave , th*ere ufually was made fome one or more little
Hillocks or Prominences. The drop it felf, before it be broken, appears
very tranfparent , and towards the middle of it, to be very full of fmall
Bubbles, of fbme kind of aerial fubftance, which by the refraction of the
outward furface appear much bigger then really they are 5 and this may
be in good part removed, by putting the drop under the furface of clear
Water, for by that means moft part of the refraction of the convex Sur-
face of the drop is deftroyed , and the bubbles will appear much fmaller.
And this, by the by. minds me of the appearing magnitude of the aper-
ture of the iris, or pupil of the eye, which though it appear5 and be there-
fore judged very large , is yet not above a quarter of the bignefs it ap-*
pears of, by the lenticular refraction of the Cornea.

The caufe of all which Thanomena I imagine to be no other then this,
That the Parts of the Glafs being by the excefftve heat of the fire kept
off and feparated one from another, and thereby put into a kind of flug-
gifh fluid confiftence , are differed to drop off with that heat or agitation
remaining in them, into cold Water 5 by which means the outfides of the
drop are prefently cool'd and crafted , and are thereby made of a loofe
texture,becaufe the parts of it have not time to fettle themfelves leifurely
together , and fb to lie very clofe together : And the innermoft parts of
the drop, retaining ftill much of their former heat and agitations, remain

G 2 of

MlCROGRAPHIA*

of a loofe texture alfo,and,according as the cold ftrikes inwards from the
bottom and fides, are quenched, as it were, and made rigid in that very
pofture wherein the cold finds them. For the parts of them//? being
already hardened , will not fuffer the parts to fhrink any more from the
outward Surface inward 5 and though it (brink a little by reafonof the
fmall parcels of fome Aerial fubftances difperled thr6ugh the matter of
the Glaft, yet that is not neer fo much as it appears ( as I juft now hint-
ed jj nor if it were, would it be fufficient for to confolidate and condenfe
the body of Glafs into a tuff and dole texture , after it had been fo ex-
ceflively rarified by the heat of the glafs-Furnace.

But that there may be (ixh an expanfion of the aerial fubftance con-
tained in thofe little blebbs or bubbles in the body of the drop , this fol-
lowing Experiment will make more evident.

Take a fmall Glaft-Cane about a foot long , feal up one end of it her-
metically,then put in a very fmall bubble of Glafs, almoft of the fhape of
an Eflence-viol with the open mouth towards the fealed end , then draw
out the other end of the Pipe very fmall,and fill the whole Cylinder with
water , then fet this Tube by the Fire till the Water begin to boyl , and
the Air in the bubble be in good part rarified and driven out , thenby
lucking at the fmalling Pipe, more of the Air or vapours in the bubble
may be fuck'd out , fo that it may fink to the bottom 5 when it is funk to
the bottom,in the flame of a Candle,or Lamp,nip up the (lender Pipe and
let it cool : whereupon it is obvious to obferve, firft, that the Water by
degrees will fubfide and (brink into much leis room : Next, that the Air
or vapours in the Glafs will expand themfelves lb, as to buoy up the little
Glafs : Thirdly, that all about the infide of tfte Glals-pipe there will ap-
pear an infinite number of fmall bubbles, which as the Water grows colder
and colder will fwell bigger and bigger, and many of them buoy them-
felves up and break at the top.

From this Difceding of the heat in Glafs drops,that is, by the quenching
or cooling Irradiations propagated from the Surface upwards and in-
wards, by the lines C T, CT, DT, DE,^. the bubbles in the drop
have room to expand themfelves a little, and the parts of the Glafs con-
tract themfelves, but this operation being too quick for the (lug^ifh parts
of the Glafs, the contraction is performed very unequally and irregularly,
and thereby the Panicles of the Glals are bent, fome one way, and lome
another, yet foas that moft of them draw towards the Pith or middle
TEEE, or rather from that outward : fo that they cannot extricate ox
unbend themfelves, till fome part of T E E E be broken and loofened,
for all the parts about that are placed in the manner of an Arch, and fo
till their hold at T EE E be loofened they cannot fly afunder, but up-
hold, and (belter, and fix each other much like the Hones in a Vault,
where each done does concurre to the frability of the whole Fabrick,
and no one (tone can be taken away but the whole Arch falls. And wherc-
foever any of thofe radiating wedges DT D^&c are removed, which
are the component parts of this Arch,the whole Fabrick prefentlyfellsto

pieces :

MlCROGRAPHlA*

pieces^ for all the Springs of the feveral parts are fet at liberty, which
immediately extricate themfelves and fly afunder every way > each part
by its fpring contributing to the darting of it ielf and fome other contigu-
ous part. But if this drop be heat lb hot As that the parts by degrees, can
unbend themfelves, and be fettled and annealed in that pofture , and be
then iiirTered gently tofubfide and cool; The parts by this nealing lo-
fing their fpringinels , conftitute a drop of a more (oft but iefs brittle tex-
ture,and the parts being not at all under a flexure, though any part of the
middle or Pith TEE E be broken,yet will not the drop at all fly to pieces
as before.

This Conjecture of mine I (hall indeavour to make out by explain-
ing each particular Aflertion with analogous Experiments : The Allertion*
aretheie.

Firft , That the parts of the Clafs , whilft in a fluid Confidence and
hot , are more ranfied , or take up more room , then when hard and
cold.

Secondly , That the parts of the drop do fuffer a twofold contra*1
cxion.

Thirdly, That the dropping or quenching the glowing metalin the
Water makes it of a hard, fpringing, and rarified texture.

Fourthly , That there is a flexion or force remaining upon the parts
of the Glafs thus quenched , from which they indeavour to extricate
themfelves.

Fifthly, That the Fabrick of the drop: that is able to hinder the parts
from extricating themfelves, is analogue to that of an Arch.

Sixthly, That the fudden flying afunder of the parts proceeds frosj
their fpringinels.

Seventhly, That a gradual heating and cooling does anneal or reduce
the parts of Glafs to a texture that is more loofe, andeahlier to be bro-
ken, but not fo brittle.

That the firft of thefe is true may be gathered from this, That Beat is
a property of a body arifing from the motion or agitation of its parts } and
therefore whatever body is thereby toucht mult neceflarily receive fome
part of that motion.whereby its parts will be (haken and agitated, and fo
by degrees free and extricate themfelves from one another , and each
part fo moved does by that motion exert a conatus of protruding and dip
placing all the adjacent Particles. Thus Air included in a veflel, by be-
ing heated will burft it to pieces. Thus have I broke a Bladder held
over the fire in my hand, With fuch a violence and noife , thatkalmoft
Kiade me deaf for the prefent,and much furpafled the noife of a' Musket:
The like have I done by throwing into the fire fmaH glafs Bubbles her-
jnetically fealed , with a little drop of Water included in them. Thus
Water alfo,orany other Liquor, included in a convenient veilel,by being
warmed, ma nifeftly expands it fclf with a very great violence , ibasttf
break the ftrongeft vcflel, if when heated it be ria-rr.owly imprifoned in it.

This

Ml CROGRAP H1A.

This is very manifeft by the feakdJhermometers^ which I have, byfeve-
ral tryals,at laft brought to a great certainty and tenderneis : for I have
made feme with items above four foot long , in which the expanding Li-
quor would fo far vary,as to be very neer the very top in the heat of Sum-
mer, and prety neer the bottom at the coldeft time of the Winter. The
Stems I ufe for them are very thick,ftraight,and even Pipes of Glafs,with
a very fmall perforation , and both the head and body I have made on
purpofe at the Glals-houfe , of the fame metal whereof the Pipes are
drawn : thefe I can eafily in the flame of a Lamp, urged with the blaft of
a pair of Bellows, feal and clofe together, fo as to remain very firm, clofe
and even $ by this means I joyn on the body firft,and then fill both it and
a part of the item , proportionate to the length of the ftem and the
warmth of the feafbn I fill it in^with the beft rectified Spirit of Wine high-
ly ting'd with the lovely colour of Cocheneel, which I deepen the more
by pouring fome drops of common Spirit of Vrine , which muft not be
too well rectified , becaufe it will be apt to make the Liquor to curdle
andftick in the fmall perforation of the ftem. This Liquor I have upon
tryal found the moft tender of any fpirituous Liquor,and thofe are much
more fenfibly affected with the variations of heat and cold then other more
flegmatick and ponderous Liquors, and as capable of receiving a deep
tin&ure, and keeping it,as any Liquor whatfoever $ and ( which makes
it yet more acceptable ) is not fubjeft to be frozen by any cold yet
known. When I have thus filled it,I can very eafily in the foremention-
ed flame of a Lamp leal and joyn on the head of it.

Then, for graduating the ftem, I fix that for the beginning of my di-
vision where the furface of the liquor in the ftem remains when the
ball is placed in common diftilled water, that is fo cold that it juft begins
to freeze and fhoot into flakes 5 and that mark I fix at a convenient place
of the ftem, to make it capable of exhibiting very many degrees of cold,
below that which is requifite to freeze water : the reft of my divifions,
both above and below this (which I mark with a [p] or nought J I place
according to the Degrees of Expanfion0 or Contraiiion of the Liquor in
proportion to the bulk it had when it indur'd the newly mentioned freez-
ing cold. And this may be very eafily and accurately enough done by
this following way 5 Prepare a Cylindrical veflel of very thin plate Brafs
or Silver, A B C D of the figure Z 5 the Diameter A B of whofe cavity
let be about two inches, and the depth B C the fame 3 let each end be
cover'd with a flat and fmooth plate of the fame fubftance, clofely foder'd
on, and in themidft of the upper cover make a pretty large hole E F,
about the bignefs of a fifth part of the Diameter of the other 3 into this
faften very well with cement a ftraight and even Cylindrical pipe of Glafs,
E F G H, the Diameter of whofe cavity let be exactly one tenth of the
Diameter of the greater Cylinder. Let this pipe be mark'd at G H with
a Diamant, fo that G from E may be diftant juft two inches, or the fame
height with that of the cavity of the greater Cylinder, then divide the
length E G exactly into 10 parts, fo the capacity of the hollow of each
of thele divifions will be part of the capacity of the greater Cylin-

MiCROGRAPHIA

der. This veflel being thus prepared, the way of marking and gradu-
ating the Thermometers may be very eafily thus performed :

Fill this Cylindrical veflel with the lame liquor wherewith the Ther-
mometers are fill'd, then place both it and the Thermometer you arc to
graduate, in water that is ready to be frozen, and bring the furface of thfl
liquor in the Thermometer to the hrft rnarke or [o]} then fo proportion
the liquor in the Cylindrical veflel, that the furface of it may juft: be at
the lower end of the fmall glafs-Cylinder $ then very gently and gradu-
ally warm the water in which both the Thermometer and this Cylindrical
veflel ftand, and as you perceive the ting'd liquor to rife in both items*
with the point of a Diamond give feveral marks on the Item of the Ther*
mometer at thofe places, which by comparing the expanfion in both
Stems , are found to correfpond to the divifions of the cylindrical veflely
and having by this means marked fome few of thefe divifions on the
Stem, it will be very eafie by thefe to mark all the reft of the Stem,
and accordingly to aflign to every divifion a proper character.

A Thermometer , thus marked and prepared, will be the fittcit Inftru-
ment to make a Standard of heat and Cold that can be imagined. For1
being fealed up, it is not at all lubject. to variation or wafting, nor is it lia-
ble to be changed by the varying preflure of the Air 3 which all other
kind of Thermometers that are open to the Air are liable to. But to pro-
ceed.

This property of Expanfion with Heat, and Contraction with Cold, is
not peculiar to Liquors only, but to all kind of folid Bodies alio, efpeci-
ally Metals, which will more manifeftly appear by this Experiment.

Take the Barrel of a Stopcock of Brafs, and let the Key, which is well
fitted to it,be riveted into it,fo that it may Uip,and be eafily turned round,
then heat this Cock in the fire, and you Will find the Key fo fwollen, that
you will not be able to turn it round in the Barrel 5 but if it be fuffered
to cool again, as fbon as it is cold it will be as movable, and as eafie to be
turned as before.

This Quality is alfo very obfervable in Lead, Tin, Silver, Antimony 4
Pitch^Rofn^Bees-wax.Btitter^hd the like} all which,if after they be melted
you fufler gently to cool , you (hall find the parts of the upper Surface
to lubfide and fall inwards , lofing that plumpnefs and fmoothnefs it had
whilft in fufion* The like I have alfo obferved in the cooling of Glafs
of Antimony, which does very neer approach the nature of Glafs,.

But becaule thefe are all Examples taken from other materials then
Gla(s,and argue only, that poflibly there may be the like property alfo in
Glafs, not that really there is 5 we (hall by three or four Experiment* in-1
deavour to manifeft that alfo.

And theFirft is an Obfervation that is very obvious even in thefe very
drops,to witjthat they are all of them terminated with an unequal or ir*
regular Surface 5 elpecially about the (mailer part of the drop, and the
whole length of the ftem \ as about D, and from thence to A, the whole
Surface, which would have been round if the drop had cool'd leifiirely,
if, by being quenched haitily,very irregularly flatted and pitted 9 which

40 Micrograph t a .

I fuppofe proceeds partly from the Waters unequally cooling and pref*
fing the parts of the drop, and partly from the felt-contra&ing or fubfi-
ding quality of the fubftance of the Glafs: For the vehemency of the
heat of the drop caufcs fuch fudden motions and bubbles in the cold Wa-
ter,that fome parts of the Water bear more forcibly againft one parr then
againft another 3 and confequently do more fuddenly cool thofe parts to
which they are contiguous.

A Second Argument may be drawn from the Experiment of cutting
Clafles with a hot Iron. For in that Experiment the top of the Iron
heats , and thereby rarities the parts of the Glafs that lie juft before the
crack, whence each of thofe agitated parts indeavouring to expand its
felf and get elbow-room, thrufts off all the reft of the contiguous partSj
and confequently promotes the crack that was before begun.

A Third Argument may be drawn from the way of producing a crack
in a found piece or plate of Glafi, which is done two wayes, either Firft,
by fuddenly heating a piece of Glals in one place more then in another.
And by this means Chymijls ufually cut off the necks of Glafs-bodies,
by two kinds of Inftruments , either by a glowing hot round Iron-Ring,
which juft incompafles the place that is to be cut , or elfe by a Sulphur d
Threed:which is often wound about the place where the leparation is to
be made,and then fired. Or Secondly .A Glafs may be cracked by cooling
it fuddenly in any place with Water, or the like, after it has been all lei-
furely and gradually heated very hot. Both which Phanomena feem ma-
nifeftly to proceed from the expanfion and contra&ion of the parts of
the Glafs , which is alfo made more probable by this circumftance which
I have obferved , that a piece of common window-glafs being heated in
the middle very fuddenly with a live Coal or hot Iron,does ufually at the
firft crack fall into pieces,whereas if the Plate has been gradually heated
very hot , and a drop of cold Water and the like be put on the mid-
dle of it, it only flaws it, but does not break it afunder immedi-
ately.

A Fourth Argument may be drawn from this Experiment $ Take a
Glafs-pipe, and fit into it a folid ftick of Glafs, fb as it will but juft be mo-
ved in it. Then by degrees heat them whilft they are one within ano-
ther,and they will grow ftiffer, but when they are again cold,they will be
as eafie to be turned as before. This Expanfion of Glafs is more mani-
feft in this Experiment.

Take a ftick of Glafs of a confiderable length,and fit it fb between the
two ends or fcrews of a Lath,that it may but juft eafily turn,and that the
very ends of it may be juft touchtand fufteined thereby , then applying
the flame of the Candle to the middle of it, and heating it hot, you will
prefently find the Glafs to ftick very faft on thofe points, and not without
much difficulty to be convertible on them , before that by removing the
flame for a while from it, it be fuffered to cool, and en y ou will find it
as ealie to be turned round as at the firft.

From all which Experiments it is very evident, that all thofe Bodies,
and particularly Glafs, fuffers an Expanfion by Heat, and that a very con-
fiderable

Ml CROGRAPHIA.

fiderable one,whilft they are in a ftate of Fufion. For FW//^3asIei(ewhere
mention, being nothing but an effett of a very firong and quit kjhai<i»g motion^
whereby the parts arenas it were Joofened front each other ^and conjequently have
an interjacent fpace or vacutty j it follows, that all thofe fhaken Particles muft
neceflarily take up much more room then when they were at reft, and lay
quietly upon each other. And this is further confirmed by a Pot of boyling
Alabajter, which will manifeftly rife a fixth or eighth part higher in the Pot,
whilftit is boyling, then it will remain at, both before and after it be boyl-
ed.The reafon of which odd rh<enomenon ( to hint it here only by the way)
is this , that there is in the curious powder of Alabafter, and other calcining
Stones, a certain watery fubftance, which is fo fixt and included with the
folid Particles, that till the heat be very confiderable they will not fly aways
but after the heat is increafed to fuch a degree , they break out every way
in vapours, and thereby fo (hake and loofen the miall corpufles of the Pow-
der from each other, that they become perfectly of the nature of a fluid bo-
dy, and one may move a ftick to and fro through it, and ftir it as eafily as
water, and the vapours burft and break out in bubbles juftas in boyling
water,and the like 5 whereas, both before thofe watery parts are flying
away, and after they are quite gone j that is, before and d fter it have done
boy ling,all thofe effects ceafe , and a ftick is as difficultly moved to and fro
in it as in fand5 or the like. Which Explication I could eafily prove, had I
time but this is not a fit place for it.

To proceed therefore, I lay,thatthe dropping of this expanded Body in-
to cold Water, does make the parts of the Clafs fuffer a double contraction ;
The firft is, of thofe parts which are neer the Surface of the Drop. For Cold,
as I faid before,contracting Bodies, that is3by the abatement of the agitating fa-
culty the parts fallingneerer together 3 the parts next ad joying to the Water
muft needs lofe much of their motion , and impart it to the Ambient-water
(which the Ebullition and commotion of it manifefts) and thereby become
a folid and hard cruft, whilft the innermoft parts remain yet fluid and ex-
panded J, whence,as they grow cold alfoby degrees,their parts muft necefla-
rily be left at liberty to be condenled , but becaufeof the hardnefsof the
outward cruft,the contraction cannot be admitted that way$but there being
many very fmall, and before inconfpicuous, bubbles in the fubftance of the
Glals,upon the fubfiding of the parts of the Glafs,the agil fubftance contain-
ed in them has liberty of expanding it felfa little,and thereby thofe bubbles
grow much bigger,which is the fecond Contraction^ And both thefe are con-
firmed from the appearance of the Drop it felf : for as for the outward parts,
we fee,firft,that it is irregular and Ihrunk, as it were, which is caufed by the
yielding a little of the hardened Skin to a Contraction , after the very out-
moft Surface is fettled j and as for the internal parts , one may with ones
naked Eye perceive abundance of very confpicuous bubbles, and with the
Microfcop* many more^

The Confideration of which Particulars will eafily make the Third Pofiti-
on probable,that is,that the parts of the drop will be of a very hard, though
of a rarified Texture 5 for if the outward parts of the Drop, by reafon of its
hard cruft. will indure very little Contraction, and the agil Particles, inclu-

H dei

MlCROGRAPHIA.

ded inthofe bubbles, by the lofing of their agitation, by thedecreafe of the
Heat,lofe alio moft part of their Spring and Expanfive power^it follows the
withdrawing of the heat being very fudden) that the parts mutt be left in a
very loofe Texture, and by reafon of the implication of the parts one about
another,which from their iluggiftines and glutinoufnelslfuppofe to be much
after the manner of the flicks in a Thorn-bufh,or a Lock of Wool^It will fol-
low, I fay, that the parts will hold each other very ftrongly togethcr,and in-
deavour to draw each other neerer together , and confequently their Tex-
ture muft be very hard and ftirT^ but very much rarificd.

And this will make probable my next Pofition, That the parts of the Glafi
are under a kind of tenjion or flexure3out of which they indeavour to extricate and
freethemfelves^wd thereby all the parts draw towards the Center or middle,
and would, if the outward parts would give way, as they do when the out-
ward parts cool leifurely (as in baking of Claflcsj contract the bulk of the
drop into a much left compals. For fince.as I proved before,the Internal parts
of the drop, when fluid,were of a very rarified Texture. and,as it were,tos'd
open like a Lock of Wool.and if they were fufFered leifurely to cool, would
be again preft, as it were,clofe together: And fince that the heat, which kept
them bended and open, is removed , and yet the parts not fuffered to get as
neer together as they naturally would j It follows,that the Particles remain
under a kind of tenjion and flexure 3 and confequently have an indeavour to
free themfelves from that bending and diflenfion, which they do, as fbon as
either the tip be broken, or as foon as by a leifurely heating and coolings
the parts are nealed into another pofture.

And this will make my next Pofition probabIe,that the parts of theClafs drops
are contignated together in the form of an Arch^nA cannot any where yield or
be drawn inwards,till by the removing of fbme one part of itfas it happens in
the removing one of the ftones of an Arch)the whole Fabrick is (hatter d,and
falls to picces,and each of the Springs is left at liberty ,fuddenly to extricate it
felf : for fince I have made it probable,that the internal parts of the Glafs have
a contractive power inwards, and the external parts are incapable of fuch a
Contraction,and the figure of it being fphericaljit follows,that the fuperhcial
parts muft bear againft each other, and keep one another from being con-
dens'd into a lefs room, in the fame manner as the ftones of an Arch conduce
to the upholding each other in that Figure. And this is made more probable
by another Experiment which was communicated to me by an excellent Per-
fon,whofe extraordinary Abilities in all kind of Knowledg, efpecially in that
of Natural things,and his generous Dilpofition in communicating,incouraged
me to have recourfe to him on many occafions. The Experiment was this :
Small Glafs-bal Is ( about the bignefs of that reprefented in the Figure &.)
would,upon rubbing or fcratching the inward Surface, fly all infunder, with
a pretty brisk noile 5 whereas neither before nor after the inner Surface had
been thus fcratcht, did there appear any flaw or crack. And putting the pie-
ces of oneofthofe broken ones together again, the flaws appeared much
after the manner of the black lines on the Figure, &. Thefe Balls were fmall,
but exceeding thick bubbles of Glafs , which being crack'd off from the
Vnntilion whilft very hot , and fo fufFered to cool without nealing them in

the

Micrograph [a.

the Oven over the Furnace , do thereby ( being made of white Glafi,
which cools much quicker then green Glafs, and is thereby made much
biittler_) acquire a very porous and very brittle texture: fo that if with
the point of a Needle or Bodkin , the infide of any of them be rubbed
pretyhard, and then laid on a Table, it will, within a very little while,
break into many pieces with a brisk noife, and throw the parts above a
(pan alunder on the Table : Now though the pieces are not fo (mall as
thofe of a fulminating drop, yet they as plainly (hew, that the outward
parts of the Glafs have a great Conatus to fly a(under,were they not held
together by the tenacity of the parts of the inward Surface : for we fee
as foon as thofe parts are crazed by hard rubbing, and thereby their tena-
city fpoiled, the fpringinefs of the more outward parts quickly makes a
divulfion, and the broken pieces will, if the concave Surface of them be
turrher lcratcht with a Diamond, fly again into (mailer pieces.

From which preceding confiderations it will follow Sixthly , That the
(l dden flying afunder of the parts as foon as this Arch is any where difor-
dered or broken proceeds from the fpringing of the parts -> which Endea-
vouring to extricate themlelves as (oon as they get the liberty , they per-
i i m it with fuch a quickne(s,that they throw one another away with very
great violence .• for the Particles that eompofe the Crufthavea Conatus
to lye further from one another,and therefore as foon as the external parts-
are locfened they dart themfelves outward with great violence, juft as fo
many Springs would do, if they were detained and fattened to the body,
as foon as they fhould be (iiddenly loofened, and the internal parts draw-
ing inward, they contract fo violently, that they rebound back again and
fly into multitude of fmall drivers or fands. Now though they appear
not, either to rhc naked Eye, or the Microfcope^ yet I am very apt to think
there may be abundance of (mall flaws or cracks , which , by reafon the
f rong reflecting Air is not got between the contiguous parts, appear not.
And that this may be fo , I argue from this 5 that I have very often been
able to make a crack or flaw, in fome convenient pieces of Glafs,to appear
anddifappear at pleafure, according as by preffing together, or pulling
alunder the contiguous parts, I excluded or admitted the ftrong reflect-
ing Air between the parts : And it is very probable, that there may be
fome Body, that is either very rarified Air, or fomething analogous to it,
which fills the bubbles of thele drops 5 which I argue, firflr, from the round-
nefc of them4 and next, from the vivid reflection of Light which they ex-
hibite : Now though I doubt not , but that the Air in them is very much
rarified,yet that there is fome in them, to fuch as well confider this Expe-
riment of the dilappearing of a crack upon the extruding of the Air , I
(lippofe it will feem more then probable.

The Seventh and laft therefore that I (hall prove, is, That the gradual
heating and cooling of theje fo extended bodies does reduce the parts of the
Clafs to a loofcr andjofter temper. And this I found by heating them, and
keeping them for a prety while very red hot in a fire 5 for thereby I found
them to grow a little lighter , and the fmall Stems to be very eafily bro-
ken and fiiapt any where , without at all making the drop fly 5 whereas

H 2 before

MlCROGRAPHIA.

before they were lb exceeding hard,that they could not be broken with-
out much difficulty } and upon their breaking the whole drop would
fly in pieces with very great violence. The Rcalbn of which laft: feems
to be , that the leifurely heating and cooling of the parts does not only
waftfome part of the Glafsit felf, but ranges all the parts into abetter
order , and gives each Particle an opportunity of relaxing its felf, and
confequently neither will the parts hold fo ftrongly together as before,
nor be fo difficult to be broken : The parts now more eafily yielding,
nor will the other parts fly in pieces , becaufe the parts have no bended
Springs. The relaxation alfo in the temper of hardned Steel , and ham-
mered Metals.by nealing them in the fire,feems to proceed from much the
fame caule. For both by quenching fuddenly fuch Metals as have vitri-
fied parts interfpers'd, as Steel has,and by hammering of other kinds that
do not fo much abound with them, as Silver Brals, &c. the parts are put
into and detained in a bended pofture , which by the agitation of Heat
are lhaken,and loofened, and lurFered to unbend themfelves.

Obfcrv. VIII. Of the fiery Sparks ftruck from a Flint or
Steel.

IT is a very common Experiment , by (hiking with a Flint againfi: a
Steekjto make certain fiery and fhining Sparks to fly out from between
thofe two compreffing Bodies. About eight years fince , upon carnally
reading the Explication of this odd Vh^tiomenon^ by the moft Ingenious
Des Cartes , I had a great defire to be fatisfied , what that Subftance was
that gave fuch a fhining and bright Light : And to that end I fpread a
Iheet of white Paper,and on it, obferving the place where feveral of thefe
Sparks fcemed to vanifh, I found certain very (mall, black, but glittering
Spots of a movable Subftance, each of which examining with my Afifero-
copej. found to be a fmall round Globule 5 fome of which, as they looked
prety fmall, fo did they from their Surface yield a very bright and ftrong
refle&ion on that fide which was next the Light 5 and each look'd almoft:
like a prety bright Iron-Ball, whofe Surface was prety regular, fuch as is
reprelented by the Figure A. In this I could perceive the Image of the
Window prety well, or of a Stick, which I moved up and down between
the Light and it. Others I found,which were, as to the bulk of the Ball,
prety regularly round,but the Surface of them,as it was not very fmooth,
but rough5and more irregular, fo was the reflection from it more faint and
confufed. Such were the Surfaces of B. CD. and E. Some of thefel
found cleft or cracked, asC, others quite broken in two and hollow, as
D. which feemed to be half the hollow fhellof aGranado, broken irre-
gularly in pieces. Several others I found of other (ha pes 5 but that
which is reprefented by E, I obferved to be a very big Spark of Fire,
which went out upon one fide of the Flint that I ftruck fire withall, to

which

MlCROGR API11A,

which it ftuck by the root F, at the end of which fmall Stem wasfaftcn-
ed-on zHemifphere^ or half a hollow Ball,with the mouth of it opei^from
theftemwards, It) that it looked much like a Funnel, or an old talhioncd
Bowl without a foot. This night, making many trvals and obfervations
of this Experiment,! met,among a multitude of the Globular ones which
I hadobferved, a couple of Intranets, which are very remarkable to the
confirmation of my tlypothefts.

And the Firft was of a pretty big Ball fattened on to the end of a fmall
(liver of Iron,which Compofitum kerned to be nothing clfcbuta long thin
chip of Iron,oneof whole ends, was melted intoa (mall round Globul^he
other end remaining unmelted and irregular, and perfectly Iron.

The Second Inftance was not lefs remarkable then the Firft ; for I
found, when a Spark went out, nothing but a very fmall thin lone (liver
of Iron or Steel , unmelted at cither end. So that it feems, that lomc of
thefe Sparks are the Hi vers or chips of the Iron vitrified , Others are on-
ly the llivers melted into Balls without vitrification , And the third kind
are only fmall (livers of the Iron, made red-hot with the violence of the
(broke given on the Steel by the Flint.

He that (hall diligently examine the Phenomena of this Experiment,
will, I doubt not, find caufe to believe, that the reafon I have heretotore
given of it, is the true and genuine caufe of it, namely, That the Sparky
appearing fo bright in the f ailing js nothing elfe bvt a Jmall piece of the Steel
or Flinty but mofl commonly of the Steely which by the violence of the jiroke
is at the fame time fever d and heatt red-hot , and that fometimes to juch a.
degree , as to make it melt together into a fmall Globule of steel ^ and fome-
times alfo is that heat fo very intenfe3 as further to melt it and vitrifie it 1 ut
many times the heat is fo gentle^ as to be able to make the fiver only red hot^
which notwithfanding falling upon the tinder (that is only a very curious
lmall Coal made of the fmall threads of Linnen burnt to coals and
char'dj it eafily fetsit on fire. Nor will any part of this Hypothefis feent
ftrange to him that considers, Firft, that either hammering, or filing, or
otherwife violently rubbing of Steel, will prciently make it fo hot as to
be able to burn ones fingers. Next , that the whole force of the ftroke
is exerted upon that fmall part where the Flint and Steel firft touch : For
the Bodies being each of them fo very hard , the puis cannot be far com-
municated, that is, the parts of each can yield but very little, and there-
fore the violence of the conculiion will be exerted on that piece of Steel
which is cut oft by the Flint. Thirdly , that the filings or lmall parts of
Steel are very apt,as it were,to take fire, and are prefently red hot, that
iSjttjere feems to be a very combujlible fulphureous Body in Iron or Steel,
which the Air very readily preys upon, as foon as the body is a little vio-
lently heated.

And this is obvious in the filings of Steel or Iron caft through the flame
of a Candle 5 for even by that fudden tranfitus of the fmall chips of Iron,
they are heat red hot, and that combujlible fulphureous Body is prefent-
ly prey'd upon and devoured by the aereal ineompafiing Menfruum^
whofe office in this Particular I have (hewn in the Explication of Char-
cole. And

46 Micrograph iA.

Andm profecution of this Experiment,!™ ving taken the filings of Iron
and Steel, and with the point of a Knife caft them through the flame of a
Candle , I obferved where fome confpicuous fhining Particles fell , and
looking on them with my Microfcope , I found them to be nothing elfe
butfuch round Globules, as I formerly found the Sparks (truck from the
Steel by a ftroke to be, only a little bigger 5 and (baking together all the
filings that had fallen upon the (heet of Paper underneath, and obferving
them with the Microfcope. I found a great number of (mail Globules, fuch
as the former, though there were alfo many of the parts that had remain-
ed untoucht, and rough filings or chips of Iron. So that, it feems, Iron
does contain a very combujiible fulphureoits Body, which is, in all likeli-
hood, one of the caufes of this Phenomenon , and which may be perhaps
very much concerned in the bufinels of its hardening and tempering : of
which fomewhat is faid in the De(cription of Mufcovy-glafs.

So that, thefe things considered, we need not trouble our felves to find
out what kind of Pores they are, both in the Flint and Steel, that contain
the Atoms of fire , nor how thofe Atoms come to be hindred from run-
ning all out , when a dore or paflage in their Pores is made by the con-
cunion : nor need we trouble our felves to examine by what Prometheus
the Element of Fire comes to be fetcht down from above the Regions of
the Air, in what Cells or Boxes it is kept, and what Epimetheus lets it go :
Nor to confider what it is that caufes fo great a conflux of the atomical
Particles of Fire,which are faid to fly to a flaming Body, like Vultures or
Eagles to a putrifying Carcafs , and there to make a very great pudder.
Since we have nothing more difficult in this Hypothecs to conceive, firft,
as to the kindling of Tinder, then how a large Iron-bullet, let fall red or
glowing hot upon a heap of Small-coal , (hould fet fire to thofe that are
next to it firft : Nor (econdly, is this laftmore difficult to be explicated,
then that a Body, as Silver for Inftance, put into a weak Menfruum^ as
ume&'ihed Aqua fortis ihould , when it is put in a great heat , be there
difiolved by it, and not before 5 which Hypothecs is more largely explica-
ted in the Delcription of Charcoal. To conclude, we fee by this In-
ftance, how much Experiments may conduce to the regulating of Philo-
fophical notions. For if the moft Acute Des Cartes had applied himfelf
experimentally to have examined what fubftance it was that caufed that
fhining of the falling Sparks ftruck from a Flint and a Steel , he would
certainly have a little altered his Bypothcfis , and we (hould have found,
that his Ingenious Principles would have admitted a very plaufible Ex-
plication of this Phenomenon 3 whereas by not examining (b far as he
might , he has fet down an Explication which Experiment do s contra-
dict

But before I leave this Defcription, I muft not forget to take notice of
the Globular form into which each of thefe is moft curioully formed.
And this Phenomenon, as I have eKewhere more largely (hewn, proceeds
from a propriety which belongs to all kinds of fluid Bodies more or
Je(s,and is caufed by the Incongruity of the Ambient and included Fluid,
which (b acts and modulates each other , that they acquire , as neer as is

ponjble,

MiCROGRAPHlA.

poffiblC) a fperical or globulir form, which propriety and feveral of the
rhxnomena that proceed from it, I have more fully explicated in the fixth
Oblervation.

One Experiment, which does very much illuftrate my pre/ent Explica-
tion, and is in it felf exceeding pretty, I mufc not pafsby : And that is a
wav of making fmall Globules or Balls of Lead, or Tin, as fmall almoft as
thefe of Iron or Steel, and that exceeding eafily and quickly, by turning
the filings or chips of thofe Metals alio into perfectly round Globules.
The way, in (hort,as I received it from the Learned Vhyfitian Dotfor I. G.
is this 3

Reduce the Metal you would thus (hape, into exceeding fine filings,
the finer the filings are, the finer will the Balls be: Strut ifie thefe filings
with the fine and well dryed powder of quick Lime in a Crucible propor-
tioned to the quantity you intend to make : When you have thus filled
your Crucible, by continual gratifications of the filings and powder, Co
th.ir.as neer as may be, no one of the filings may touch another, place the
Crucible in a gradual pre , and by degrees let it be brought to a heat big
enough to make all the filings, that are mixt with the quick Lime,to melt,
and no more 5 for if the fire be too hot , many of thefe filings will joyn
and run together } whereas if the heat be proportioned , upon waftiing
the Lime-duft in fair Water , all thofe fmall filings of the Metal will fob-
fide to the bottom in a moft curious powder , confifting all of exactly
round Globules, which, if it be very fine, is very excellent to make Hour-
glafles of.

Now though quick Lime be the powder that this direction makes
choice of, yet I doubt not, but that there may be much more convenient
r ncs found out, one of which I have made tryal of, and found very effe-
ctual} and were it not for difcovering, by the mentioning of it, another
Secret , which I am not free to impart , I ftiould have here inferted
it.

Obfcrv. IX. Of the Colours obfervabk in Mufcovy Glafs, and
other thin Bodies.

MOfcovy-glafsjOr Lapis Jpecularkjs a Body that teems to have as ma-
ny Curiofities in its Fabrick as any common Mineral I have met
with : for firft , It is tranfparent to a great thicknefs : Next, it is com-
pounded of an infinite number of thin flakes joyned of generated one
upon another fo clofc & miooth,as with many hundreds of them to make
one fmooth and thin Plate of a transparent flexible mbftance,which with
care and diligence may be flit into pieces fo exceedingly thin as to be
hardly perceivable by the eye, and yet even thofe, which I have thought
the thinneft, I have with a good Microfcope found to be made up of many
other Plates, yet thinner 5 and it is probable, that, were our Micro/copes

much

MlCROGRAPHIA.

much better , we might much further difcover its divifibility. Nor arc
thefe flakes only regular as to the fmoothnefs of their Surfaces j but third-
ly , In many Plates they may be perceived to be terminated naturally
with edges of the figure of a Rhomboeid. This Figure is much more con-
fpicuous in our Englifh talk, much whereof is found in the Lead Mines,
and is commonly called Spar , and Kaucf^, which is of the fame kind of
fubftance with the Scltnitn, but is feldom found in fo large flakes as that
is, nor is it altogether fo tuff, but is much more clear and tranfparent,and
much more curioufly (haped , and yet may be cleft and flak'd like the o-
ther Selenitk. But fourthly, this ftone has a property, which in refpedr,
of the Alicrofeope, is more notable, and that is, that it exhibits feveral ap-
pearances of Colours, both to the naked Eye, but much more conlpicu-
otiOy to the Microfcope ^ for the exhibiting of which , I took a piece of
Alujcovy-gUfs , and fplitting or cleaving it into thin Plates, I found that up
. and down in feveral parts of them I could plainly perceive feveral white
fpecks or flaws, and others di verily coloured with all the Colours of the
Rainbow $ and with the Microfcope I could perceive , that thefe Colours
were ranged in rings that incompafled the white fpeck or flaw, and were
round or irregular, according to the fhape of the fpot which they termi-
nated $ and the pofition of Colours, in relpeft of one another, was the
very lame as in the Rainbow. The confecution of thofe Colours from the
middle of the fpot outward being Blew, Purple, Scarlet, Yellow, Greeny
Blew, Purple, Scarlet, and fo onwards, lbmetimes half a feore times re-
peated,that is,there appeared fix,feven,eight.nine or ten feveral coloured
rings or lines, each incircling the other, in the fame manner as I have of-
ten feen a very vivid Rainbow to have four or five feveral Rings of Co-
lours, that is, accounting all the Gradations between Red and Blew for
one : But the order of the Colours in thefe Rings was quite contrary to
the primary or innermoft Rainbow, and the lame with thofe of the fecon-
dary or outermoft Rainbow 5 thefe coloured Lines or Irifes, as I may lb
call them , were feme of them much brighter then others , and fome of
them alio very much broader, they being lome of them ten,twenty, nay,
I believe , neer a hundred times broader then others j and thofe ulually
were broadifh which were neereft the center Or middle of the flaw. And
oftentimes I found , that thefe Colours reacht to the very middle of the
flaw , and then there appeared in the middle a very large fpot , for the
moft part, all of one colour , which was very vivid , and all the other
Colours incompaffing it, gradually afcending, and growing narrower to-
wards the edges , keeping the fame order , as in the fecundary Rainbow,
that is,if the middle were Blew> the next incompaffing it would be a Pur-
ple,the third a Red, the fourth a Yellow, &c. as above $ if the middle
were a Red,the next without it would be a Yellow,the third a Green, the
fourth a Blew,and fo onward,. And this order it alwayes kept whatfo-
cver were the middle Colour.

There was further obfervable in feveral other parts of this Body, ma-
ny Lines or Threads,each of them of fome one peculiar Colour, and thofe
fo exceedingly bright and vivid , that it afforded a very pleaiantobjecT:

through

Ml CROC RA P HI A*

through the Mcrofcope. Some of thefe threads I have obferved alfb to
be pieced or made up of fcveral fhort lengths of differently coloured
ends C as I may lb call them ) as a line appearing about two inches Jong
through the Micro/cope , has been compounded of about half an inch of
a Peach colour, £ of a lovely Grafs-green, i of an inch more of a bright
Scarlet.and the reft of the line of a Watchet blew. Others of them were
much otherwife coloured, the variety being almoft infinite. Another
thing which is very obfervable, is, that if you find any place where the
colours are very broad and confpicuous to the naked eye, you may, by
prefling that place with your finger, make the colours change places,and
go from one part to another.

There is one Ph£nomenon more, which may, if care be ufed, exhi-
bit to the beholder, as it has divers times to me, an exceeding pleafant,
and notlefsinftrucrive Spectacle 5 And that is, if curiofity and diligence
be ufed , you may fo fplit this admirable Subfrance , that you may have
pretty large Plates ( in comparifon of thofefmaller ones which you may
obferve in the Rings ) that are perhaps an % or a f part of an inch over,
each of them appearing through the Mcrofcope moft curiouily, intirely,
and uniformly adorned with fome one vivid colour : this, if examined
with the Microfcope , may be plainly perceived to be in all parts of it e-
qually thick. Two, three, or more of thefe lying one upon another, ex-
hibit oftentimes curious compounded Colours , which produce fuch a
Compojitum , as one would fcarce imagine fhould be the refult of fuch in-
gredients : As perhaps a faint yellow and a blew may produce a very deep
purple. But when anon we come to the more ftrift examination of thele
Phenomena, and to inquire into the caufes and reafons of thefe producti-
ons, we {hall,! hope , make it more conceivable how they are produced;,
and (hew them to be no other then the natural and neceflary effe&s ari-
ling from the peculiar union of concurrent caufes.

Thefe Phenomena being fb various, and fo truly admirable, it will cer-
tainly be very well worth our inquiry > to examine the caufes and reafons
of them,and to confider, whether from thefe caufes demonftratively evi-
denced , may not be deduced the true caufes of the production of all
kind of Colours. And I the rather now do it , inftead of an Appen-
dix or Digreffion to this Hiftoryj then upon the occafion of examining
the Colours in Peacocks, or other Feathers, becaufe this Subject. , as it
does afford more variety of particular Colours , fb does it afford much
better way es of examining each circumftance. And this will be made
manifeftto him that confiders , firft , that this laminated body is more
fimple and regular then the parts of Peacocks feathers, this confiding on-
ly of an indefinite number of plain and fmooth Plates, heaped up, or in-
cumbent on each other* Next, that the parts of this body are much more
manageable, to be divided or joyned, then the parts of a Peacocks fea-
thery any other fubftance that I know. And thirdly, becaufe that in this
we arc able from a colourlefs body to produce feveral coloured bodies,
affording all the variety of Colours imaginable : And feveral others,
Which the fubfequent Inquiry will make manifeft.

X Td

MlCROGRAPHIA.

To begin therefore, it is manifeft from fcveral circumftances, that the
material caufe of the apparition of thefe feveral Colours , is fome Lamina.
or Plate of atranfparent or pellucid body of a thicknefs very determi-
nate and proportioned according to the greater or left refractive power
of the pellucid body. And that this is fo3abundance of Inftances and par-
ticular Circumftances will make manifeft.

As firfi , if you take any fmall piece of the Mufcovy-glafs , and with a
Needle , or fome other convenient Inftrument, cleave it oftentimes into
thinner and thinner Lamina, you (hall find, that till you come to a deter-
minate thinnefsof them, they fhall all appear tranfparent and colourlefs,
but if you continue to fplit and divide them further,you fhall find at laft,
that each Plate, after it comes to fuch a determinate thicknefs, fhall ap-
pear moft lovely ting'd or imbued with a determinate colour. \{ further^
by any means you fo flaw a pretty thick piece, that one part does begin
to cleave a little from the other, and between thofe two there be by any
means gotten fome pellucid medium^thofe laminated pellucid bodies that
fill that fpace, fhall exhibit feveral Rainbows or coloured Lines, the co-
lours of which will be difpofed and ranged according to the various
thicknefles of the feveral parts of that Plate. That this is fo, is yet fur-
ther confirmed by this Experiment.

Take two fmall pieces of ground and polifht Looking-glafs-plate,
each about the bignefs of a ihilling, take thefe two dry , and with your
fore-fingers and thumbs prefs them very hard and clofe together,and you
lhall find, that when they approach each other, very near, there will ap-
pear feveral Irifes or coloured Lines5 in the fame manner almoft as in the
Mufcovy-glafs j and you may very eafily change any of the Colours of
any part of the interpofed body, by prefTing the Plates clofer and hard-
er together,or leaving them more lax } that is,a part which appeared co-
loured with a red, may be prefently ting'd with a yellow, blew, green,
purple , or the like , by altering the appropinquation of the terminating
Plates.Now that air is not neceflary to be the interpofed body, but that
any other tranfparent fluid will do much the fame, may be tryed by wet-
ting thofe approximated Surfaces with Water, or any other tranfparent
Liquor , and proceeding with it in the fame manner as you did with the
Air 5 and you will find much the like effect , only with this difference,
that thofe compreft bodies, which differ moft, in their refractive quality,
from the comprefiing bodies , exhibit the moft ftrong and vivid tin-
ctures. Nor is it neceflary , that this laminated and tingd body fhould
be of a fluid fiibftance , any other fubftance, provided it be thin enough
and tranfparent, doing the fame thing : this the Lamina of our Mufcovy-
glafs hint 3 but it may be confirm'd by multitudes of other Inftances. .

Andfirft, we fhall find, that even Glafs it f elf may, by the help of a
Lamp j be blown thin enough to produce thefe Phenomena of Co-
lours: which Phenomena accidentally happening , as I have been
attempting to frame fmall Glafles with a Lamp, did not a little furprize
me at firft , having never heard or feen any thing of it before $
though afterwards comparing it with the Vhanonnna , I had often

obferved

Micrograph! a,

obferved in thofe Bubbles which Children ufe to make with Soap-water,
I did the lefs wonder 5 cfpecially when upon Experiment I found, I wa$
able to produce the fame Phenomena in thin Bubbles made with any
other tranfparent Subftance. Thus have I produced them with Bubble*
or Pitchy Kofin, Colophony turpentine, Solutions ot Teveral Gums, as Gum -
Arubicl^ in watery any glutinotts\A<^ox,2&Wort,Wine,Spirit of Urine,Oyl
of Turpentine, Glare of Snails, &c.

It would be needlefs to enumerate the feveral Inftances , thefe being
enough to fhew the generality or univerfaliry ot this propriety. Only I
mull not omit, that we have inftances a Ifo ot this kind even in metalline
Bodies and animal 5 for thofe feveral Colours which are obferved to fol-
low each other upon the polifht furface of hardned Steel, when it is by a
fufficient degree of heat gradually tempered or fbftened , are produced
from nothing elfe but a certain thin Lamina of -nvitrum ox vitrified part
of the Maui, which by that degree of heat, and the concurring action of
the ambient Air,is driven out and fixed on the furface of the Steel.

And this hints to me a very probable ( at leaft, if not the true) caufe
of thehardningand tempering of Steel, which has not, I think, been yet
given3nor, that I know of.been lb much as thought of by any. And that
is this,that the hardnefs of it arifes from a greater proportion of a vitrifi-
ed Subftance interfperfed through the pores of the Steel. And that the
tempering orfoftning of it arifes from the proportionate orfmaller parcels
of it left within thofe pores. This will feem the more probable , if we
confider thefe Particulars.

Firfr, That the pure parts of Metals are of themfelves very flexible
and tujf'^ that is, will indure bending and hammering,and yet retain their
continuity.

Next, That the Parts of all vitrified Subftances, as all kinds of Glafs,
the Scoria of Metals, &c. are very hard, and alio very brittle, being nei-
ther flexible nor malleable, but may by hammering or beating be broken
into frnall parts or powders.

Thirdly,That all Metals ( excepting Cold and Silver , which do not
fo much with the bare fire, unlefs aflifted by other faline Bodies) do.
more or lefs vitrifie by the ftrength of fire, that is, are corroded by a fa-
line Subftance, which I elfewhere fhew to be the true caufe of fire * and
are thereby, as by feveral other MenJlruums,converted into Scoria J And
this is called, calcimngoi them, by Chimifts. Thus Iron and Copper by
heating and quenching do turn all of them by degrees into Scoria\ which
arc evidently vitrified Subftances, and unite withGlafs , and areeafily
fujible 5 and when cold, very hard, and very brittle.

Fourthly, Thatmoft kind of Vitrifications or Calcinations axe made by
Salts, uniting and incorporating with the metalline Particles. Nor do I
know any one calcinathn wherein a Saline body may not, with very
great probability, be faid to be an agent or coadjutor.

Fifthly, That Iron is converted into Steel by means of the incorpora-
tion of certain falts, with which it is kept a certain time in the fire.

Sixthly,

MlCROGRAPHlA.

Sixthly, That any Iron may, in a very little time, be cafe hardned, as
the Trades-men call it, by eating the iron to be hardned with clay, and
putting between the clay and iron a good quantity of a mixture oiVrine,
Soot, Sea-falt, and Horfes hoofs (all which contein great quantities of Sa-
line bodies) and then putting the cafe into a good ftrong fire, and keep-
ing it in a confiderable degree of heat for a good while, and afterwards
heating, and quenching or cooling it fuddenly in cold water.

Seventhly,That all kind of vitrify Jd fubftances,by being fuddenly cool'd,
become very hard and brittle. And thence arifes the pretty Theenomena
of the Glals Drops, which I have already further explained in its own
place.

Eighthly, That thofe metals which are not (b apt to vitrifie, do not ac-
quire any hardnefs by quenching in water, as Silver, Gold, &c.

Thefe considerations premis'd, will^ I fuppofe, make way for the more
eafie reception of this following Explication of the Phenomena of hardned
and temper d Steel. That Steel is a fubftance made out of Iron, by means
of a certain proportionate Vitrification of feveral parts, which are lb cu-
rioufly and proportionately mixt with the more tough and unalter'd parts
of the Iron, that when by the great heat of the fire this vitrify 'd fub-
ftance is melted, and conlequently rarify'd, and thereby the pores of
the Iron are more open, if then by means of dipping it in cold water it
be fuddenly cold, and the parts hardned, that is, ftay'd in that fame de-
gree of Expanfon they were in when hot, the parts become very hard
and brittle, and that upon the lame account almoftas fmall parcels of
glals quenched in water grow brittle, which we have already explicat-
ed. If after this the piece of Steel be held in fome convenient heat,till by
degrees certain colours appear upon the furface of the brightned metal,
the very hard and brittle tone of the metal, by degrees relaxes and be-
comes much more tough and foft 5 namely, the action of the heat does
by degrees loofen the parts of the Steel that were before {beached or fet
atiltzs it were, and ftayed open by each other, whereby they become
relaxed and fet at liberty, whence lbmeof the more brittle interjacent
parts are thruft out and melted into a thin skin on the furface of the Steel,
which from no colour increafes to a deep Purple, and fo onward by thefe
gradations or confecutions. White, Tellow, Orange , Minium, Scarlet > Purple,
BlewJVatchet, &c. and the parts within are more conveniently, and pro-
portionately mixt and fo they gradually fubfide into a texture which
is much better proportion'd and clofer joyn'd, whence that rigidnefle
of parts ceafes, and the parts begin to acquire their former duttil-
nefs.

Now,that 'tis nothing but the vitrify 'd metal that (ticks upon the furface
of the colour'd body, is evident from this, that if by any means it be (cra-
ped and rubb'd off, the metal underneath it is white and clear^and if it be
kept longer in the fire, (b as to increafe to a confiderable thickneG, it
may, by blows, be beaten ofFin flakes. This is further confirm'd by this
obfervable, that that Iron or Steel will keep longer from rutting which
is covered with this vitrify 'd cafe : Thus alfo Lead will, by degrees, be

all

MlCROGRAPHIA,

all turn'd into a litharge 5 for that colour which covers the top being
fcum'd or (hov'd afide , appears to be nothing elfe but a litharge or
vitrify 'd Lead.

This is oblervable alio in fbme fort , on Brals, Copper3 Silver, Gold,
Tin, but is molt confpieuous in Lead : all thole Colours that cover the
furface of the Metal being nothing elfe , but a very thin vitrifi'd part
of the heated Metal.

The other Inftance we have, is in Animal bodies, as in Pearls, Mother
of Pearl-ftiels, Oyfter-fliels, an'd almoft all other kinds of ftonyfhels
whatfoever. This have I alfo lbmetimes with pleafure obferv'd even
in Mufclesand Tendons. Further, if you take any glutinous fubftance
and run it exceedingly thin upon the furfaceof a Imooth glals or a po-
Jiflit metaline body, you ftiall find the like effects produced : and in
genera], wherelbever you meet with a tranfparent body thin enough,
that is terminated by reflecting bodies of differing refractions from it,
there will be a production of thele pleafing and lovely colours.

Nor is it neceflary, that the two terminating Bodies fliould be both of
the fame kind, as may appear by the vitrified Lamina cm Steely Lead, and
other Metals,one furface of which Lamina is contiguous to the furface of
the Metal, the other to that of the Air.

Nor is it neceflary, that thele colour'd Lamina fliould be of an evert
thickneli, that is, fliould have their edges and middles of equal thicknefs,
as in a Looking-glafs-plate, which circumftance is only requifite to make
the Plate appear all of the fame colour 3 but they may refemble a Lensy
that is, have their middles thicker then their edges 5 or elle a double con-
cave, that is, be thinner in the middle then at the edges j in both which
cafes there will be various coloured rings or lines,with differing confecu-
tions or orders of Colours 3 the order of the firft from the middle out-
wards being Red, Yellow, Green, Blew> &ct And the latter quite con-
trary.

But further, it is altogether neceflary, that the Plate, in the places;
where the Colours appear, fliould be of a determinate thicknels : Firft, It
muft not be more then fuch a thicknefs, for when the Plate is increaled to
foch a thicknefs , the Colours ceafe 5 and befides , I have feen in a thin
piece of Mufcovy-glafs , where the two ends of two Plates, which appear-
ing both fingle , exhibited two diftindt and differing Colours 5 but
in that place where they were united, and constituted one double Plate
(as I may call it ) they appeared tranfparent and colourlefs. Nor, Se-
condly , may the Plates be thinner then fuch a determinate cize 3 for We
alwayes find, that the very outmoft Rim of thele flaws is terminated in
a white and colourlefs Ring.

Further, in this Production of Colours there is no need of a determi-
nate Light of fuch a bignefs and no more , nor of a determinate pofition
of that Light,that it fliould be on this fide,and not on that fide 3 nor of a
terminating fnadow, as in the Prifme, and Rainbow, or Water-ball : for
we find, that the Light in the open Air, either in or out of the Sun-beams*
and within a Room, either from one or many Windows, produces much

MlCROGRAPHIA.

the fame effect : only where the Light is brighteft, there the Colours are
moft vivid. So does the light of a Candle , collected by a Glafs-ball.
And further , it is all one whatever fide of the coloured Rings be to-
wards the light s for the whole Ring keeps its proper Colours from the
middle outwards in the fame order as I before related , without varying
at all, upon changing the pofition of the light.

But above all it is moft obfervable, that here are all kind of Colours
generated in zpellucid body,where there is properly no fuch refraction as
Des Cartes fuppofes his Globules to acquire a verticity by : For in the
plain and even Plates it is manifeft, that the fecond refraction ( accord-
ing to Des Cartes his Principles m the fifth SetJion of the eighth Chapter
of his Meteors ) does regulate and reftore the fiippofed turbinated Glo~
bules unto their former uniform motion. This Experiment therefore will
prove fuch a one as our thrice excellent Verulam calls Experimentum Cm-
cis3 ferving as a Guide or Land-mark , by which to direct our courfe in
the fearch after the true caufe of Colours. Affording us this particular
negative Information, that for the production of Colours there is not ne-
ceflary either a great refraction, as in the Prifme ^ nor Secondly, a deter-
mination of Light and fhadow , fiich as is both in the Prifme and Glafs-
ball. Now that we may fee likewife what affirmative and pofitive Inftru-
ctionit yields,it will be nt ceiTary,to examine it a little more particularly
and ftrictly 5 which that we may the better do , it will be requifite to
premife fbmewhat in general concerning the nature of Light and Refra-
ction.

And firft for Light,it feems very manifeft, that there is no luminous Bo-
dy but has the parts of it in motion more or lefs.

Firft, That all kind of fiery burning Bodies have their parts in motion,
I think, will be very eafily granted me. That the Jpark^ ftruck from a
Flint and Steel is in a rapid agitation, I have elfewhere made probable.
And that the Parts of rotten Woodyotten F//2>,and the like, are alfb in mo-
tion, I think, will as eafily be conceded by thofe,whoconftder,that thofe
parts never begin to fliine till the Bodies be in a Irate of putrefaction 5
and that is now generally granted by all , to be caufed by the motion of
the parts of putrifying bodies. That the Bononian jione fhines no lon-
ger then it is either warmed by the Sun-beams, or by the flame of a Fire
or of a Candle, is the general report of thofe that write of it, and of
others that have feen it. And that heat argues a motion of the internal
parts,is ( as I laid before ) generally granted.

But there is one Inftance more , which was firft fhewn to the Royal So-
ciety by Mr. Clayton a worthy Member thereof, which does make this AC-
lertion more evident then all the reft : And that is. That a Diamond be-
ing rub'dsjlruck^ or heated in the dark, fhines for a pretty while after, fb
long as that motion, which is imparted by any of thofe Agents, remains
fin the fame manner as a Glafs,rubb'd,ftruck,or(by a means which I fhall
elfewhere mention ) heated, yields a found which lafts as long asthe««-
brating motion of that fonorous body ) feveral Experiments made on
which Stone, are fince publifhed in a Difcourfe of Colours, by the truly

honou-

Micrograph! a.

honourable Mr. Boyle. What may be faid of thole Ignesfatni that ap-
pear in the night3I cannot lb well affirm, having never had the opportuni-
ty to examine them my felf, nor to be inform'd by any others that had
oblerv'd them : And the relations of them in Authors are fo imperfect,
that nothing can be built on them. But I hope I fhall be able in another
place to make it at lealt very probable, that there is even in thofe alfo a
Motion which caufesthis erlecV That thelhining of Sca-rvater proceeds
from the fame caufc, may be argued from this, That it lhines not till ei-
ther it be beaten againlt a Rock, or be fome other vvayes broken or agi-
tated by Storms, or Oars, or other pa-oijfing bodies. And that the A"
nimal Energyes or Spirituous agil parts arc very active in Cats eyes when
they (bine, feems evident enough, becaufe their eyes never ihine but
when they look very intenlly either to find their prey, or being hunted
in a dark room. when they feek after their adverlary, or to find a way to
efcape. And the like may be {aid of the Ihining Bellies of Gloxcorms^
fince 'tis evident they can at pleafure either increafe cr extinguilh that
Radiation.

It would be fomewhat too long a work for this place Zetctically to
examine, and positively to prove, what particular kind of motion it is
that mult be the efficient of Light 5 for though it be a motion, yet 'tis
not every motion that produces it, fince we find there are many bodies
very violently mov'd, which yet afford not fuch an effeft } and there
are other bodies, which to our other lenles, feem not mov'd lb much,
which yet fliine. Thus Water and quick-filver, and molt other liquors
heated, ftiine not 5 and feveral hard bodies, as Iron, Silver, Brafs, Cop-
per, Wood, &c though very often ftruck with a hammer, Ihine hot pre-
iently, though they will all of them grow exceeding hot } whereas rot-
ten Wood, rotten Filh, Sea water, Gloworras, &c. have nothing of tan-
gible heat in them, and yet ( where there is no ftronger light to affect, the
Scniory,* they fliine fome of them lb Vividly, that one may make a Ihift
to read by them.

It would be too long, I lay, here toinlert the difcurfive progrels by
which I inquir'd after the proprieties of the motion of Light, and there-
fore I fhall only add the refult.

And, Firft, I found it ought to be exceeding quic^ fuch as thofe moti-
ons of fermentation and putrefaction > whereby, certainly, the harts are
exceeding nimbly and violently mov'd % and that, becaule we find thole
motions are able more minutely to lhatter and divide the body^then the
moft violent heats or menjiruums we yet know. And that fire is nothing
elfe but fuch a dijjolntion of the Burning body, made by the moft univer-
fal menfiruum of all fklphureous bodies, namely ,the Air, we fhall in an
other place of this Tractate endeavour to make probable. And that,
in all extreamly hot fhining bodies, there is a very quick motion that
caufes Light, as well as a more robuft that caules Heat, may be argued
from the celerity wherewith the bodyes are diflblv'd.
. Next, it mult be a Vibrati've motion. And for this the newly mention 'd
Diamond affords us a good argument 5 fince if the motion of tie parts did

not

MiCROGRAPHIA.

not return,the Diamond muft after many rubbings decay and be wafted*
but we have no reafon to fufpecl: the latter, elpecially if we confider
the exceeding difficulty that is found in cutting or wearing away a Di-
amond. And a Circular motion of the parts is much more improbable,
fince, if that were granted,and they be luppos'd irregular and Angular
parts, I fee not how the parts of the Diamond fhould hold fo firmly to-
gether, or remain in the lame fenfible dimenfions, which yet they do.
Next, if they be Globular, and mov'd only with a turbinated motion, I
know not any caufe that can imprefs that motion upon the pellucid me-
dium, which yet is done. Thirdly, any other irregular motion of the
parts one amongft another, muft neceflarily make the body of a fluid
confidence, from which it is far enough. It muft therefore be a Vibra-
ting motion.

And Thirdly, That it is a very Jlwrt vibrating motion, I think the in-
ftances drawn from the fhining of Diamonds will alfo make probable.
For a Diamond being the hardeft body we yet know in the World, and
confequently the leaft apt to yield or bend, muft confequently alfo have
its vibrations exceeding fhort.

And thefe, I think, are the three principal proprieties of a motion, re-
quifite to produce the effect call'd Light in the Object.

The next thing we are to confider, is the way or manner of the trajc~
ftion of this motion through the interpos'd pellucid body to the eye :
And here it will be eafily granted,

Firft, That it muft be a body Jufceptible and impartible of this motion
that will deferve the name of a Tranfparent. And next, that the parts of
foch a body muft be Homogeneous, or of the fame kind. Thirdly, that the
eonftitution and motion of the parts muft be fuch, that the appulfe of the
luminous body maybe communicated or propagated through it to the
greateft imaginable diftance in the leaft imaginable time 5 though I fee
no reafon to affirm, that it muft be in an inftant : For I know not any one
Experiment or obfervation that does prove it. And, whereas it may be
objected, That we fee the Sun rifen at the very inftant when it is above
the fenfible Horizon, and that we fee a Star hidden by the body of the
Moon at the fame inftant, when the Star, the Moon, and our Eye are all
in the fame line } and the like Obfervations, or rather fuppofitions, may
be urg'd. I have this to anfwer. That I can as eafily deny as they affirm^
for I would fain know by what means any one can be aflured an^ more
of the Affirmative, then I of the Negative. If indeed the propagation
were very flow, 'tis pofijble fomething might be difcovered by Eclyp-
fes of the Moon 5 but though we fhould grant the progrefs of the light
from the Earth to the Moon, and from the Moon back to the Earth a-
gain to be full two Minutes in performing, I know not any poflible
means to difcover it 5 nay, there may be fbme inftances perhaps of Ho-
rizontal Eclypfes that may feem very much to favour this fuppofition of
the flower progreflion of Light then moft imagine. And the like may
be faid of the Eclypfes of the Sun, &c. But of this only by the by.
Fourthly, That the motion is propagated every way through an Homo-
geneous

Micrograph! a.

•>*neous medium by direU or Jlraight lines extended every vvny like Rays
worn the center of a Sphere. Fifthly, in an Homogeneous medium this mo-
tion is propagated every way with equal velocity z whence neceliarily eve-
ry pulfe or vitration of the luminous body will generate a Sphere, which
will continually incrcafe, and grow bigger, juft after the fame manner
(though indefinitely fwifter) as the waves or rings on the furface of the
water do (well into bigger and bigger circles about a point of it, where;,
by the finking of a Stone the motion was begun, whence it neceflarily fol-
lows, that all the'parts of thefe Spheres undulated through an Homogene-
ous medium cut the Rays at right angles.

But becaufe all tranfparent mediums are not Homogeneous to one an-
other,therefore we will next examine how this pulfe or motion will be
propagated through differingly tranfparent mediums. And here, ac-
cording to the moft acute and excellent Philofbpher Des Cartes, I fiip-
pofe the fign of the angle of inclination in the firft medium to be to
the fign of refraction in the fecond. As the denfity of the firft, to the
denfity of the fecond. By denfity, I mean not the denfity in refpect of
gravity (with which the refractions or tranfparency of mediums hold no
proportion) but in refpect onely to the trajeftion of the Rays of light, in
which refpect they only differ in this 5 that the one propagates the pulfe
more eafily and weakly, the other more (lowly, but more ftrohgly. But
as for the pulfes themfelves, they will by the refraction acquire another
propriety, which we (hall now endeavour to explicate.

We will fiippofe therefore in the firft Figure AC F D to be a phyfical
Ray, or A B C and D E F to be two Mathematical Rays, trajetfed from
a very remote point of a luminous body through an Homogeneous tranfpa-
rent medium L L L, and DA, EB, FC, to be fmall portions of the or-
bicular impulfes which muft therefore cut the Rays at right angles 5 thefe
Rays meeting with the plain furface N O of a medium that yields an
eafier tranjitus to the propagation of light, and falling obliquely on it,
they will in the medium MMMbe refracted towards the perpendicular
of the furface. And becaufe this medium is more eafily traje&ed then
the former by a third, therefore the point C of the orbicular pulfe F G
will be mov'd to H four (paces in the fame time that F the other end of
it is mov'd to G three (paces, therefore the whole refracted pulfe G H
fhall be oblique to the refracted Rays C H K and G 1 5 and the angle G H C
fhall be an acute, and fo much the more acute by how much the greater
the refraction be, then which nothing is more evident, for the fign of the
inclination is to be the fign of refraction as GF to T C the diftance be-
tween the point C and the perpendicular from G on C K, which being as
four to three, H C being longer then G F is longer alfo then T C, there-
fore the angle G H C is lefs than G T C. So that henceforth the parts of
the pulfes GH and IK are mov'd afcew, or cut the Rays at oblique
angles.

It is not my bufinefs in this place to fet down the reafbns why this or
that body (hould impede the Rays more,others left : as why Water fhould
tranfmit the Rays more eafily, though more weakly than air. Onely thus

K much

Ml C ROG RAP HI A,

much in general I (hall hint5that I fuppofe the medium MMMto have lefe
of the tranfparent undulating fubtile matter, and that matter to be lefs
implicated by it, whereas LLL I fuppofe to contain a greater quantity
of the fluid undulating fubftance,and this to be more implicated with the
particles of that medium.

But to proceed, the fame kind of obliquity of the Pulfesand Rays will
happen aho when the refraction is made out of a more eafie into a more
difficult mediu $ as by the calculations of G Qj8t C S R which are refracted
from the perpendicular. In both which calculations 'tis obvious to obfervc,
that always that part of the Ray towards which the refraction is made
has the end of the orbicular pulfe precedent to that of the other fide. And
always,the oftner the refraction is made the fame way,Or the greater the
fingle refraction is, the more is this unequal progrefs. So that having
found this odd propriety to be an infeparable concomitant of a refracted
Ray, not ftreightned by a contrary refraction, we will next examine the
refractions of the Sun-beams, as they are fuffer'd onely to pafs through a
fmall paflage, obliquely out of a more difficult,into a more eafie medium.

Let us fuppofe therefore ABC in the fecond Figure to reprefent
a large Chimical Glafs-body about two foot long, filled with very fair Wa-
ter as high as A B, and inclin'd in a convenient pofture with B towards
the Sun : Let us further fuppofe the top of it to be cover d with an opa-
cous body, all but the hole a b, through which the Sun-beams are fuffer'd
to pafs into the Water,and are thereby refracted to c d e/,againft which
part, if a Paper be expanded on the outfide, there will appear all the co-
lours of the Rain-bow, that is, there will be generated the two principal
colours, Scarlet and Blue, and all the intermediate ones which arife from
the compofition and dilutings of thefe two, that is, c d fhall exhibit a
Scarlet, which toward d is diluted into a Yellow -0 this is the refraction of
the Ray, / which comes from the underfide of the Sun 5 and the Ray
ef fhall appear of a deep Blue, which is gradually towards e diluted in-
to a pale Watchet-blue. Between d and e the two diluted colours. Blue
and Yellow are mixt and compounded into a Green 5 and this I imagine to
be the reafon why Green is fo acceptable a colour to the eye, and that
either of the two extremes are, if intenfe, rather a little ofTenfive, name-
ly, the being plac'd in the middle between the two extremes, and com-
pounded out of boththofe, diluted alfo, or fbmewhat qualifVd, for the
compofititn, arifing from the mixture of the two extremes undiluted,
makes a Purple, which though it be a lovely colour,and pretty acceptable
to the eye, yet is it nothing comparable to the ravifhing pleafurewith
which a curious and well tempered Green affects the eye. If removing
the Paper, the eye be plac'd againft c d, it will perceive the lower fide
of the Sun (or a Candle at night which is much better, becaufe it offends
not the eye, and is more eafily manageable) to be of a deep Red, and if
againft ef it will perceive the upper part of the luminous body to be of
a deep Blue 3 and thefe colours will appear deeper and deeper, accord-
ing as the Rays from the luminous body fall more obliquely on the fur-
face of the Water, and thereby fuffcr a greater refraction^ and the

more

MlCROGRAPHIAo 59

tliore difirindt, the further c def h removed from the trajecting hole.

So that upon the whole, we lhall find that the reafon of the rhxvome-
tta feems to depend upon theobl/quity of the orbicular pulfe^io the Lines of
Radiation.and in particular,that the Ray c d which conltitutts t\\z Scar-
let has its inner parts, namely thofe which are next to the middle of the
luminous body, precedent to the outermolt which are contiguous to the
dark and unradiating fkie. And that the Ray cf which gives a Blue, has
its outward part,namely, that which is contiguous to the dark fkie prece-
dent to the pulfe from the innermoff, which borders on the bright area
of the luminous body.

We may obferve fnrther,that the caufe of the diluting of the colours to-
wards the middle.proceeds partly from the widenefs of the hole through
which the Rays pafs, whereby the Rays from feveral parts of the lumi-
nous body, fall upon many of the fame parts between c and/ as is more
xhanifeft by the Figure : And partly a ho from the nature of the refraction ,
it iclf, for the vividncis Or ftrength of the two terminating colours, arifing
chietiy as we have feen, from the very great difference that is betwixt the
cutfides of thofe oblique undulations &c the dark Rays circumambient,and
that difparity betwixt the approximate Rays,decaying gradually : the fur-
ther inward toward the middle of the luminous body they are remov'd, .
the more muftthe colour approach to a white or anundifturbed light.

Upon the calculation of the refraction and ieftec~ri6n from a Ball of
Water or Glafs,we have much the lame Phenomena ^namely, an obliquity
the undulation in the lame manner as we have found it here. Which, be-
caufe it is very much to our prefent purpofe, and affords fuch an Injiancia,
cruets^ as no one that I know has hitherto taken notice of, I fhall further
examine. For it does very plainly and pofitively diftinguifh, and fhew,
which of the two Hyp othefes ,cither the Cartefian or this is to be followed,
by affording a generation of all the colors in the Rainbow, where accord-
ing to the Cartefian Principles there fhould be none at all generated. And
fecondly, by affording an inftancc that does more clofely confine the
caufe of thefe Phenomena of colours to this prefent Hypothecs.

And firft,for the Cartefian ;we have this to object againft it,That whereas
he lays (Meteorum Cap&.Setf.^Scd judicabafn tin i'cam(ref raff ion i 'ftilicet)
ad minima requiri.j&' quidem talem nt ejus effctlus alia contraria (refra&i-
one)non dejiruatur : Nam experientia docet jifuperficies NMd'NP (nempe
refringentes) Parallel forent, radios tantundtm per alteram iterum ere&os
quantum per unamfrangerenturjiullos colores depjeturos T his Principle of
his holds true indeed in aprifme where the refracting furfacesare plain,
butis contradiclcdby the Ball or Cylinder, whether of Water orGlafs,
where the jefrading furfacesare Orbicular or Cylindrical. For if we ex-
amine the paflage of any Globule or Pvay of the primary Irk^Q fhall find
it to pafs out of the Ball or Cylinder again, with the fame inclination and
refradtion that it enter/d in withall, and that that laft refraction by means'
of the intermediate retfedtion (hall be the fame as if without any
rerkclion at all the Ray had been twice refradted by two Parallel
ftirfaces.

K 2 And

60 M ICROGRAPH I A.

And that this is true, not onely in one, but in every Ray that goes to
the conftitution of the Primary Iris nay, in every Ray, that fuffers only
two refractions, and one reflexion, by the furface of the round body, we
(hall prefently fee moft evident, if we repeat the Cartefian Scheme, men-
tioned in the tenth SeUion of the eighth Chapter of his Meteors, where
schem.6. EFKNP in the third Figure is one of the Rays of the Primary Iris,
J* twice refracted at F and N, and once reflected at K by the furface of the
Water-ball. For, firft it is evident, that K F and KN are equal, becaufe
K N being the reflected part of K F they have both the fame inclination
on the furface K that is the angles F K T, and N K V made by the two
Rays and the Tangent of K arc equal, which is evident by the Laws of re-
flection 5 whence it will follow alfo, that K N has the fame inclination on
the furface N, or the Tangent of it X N that the Ray K F has to the Mir*
face F, or the Tangent of it F Y, whence it muft necefiarily follow,that
the refractions at F and N are equal, that is, KF E and KN P are equal.
Now, that the furface N is by the reflection at K made parallel to the fur-
face at F. is evident from the principles of reflection •■> for reflection being
nothing but an inverting of the Rays,if we re-invertthe Ray KN P, and
make the fame inclinations below the line T K V that it has above, it will
be molt evident, that K H the inverfe of K N will be the continuation of
the line F K, and that L H I the inverfe of O X is parallel to FY. And
HM the inverfe of N P#is Parallel to EF for the angle KHI is equal
to K N O which is equal to K F Y, and the angle K H M" is equal to K N P
which is equal to K F E which was to be prov'd.

So that according to the above mentioned Cartefian principles there
fhould be generated no colour at all in a Ball of Water or Glafs by two
refractions and one reflection, which does hold molt true indeed, if the
furfaces be plain, as may be experimented with any kind of prifme where
the two refracting furfaces are equally inclin'd to the reflecting but in
this the Phenomena are quite otherwife.

The caufe therefore of the generation of colour muft not be what Des
Cartes afligns, namely, a certain rotation of the Gbbnli £ therei,\v\i\ch. are
the particles which he fuppofes to conltitutc the Telluad medium, But
fomewjbat elfe, perhaps what we have lately fappofed, and fhall by and
by further profecute and explain.

But,Firft I (hall crave leave to propound fome other difficulties of his,
notwithftanding exceedingly ingenious Hypothecs, which I plainly confels
to me feem fuch$ and fchefeare,

Firft, if that light be (as is affirmed, Diopt. cap. i. $.8.) not Co pro-
perly a motion,as an action or propenfion to motion, I cannot conceive
how the eye can come to be fenfible of the verticity of a Globule, which is
generated in a drop of Rain, perhaps a mile off from it. For that Globule \$
not carry d to the eye according to his formerly recited Principle^ and if
not fo,I cannot conceive how it can communicate its rotation, or circular
motion to the line of the Globules between the drop and the eye. It can-
not be by means of every ones turning the next before him 5 for if fo. then
onely all the Globults that are in the odd places muft be turned the fame

way

M I CROG RAPHlA.

way with the firfr, namely, the 3. 5. 7. 9. n^&c. but all the Globules
interpofited between them in the even places} namely, the 2.4.6.8.1 o.e^r.
mult be the quite contrary } whence, according to the Cartefian Uypotbefis^
there muft be no diitinct colour generated, but a confufion. Next, fince
the C artefun Globuli arefuppos'd (Trincipiorum Pkilofopb. Part. 3. §. 86.)
to be each of them continually in motion about their centers, I cannot
conceive how the eye is able to diftinguiih this new generated motion
from their former inherent one, it I may lb call that other wherewith they
are mov'd or turbinated, from fbme other caufe than refraction. And
thirdly, I cannot conceive how thefe motions Ihould not happen fbme-
times to oppofe each other, and then, in ftead of a rotation, there would
be nothing but a direct motion generated, and confequently no colour.
And fourthly, 1 cannot conceive, how by the Cartefian Hypothecs it is pofc
fible to £ive any plaufible reafon of the nature of the Colours generated
in the thin lamina of thele our Jllicrofcopical Observations , for in many of
thefe, the refracting and reflecting furraces are parallel to each other,and
confequcntly no rotation can be generated, nor is there any neceflity of
a fhadow or termination of the bright Rays, fuch as is fuppos'd (chap. 8.
$.5. Etpreterea obfervavi umbram quoque^aut limitatiomm luminis rtquiri i
and Chap. 8. §. 9.) to be neceflary to the generation of any diftinct co-
lours 5 Befides that, here is oftentimes one colour generated without any
of the other appendant ones, which cannot be by the Cartefian By
pothefis.

There muft be therefore fome other propriety of refraction that caufes
colour. And upon the examination of the thing, I cannot conceive any
one more general, infeparable, and fufficient, than that which I have be-
fore affignd. That we may therefore fee how exactly our Hypothecs
agrees alfb with the rhanomenaotxht refracting round body, whether
Globe or Cylinder , we (hall next fubjoyn our Calculation or Examen
of it.

And to this end, we will calculate any two Rays : as for inftance 5 let schm. 6.
E F be a Ray cutting the Radius C D (divided into 20. parts) in G 16* Fit
parts diftant from C, and e f another Ray, which cuts the fame Radius
ing 17. parts diftant,theie will be refracted to K and and from thence
reflected to N and », and from thence refracted toward P and p; there-*
fore the ArchF/ will be ^ 5'. The Arch F K io6.d 30'. the Arch / ^
ioi.d 2'. The line F G 6000. and f g 5267. therefore hf. 733. therefore
980, almoft. The line FK 16024. and/ therefore 196*
and n 0 147 almoft, the line Nn 1019 the Arch N n 5.d 51'. therefore
the Angle N#0is %$.d 43'. therefore the Angle N 0 n. is 139.* 56'.
which is almoft 50.d more than a right Angle.

It is evident therefore by this Hypothecs, that at the fame time that ef
touches f. EF is arrived at c. And by that time e f\n is got to »,
E F K N is got to 4> and when it touches N, the pulfe of the other Ray
is got to 0. and no farther, which is very fhort of the place it fhould have
arriv'd to,to make the Ray np to cut the orbicular pulfe. N 0 at right
Angles : therefore the Angle Nop is an acute Angle, but the quite con-
trary

> Ml CROGRAP HI A.

ttary of this will happen,if I7.and 18.bc calculated infteadof i6.and 17.
both which does moft exactly agree with the rhanomena : For if the Sun,
or a Candle (which is better) be placed about E e, and the eye about
Pp, the Rays E F ef. at 16. and 17. will paint the fide of the luminous
object toward np #/*£,and towards N P Red. But the quite contrary will
happen when E F is 17. and ef 18. for then towards N P {hall be a Blue,
and towards np a Red, exactly according to the calculation. And there
appears the Bine of the Rainbow, where the two Blue fides of the two
Images unite, and there the Red where the two Red fides unite, that is,
where the two Images are juft difappcaring } which is, when the Rays
E F and N P produe'd till they meet,make an Angle of about 41. and an
half 5 the like union is there of the two Images in the Production of the
Sccundary Iris, and the lame caufes, as upon calculation may appear 5
onely with this difference, that it is fomewhat more faint, by reafon of the
duplicate reflection, which does always weaken the impulfe the oftner
it is repeated.

Now, though the fecond refraction made at N« be convcnient,that is,
do make the Rays glance the more, yet is it not altogether rcquifite 5 for
it is plain from the calculation, that the pulfe dn is fufljeiently oblique to
the Rays K N and k^n,2& wel as the pulfe/V is oblique to the Rays F K
And therefore if a piece of very fine Paper be held clofe againfr N n and
the eye look oh it either through the Ball as from D, or from the other
fide, as from B. there fhall appear a Rainbow, or colourd line painted on
it with the part toward X appearing Red, towards O, Blue ? the fame alio
fhall happen, if the Paper be placed about K 4, for towards T fhall ap-
pear a Red, and towards V a Blue, which does exactly agree with this my
Hypothecs, as upon the calculation of the progrels of the pulfe will moft
eafily appear.

Nor do thefe two obferva-tions of the colours appearing to the eye a-
bout/> differing from what they appear on the Paper at N contradict each
other 5 but rather confirm and exactly agree with one another, as will be
evident to him that examines the reafons fit down by the ingenious.
Dts Cartes in the 1 2. Sett, of the 8. Chapter of his Meteors, where he
gives the truerealbn why the colours appear of a quite contrary order
to the eye, to what they appear'd on the Paper if the eye be plac'd in
fteed of the Paper : And as in thePrifme, fo alfo in the Water, Drop, or
Globe the Phenomena and reafon are much the fame.

Having therefore fhewn that there is fuch a propriety in the prifme
and water Globule whereby the pulfe is made oblique to the progreflive,
and that fo much the more, by how much greater the refraction is, I fliall
in the next place con fid er, how this conduces to the production of co-
lours, and what kind of imprefiion it makes upon the bottom of the eye 5
and to this end it will be requifite to examine this Hypothecs a little more
particularly.

Firft therefore, if we confider the manner of the progrels of the pulfe,
it will feem rational to conclude, that that part or end of the pulle which
precedes the other,muft neceflarily be fomwhat more obtitnded,ox impeded

by

MlCROGRAPHIA. fj^

by the rcfifrnnce of the tranfparent medium, than the other part or end of
it which is liibfequtnt, whole way is, as it were, prepared by the others
efpecially if the adjacent medium be not in the fame manner enlightned
or agitated. And therefore(in the fourth Figure of the fixth Iconijm)the
Ray AAAHB will have its fide HH more dead ncd by the reiiftance
of the dark or quiet medium P P P, Whence there will be a kind of dead-
nefs fuperindue'd on the fide H H H, which will continually increafe from
B, and ftrike deeper and deeper into the Ray by the line BR 5 Whence
all the parts of the triangle, R B H O will be of a dead Blue colour, and
ib much the deeper, by how much the nearer they lie to the line B H H,
which ismoft deaded or impeded, and fo much the more dilute, by how
much the nearer it approaches the line BR. Next on the other fide of
the Ray A A N, the end A of the pulfe A H will be promoted, or made
ftronger, having its paflage already prepar'd as 'twere by the other parts
preceding,and fo its impreflicn wil be ftronger: And becaufe of its obliqui-
ty to theRay,thcre will be propagated a kind of faint motion into Q_Q.
the adjacent dark or quiet medium, which faint motion will fpread fur-
ther and further into Q_Q_ as the Ray is propagated further and further
from A,namely,as far as the line M A,whence all the triangle MAN will
be ting'd with a Red, and that Red will be the deeper the nearer it ap-
proaches the line MA, and the paler or yellower the nearer it is the line
N A. And if the Ray be continued,fo that the lines A N and B R (which
are the bounds of the Red and Blue diluted) do meet and crofs each other,
there will be beyond that interfedion generated all kinds of Greens.

Now,thefe being the proprieties of every fingle refracted Ray of light,
it will be eafie enough to confider what muft be the remit of very many
fuch Rays collateral : As if we fuppofe infinite fuch Rays int erjacent be-
tween A K S B and A N O B, which are the terminating : For in this cafe
the Ray A K S B will have its Red triangle intire.as lying next to the dark
or quiet medium, but the other fide of it B S will have no Blue, becaufe
the medium adjacent to it S B O, is mov'd or enlightned^and confequent-
ly that light does deftroy the colour. So likewife will the Ray A N O B
lofe its Ke</,becaufe the adjacent, medium is mov'd or enlightned,but the
other fide of the Ray that is adjacent to the dark, namely, AHO will
preferve its Blue entire, and thefe Rays muft be fo far produe'd as till
AN and BR cut each other, before there will be any Green produe'd.
From thefe Proprieties well confider'd, may be dedue'd the reafons of all
the Phenomena of the prifme, and of the Globules or drops of Water which
conduce to the production of the Rainbow.

Next for the impreflion they make on the Retina, we will further ex-
amine this Hypothecs : Suppofe therefore A B C D E F.in the fifth Figure,
to reprefent the Ball of the eye : on the Cornea of which ABC two
Rays G A C H and K C A I (which are the terminating Rays of a lumi-
nous body) faUing, aire by the refraction thereof collected or convergd
into two points at the bottom of the eye. Now, becaufe thefe termi-
nating Rays, and alt the intermediate ones which come from any part of
the luminous body, are ftrppos'd by fome Mcient refraction before they

enter

MlCROGRAPHlA.

enter the eye, to have their pulfcs made oblique to their progreflion, and
confequently each Ray to have potentially juperinduc'd two proprieties,
or colours,™'*, a Red on the one fide, and a Bine on the other, which not-
withftanding are never actually manifeft,butwhen this or that Ray has the
one or the other fide of it bordering on a dark or unmov'd medium ^there-
fore as foon as thefe Rays are entred into the eye.and fo have one fide of
each of them bordering on a dark part of the humours of the eye, they
will each of them actually exhibit fome colour } therefore A D C the pro-
duction G A C H will exhibit a £/»e,becaufe the fide C D is adjacent to the
dark mediumC QJD C,but nothing of a Redjzecaxxfe its fide A D is adjacent
to the enlightned medium.h D F A : And all the Rays that from the points
of the luminous body are collected on the parts of the Retina between D
and F fliall have their Blue fo much the more diluted by how much the far-
ther thefe points of collection are diftant from D towards F 5 and the Ray
A F C the production of K C A I, will exhibit a Red, becaufe the fide A F
is adjacent to the dark or quiet medium of the eye A P F A, but nothing
of a S/»e,becaufe its fide C F is adjacent to the enlightned medium C F D C3
and all the Rays from the intermediate parts of the luminous bedy that
are collected between F and D fliall have their Redio much the more di-
luted, by how much the farther they are diftant from F towards D.

Now,becaufe by the refraction in the Cornea,and lbme other parts of the
eye, the fides of each Ray, which before were almoft parallel, are made
to converge and meet in a point at the bottom of the eye, therefore that
fide odhepulje which preceded before thefe refractions, fliall firft touch
the Retina, and the other fide laft. And therefore according as this or
that fide, or end of the pulfe fliall be impeded, accordingly will the //#-
frejjtons on the Retina be varied 3 therefore by the Ray G A C H re-
fracted by the Cornea to D there fliall be on that point a ftroke or impre£
fion confused, whole weakeft end, namely, that by the line C D fliall pre-
cede, and the ftronger, namely, that by the line A D fliall follow. And
by the Ray K C A I refracted to F, there fliall be on that part a confus'd
ftroke or impreflion,whofe ftrongeft part,namely,that by the line C F flial
precede, and whole weakeft or impeded, namely, that by the line A F
fliall follow, and all the intermediate points between F and D will re-
ceive impretfion from the convergd Rays fo much the more like the im-
preflions on F and D by how much the nearer they approach that
or this.

From the confideration of the proprieties of which impreflions,we may
collect thefe fliort definitions of Colours : That Blue is an imprejjion on
the Retina of an oblique and confus 'd pulfe of light, vphofe weakeji part prc-
cedes, and whofe JirongeU follows. And, that Red is an imprejjion on the Re-
tina of an oblique and confus'd pulfe of light, whofe Jirongeji part precedes ,and
whofe weakeft follows.

Which proprieties,as they have been already manifefted,in the Prifme
and falling drops of Rain, to be the caufes of the colours there generated,
may be eafily found to be the efficients alfo of the colours appearing in
thin laminated tranlparent bodies} for the explication ofwhich5allthis has
been premifed. And

M i CROGRAPH1A.

And that this is fa, a little clofer examination of the Phtnometia and
the Figure of the body, by this Hypothecs, will make evident.

For firft (as we have already obferved) the laminated body muft be
of a determinate thicknefs, that is, it mutt not be thinner then Rich a de-
terminate quantity 5 for I have always obferv d, that necr the edges
of thofe which are exceeding thin, the colours dilappear, and the part
grows white } nor muft it be thicker then another determinate quantity '■>
fori have likewife obferv'd, that beyond fuch a thickncfs,no colours ap-
peared, but the Plate looked white, between which two determinate
thicknefles were all the colour'd Rings of which in fome fubftances I
have found ten or twelve, in others not half fo many, which I fuppofe de-
pends much upon the tranfparency of the laminated body. Thus though
the confecutions are the fame in the fcumm or the ikin on the top of me-
tals j yet in thole confecutions the lame colour is not fo often repeated
as in the confecutions in thin Clals, or in Sope-water, or any other more
tranfparent and glutinous liquor } for in thefe I have obferv'd, Red, Tel-
low, Green, Blue, rurplc } Red,Tel/oTV^Green,Blue, Purple Red JCellovp, Green,
Blue, Purple 5 Red, TeUorv, 8cc. to fucceed each other,ten or twelve times,
but in the other more opacous bodies the confecutions will not be half
fo many.

And therefore fecondly,the laminated body muft be tranfparent, and
this I argue from this, that I have not been able to produce any colour
at all with an opacous body,though never lb thin. And this I have often
try'd, by preffing a fmall Globule of Mercury between two Imooth Plates
of Glafs, whereby I haveredue'd that body to a much greater thinnefs
then was requifite to exhibit the colours with a tranfparent body.

Thirdly ,there muft be a considerable reflecting body adjacent to the
under or further fide of the lamina or plate : for this I always found,that
the greater that reflection was, the more vivid were the appearing
colours.

From which Obfervations,it is moft evident,that the reflection from the
under or further fide of the bodyis the principal caufe of the production of
thefe colours } which,that it is fo,and how it conduces to that effect,I (hall
further explain in the following Figure,which is here defcribed of a very
great thicknefs, as if it had been view'd through the Microjcope 5 and 'tis
indeed much thicker than any Microfcopei). have yet us'd)has been able to
fhew me thofe colour'd plates of Glafs, or Mufcovie-glafs, which I have not
without much trouble view'd with it 5 for though I have endeavoured to
magnifie them as much as the Glafles were capable of, yet are they fo ex-
ceeding thin, that I have not hitherto been able pofitively to determine
their thicknefs. This Figure therefore I here reprefent, is wholy Hy-
pothetical.

Let ABCDHFE in the fixth Figure be afrujlum of Mufcovy -glafs,
thinner toward the end A E, and thicker towards D F. Let us firft fup-
pofe the Ray agh b coming from the Sun, or fome remote luminous
object to fall obliquely on the thinner plate B A E, part therefore is re-
flected back, by cgh d, the firft Superficies 5 whereby the perpendicular

L pulfe

Ml CROGRAP HIA.

pulfe a If is after reflection propagated by c d, c d3 equally remote from
each other with ab, a b0 fo that ag + gcs or bh + hd arc either of
them equal to a a, as is alfo c c0 but the body B A E being tranfparent,a
part of the light of this Ray is refracted in the furface AB, and propa-
gated by g i k,h to the furface E F, whence it is reflected and refracted
again by the furface A B. So that after two refractions and one reflection,
there is propagated a kind of fainter Ray e m nf whofe pulfe is not on-
ly weaker by reafon of the two refractions in the furface A B, but by rea-
fon of the time (pent in palling and repairing between the two furfaces
AB and EF, ef which is this fainter or weaker pulfe comes behind the
pulfe cdjfo that hereby (the furfaces A B, and E F being fo neer toge-
ther, that the eye cannot difcrintinate them from one) this confus'd or
duplicated pulfe, whofe ftrongeft part precedes, and whofe weakeft fol-
lows, does produce on the Retina (or the optick^ nerve that covers the
bottom of the eye) the fenfation of a Telloro.

And fecondly, this Telloto will appear fo much the deeper, by how
much the further back towards the middle between cd and cd thefpu-
rious pulfe ef is removed, as in 2 where the furface BC being further
remov'd from E F, the weaker pulfe e f will be nearer to the middle, and
will make an imprefiion on the eye of a Red.

But thirdly, if the two reflecting furfaces be yet further remov'd afun-
derf(asin 2, CD and EF are) then will the weaker pulfe be fo farr
behind, that it will be more then half the diftance between cd and cd.
And in this cafe it will rather feem to precede the following ftronger
pulfe, then to follow the preceding one, and confequently a Blue will be
generated. And when the weaker pulfe is juft in the middle beween two
ftrong ones, then is a deep and lovely Purple generated j but when the
weaker pulfe ef is very neer to c d} then is there generated a Creen,
which will be bluer ^ or yellower according as the approximate weak pulfe
does precede or follow the ftronger.

Now fourthly, if the thicker Plate chance to be cleft into two thinner
Plates, as C D F E is divided into two Plates by the furface G H then
from the compofition arifing from the three reflections in the furfaces
C D, G H, and E F, there will be generated feveral compounded or mixt
colours, which will be very differing, according as the proportion be-
tween the thicknefles of thofe two divided Plates CDHC, and G H F E
are varied.

And fifthly, if thefe furfaces C D and F E are further remov'd afiinder,
the weaker pulfe will yet lagg behind much further, and not onely be
coincident with the fecond, c d, but lagg behind that alfo, and that fb
much the more, by how much the thicker the Plate be 5 fo that by de-
grees it will be coincident with the third c d backward alfo, and by de-
grees, as the Plate grows thicker with a fourth, and fo onward to a fifth,
fixth, feventh, or eighth 3 fo that if there be a thin tranfparent body,that
from the greateft thinnefs requifite to produce colours, does, in the man-
ner of a Wedge,by degrees grow to the greateft thicknels that a Plate can
be of,to exhibit a colour by the reflection of Light from fuch a body,there

fhall

MlCROGRAPHlA.

(hall be generated feveral confecutions of colours, wbofe order from the
thin end towards the thick, (hall be Teflbrv^Rcd , Purple^ Blue^Grecn \ KcUore^
Red^Purple^Bluefirecn 5 Tel/ojv^Ked^Purple^Blue^Green^ Tel/ojv^Scc.wnd thefe
lb often repeated, as the weaker pulfe docs lofe paces with its Primary ^
or firlr pulfe, and is coincident with a fecond, third, fourth,fifth,fixth:dv.
pulfe behind the firff. And this, as it is coincident ■, or follows from the
firft Hypothecs I took of colours,fb upon excriment have I found rt in mul-
titudes of inftances that feem to prove it. One thing which feems of the
greateft concern in this Hypothecs y is to determine the greatcftor leafc
thicknefs requifite for thele efTetrs, which, though I have not been want-
ing in attempting, yet lb exceeding thin are thefe coloured Plates, and fo
imperfect our Jlfurojcope.that I have not been hitherto fuccefsfull,though
if my endeavours (hall anfwer my expe£rations,I (hall hope to gratifie the
curious Reader with feme things more remov'd beyond our reach
hitherto.

Thus have I, with as much brevity as I was able, endeavoured to expli-
cate (Hypothetic ally at leaft) the caufes of the Phenomena. I formerly re-
cited, on the conlideration of which I have been the more particular.

Firft, becaufe I think thefe I have newly given are capable of expli-
cating all the Phenomena of colours, not onely of thofe appearing in the
Trifme, Water-drop, or Rainbow, and in laminated or plated bodies, but
of all that are in the world, whether they be fluid or folid bodies, whe-
ther in thick or thin, whether tranfparent, or feemingly opacous, as I
(hall in the next Obfervation further endeavour to fbew. And fecondly,
becaufe this being one of the two ornaments of all bodies difcoverable
by the fight, whether looked on with, or without a Mcrofcope, it leem 'd
to delerve (fomewhere in this Trad, which contains a defcription of the'
Figure and Colour of fbmc minute bodies) to be lomewhat the more in-
timately enquir'd into.

Obfcrv. X. Of Metalline, and other real Colours,

HAving in the former Difcourfe, from the Fundamental caufe of Co-
lour, made it probable, that there are but two Colours, andfhewn3
that the Thantafm of Colour is caus'd by the fenfation of the oblique or
uneven pulfe of Light which is capable of no more varieties than two
that arife from the two fides of the oblique pulfe, though each of thofe
be capable of infinite gradations or degrees (each of them beginning
from White^ and ending the one in the deepeft Scarlet or lelloro^ the other
in the deepeft Blue") I (hall in this Se&ion fet down fome Obfervations
which I have made of other colours, fuch as Metalline powders tinging
or colour d bodies and feveral kinds of tinctures or ting'd liquors, all
which, together with thofe I treated of in the former Obfervation willj
I fuppofe, ccmprife the feveral fubje&s in which colour isobferv'd to
be inherent, aod the feveral manners by which it inheres^ or is apparent

L 2 in

Ml CROGRAP H I A.

in than. And here I lhall endeavour to (hew by what compofition all kind
of compound colours are made, and how there is no colour in the world
but may be made from the various degrees of thefe two colours, together
with the intermixtures of Blacl^znA White.

And this being lb, as I (hall anon (hew, it feems an evident argument
to me, that all colours whatfoever, whether in fluid or folid, whether
in very tranfparent or feemingly opacous, have the fame efficient caufe,
to wit, fome kind of refrattion whereby the Rays that proceed
from iiich bodies, have their pulfe obUquated or confus'd in the manner I
explicated in the former Settton $ that is, a Red is caus'd by a duplicated
or confus'd pulfe, whofe ftrongeft pulfc preccdes,and a weaker follows :
and a Bine is caus'd by a confus'd pulfe,where the weaker pulfe precedes,
and the ftronger follows. And according as thefe are, more or lefi, or
varioufly mixt and compounded, lb are the Jen/ations^ and confequently
the phantafms of colours diversified.

To proceed therefore 5 I fuppofe, that all tranfparent colourd bodies,
whether fluid or lolid, do confift at leaft of two parts, or two kinds of
fubftances, the one of a fubftance of a fomewhat differing refra&ion from
the other. That one of thefe fubftances which may be call'd the tinging
fubftance, does confift of diftinc} parts, or particles of a determinate big-
neii which are diffeminated, or dilpers'd all over the other : That thele
particles, if the body be equally and uniformly colour'd, are evenly
rang'd and dilpers'd over the other contiguous body 5 That where the
body is deepeft ting'd, there thefe particles are rang'd thickeft, and
where 'tis but faintly ting'd, they are rang'd much thinner, but uniformly.
That by the mixture of another body that unites with either of thefe,
which has a differing refraction from either of the other, quite differing
effects will be produc'd,that is,the confecntions of the confus d pulfes will
be much of another kind, and confequently produce other fenfations and
phantafms of colours, and from a Red may turn to a Blue, or from a Blue
to aK^&c.

Now, that this maybe the better underftood, I fhall endeavour to ex-
plain my meaning a little more fenfible by a Scheme : Suppofe we there-
fore in the feventh Figure of the fixth Scheme, that A B C D reprefents a
Veflel holding a ting'd liquor, let 1 1 1 1 1,8cc. be the clear liquor,and let
the tinging body that is mixt with it be E E, &c. F F, &c. G G, &c.
HH,^f. whofe particles (whether round, or feme other determinate
Figure is little to our purpofe) are firft of a determinate and equal bulk.
Next, they are rang'd into the form of gfuincunx, or Equilaterotriangu-
lar order, which that probably they are fo,and whythey are lb,I fhall elfe-
where endeavour to (hew.Thirdly,they are of fuch a nature,as does either
more eafily or more difficultly tranfmit the Rays of light then the liquor 5
if more eafily,a Blue is generated, and if more difficultly, a Red or scarlet.

And firft, let us (uppofe the tinging particles to be of a fubftance that
docs more impede the Rays of light , we lhall find that the pulfe or
wave of light mov'dfrom A D to B C, wili proceed on,through the con-
toning medium by the pulfes or waves K.K, LL, MM, N N, O but

becaufe

Micrograph! a. i

becaufc feveral of thefe Rays that go to tiie conftitution of thcffc pulfcs
will be Hugged or (topped by the tinging particles E,F,G5H} therefore
there lhall be a fevundary and weak pulfe that (hall follow the Ray, name*
iy P P which will be the weaker : firft, bocaufe it hat; furfer'd many re-
fractions io the impeding body* next, for that the Rays will be a little
difpersd or confus'd by reafon of the refraction in each of the particles,
whether rWor angular? and this will be more evident, if we a little
moreclofely examine any one particular tinging ClobnU.

Suppofe we therefore A B in the eighth Fgure of the flxth Scheme, to
reprefent a tinging Globule or particle Vvhich has a greater refraction than
the liquor in which it is contain'd : Let C D be a part of the pulfe of light
which is propagated through the containing medium^ this pulfe will be a
little fbopt or impeded by the Globule, and foby that time the pulfe is
pal t to E F that f>art of it which has been impeded by palling through the
Globule, will get but to L and fo that pulfe which has been propa-
gated through the Globule, to wit, LM,NO, P CL, will always come
behind the^pulfes E F, G H, I K, &c.

Next, by reafon of the greater impediment in A B, and its Globular Fi-
gure, the Rays that pais through it will be difpers'd, and very much feat-
ter'd. Whence C A and D B which before went direU and^r*#e/,wiil after
the refraction in A B, diverge and ipread by A P, and B Q., fo that as the
Rays do meet with more and more of thefe tinging particles in their
way, by fo much the more will the pulfe of light further lagg behind
the clearer pulfe, or that which has fewer refractions, and thence the
deeper will the colour be, and the fcihter the light that k trajected
through it for hot onely many Rays are reflected from the lurfaces of
A B, but thofe Rays that get through it are very much dhordered.

By this Hypohejis there is no one experiment of colour that I have yet
met with, but may be, I conceive, very rationably folv'd, and perhaps,
had I time to examine feveral particulars requifite to the detnonftration
of it, I might prove it more than probable, for all the experiments about
the changes and mixings of colours related in the Treatife of Colours,
publilhed by the Incomparable Mr. Boyle > and multitudes of others which
I have obferv'd, do fo eafily and naturally flow from thofe principles,that
I am very apt to think it probable, that they own their production to no
other fecundary caufe : As to inftance in two or three experiments. In the
twentieth Experiment, this Noble Autbour has (hewn that the deep blutfh
purple-colour of Viokis, may be turn'd into a Green, by Alcalizate Salts,
and to a Red by acid } that is, a Turple confifts of two colours, a deep R*d3
and a deep Blue , when the Blue is diluted, or altered, or deftroy d by
acid Salts, the Red becomes predominant, but when the Redis diluted by
Alcalizate, and the Blue hcightned, there is generated a Green $ for of a
Red diluted, is made a TeUoto, and Teliow and Blue make a Green.

Now, becaufe the fiuriovs pulfes which caufe a Red and a Blue, do the
one follow the clear pulfe, and the other precede it, it ufually follows3
that thofe Saline refracting bodies which do dilute the colour of the one,
do deepen that of the othen And this will be made rnaftifeft by al-

moft

1

M ICROGRAPHIA.

moft all kinds of Purples, and many forts of Greens, both thefe colours
confifting of mixt colours \ for if we fuppofe A and A in the ninth Figure,
to reprefent two pulfesof clear light, which follow each other at a con-
venient diftance, A A, each of which has a furious pulfe preceding it, as
BB5 which makes a #///e,and another following it, as CC, which makes a
Red, the one caus'd by tinging particles that have a greater refraction,the
other by others that have a lefs refracting quality then the liquor or
Menjiruum in which thefe are diflblv'd, whatfoever liquor does fo alter
the refraction of the one, without altering that of the other part of the
ting'd liquor, muft needs very much alter the colour of the liquor 5 for
ifthe refraction of the dijjolvent be increas'd, and the refraction of the
tinging particles not altered, then will the preceding fyurious pulfe be
fhortned or ftopt, and not out-run the clear pulfe fo much 5 fo that B B
will become E E, and the Bine be diluted, whereas the other fyurious
pulfe which follows will be made to lagg much more, and be further be-
hind A A than before, and C C will become / f, and fo the Tellovo or
Red will be heightned.

A Saline liquor therefore,mixt with another ting'd liquor,may alter the
colour of it feveral ways, either by altering the refraction of the liquor in
which the colour fwims : or fecondly by varying the refraction of the co-
loured particles, by uniting more intimately either with fome particular
corpufcles of the tinging body, or with all of them, according as it has a
congruity to fome more efpecially, or to all alike : or thirdly, by uniting
and interweaving it felf with fome other body that is already joyn'd
with the tinging particles, with which fubftance it may have a congruity^
though it have very little with the particles themfelves : or fourthly, it
may alter the colour of a ting'd liquor by dif-joyning certain particles
which were before united with the tinging particles, which though they
were fomewhat congruous to thefe particles, have yet a greater congruity
with the newly infus'd Saline menjiruum. It may likewife alter the co-
lour by further diflblvingthe tinging fubftance into fmaller and fmaller
particles, and fo diluting the colour 5 or by uniting feveral particles toge-
ther as in precipitations, and fo deepning it, and fome fuch other ways,
which many experiments and comparifons of differing trials together,
might eafily inform one of.

From thefe Principles applied , may be made out all the varieties
of colours obfervable, either in liquors, or any other ting'd bodies, with
great eafe,and I hope intelligible enough, there being nothing in the#0<-
tion of colour, or in the fuppos'd production,but is very conceivable, and
may be poflible.

The greateft difficulty that I find againft this Hypothecs, is, that there
fcera to be more diftincl: colours then two, that is, then Yellow and Blue.
This Objection is grounded on this reafon, that there are feveral Reds,
which diluted, make not a Saffron or pale Yellow, and therefore Red, or
Scarlet feems to be a third colour diftincl: from a deep degree of Yellow.

To which I anfwer, that Saffron affords us a deep Scarlet tinfture,which
may be diluted into as pale a Yellow as any, either by making a weak fo-

lution

Micrograph! a*

lutionof the Saffron, by infufing a fmall parcel of it into a great quantity
of liquor, as in fpirit of Wine, or elfe by looking through a very thin
quantity of the tincture, and which may be heightn d into the lovelieft
Scarlet,by looking through a very thick body of this tin6rure,or through
a thinner parcel ofit,which is highly impregnated with the tinging body,
by having had a greater quantity of the Saffron diflblv'd in a lmaller par-
cel of the liquor.

Now, though there may be fbme particles of other tinging bodies that
give a lovely Scarlet alfo, which though diluted never (b much with liquor,
or looked on through never fo thin a parcel of ting'd liquor,will not yet
afford a pale Yellow, but onely a kind of faint Red 3 yet this is no argu-
ment but that thofe ting'dparticles may have in them the fainteft degree of
YelloWjthough we may be unable to make them exhibit itjF'or that power
of being diluted depending upon the divifibility of the ting'd body, if I
am unable to make the tinging particles fo thin as to exhibit that colour,
it docs not therefore follow,that the thing is impoflible to be done 5 now,
the tinging particles of fbme bodies are of fuch a nature, that unlets there
be found lome way of comminuting them into left bulks then the liquor
does diflolve them into, all the Rays that pafs through them muft nece£
farily receive a tin&ure (6 deep, as their appropriate refractions and bulks
compar'd with the proprieties of the diflblving liquor muft neceflarily
difpofe them to empreft, which may perhaps be a pretty deep Yellow,
or pale Red.

And that this is not gratis di&um, I fhall add one inftance of this kind,
wherein the thing is moft manifeft.

If you take Blue Smalt, you fhall find, that to afford the deepeft Blue,
which ceteris paribus has the greateft particles or lands s and if you fur-
ther divide, or grind thofe particles on a Grindftone, or porphyry ftorte,
you may by comminuting the fands of it, dilute the Blue into as pale a one
as you pleafe, which you cannot do by laying the colour thin 5 for where^
foever any fingle particle is, it exhibits as deep a Blue as the whole maft.
Now, there are other Blues, which though never lb much ground, will
not be dilutedby grinding, becaule confifting of very fmall particles, ve-
ry deeply ting'd,they cannot by grinding be actually feparated into fmal-
ler particles then the operation of the fire, or fome other diflblving men-
Jiruum0hzs redue'd them to already.

Thus all kind of Metalline colours, whether precipitated, fublimd, cat-
cirid, or otherwife prepar'd, are hardly chang'd by grinding, as ultra
marine is not more diluted 3 nor is Vermilion or Red-lead made of a more
faint colour by grinding 3 for the imalleft particles of thefe which I have
view'd with my greateft Magnifying-Glafs, if they be well enlightned, ap-
pear very deeply ting'd with their peculiar colours 5 nor, though I have
magnified and enlightned the particles exceedingly, could I in many of
them, perceive them to be tranfparent, or to be whole particles, but the
fmalleft fpecks that I could find among well ground Vermilion and Red*
lead, feem'd to be a Red mafs, compounded of a multitude of left and left
motes, which fticking together, compos'd a bulk3 not onethoufand thou-
fandth part of the fmalleft vifible fand or mote. And

MlCROGRAPHIA.

And this I find generally in moft Metalline colours, that though they
confift of parts fo exceedingly fmall,yet are they very deeply ting'd,they
being fo ponderous, and having fuch a multitude of terreftrial particles
throng'd into a little room \ fo that 'tis difficult to find any particle tranf-
parentor refembling a pretious ftone, though not impoflible 5 for I have
obferv'd divers fuch ftiining and refplendent colours intermixt with the
particles of Cinnaber, both natural and artificial, before it hath been
ground and broken or flawd into Vermilion : As I have alfo in Orpiment,
Red-lead^ and Bife0 which makes me fuppofe, that thole metalline colours
are by grinding, not onely broken and feparated actually into fmaller
pieces, but that they are alfo flaw d and brufed ,whence they, for the
moft part.become opacous0\ike flaw d Cryftal or Glafs,e^. But for Smalts
and verditures, I have been able with a Microfcope to perceive their par-
ticles very many of them tranfparent.

Now, that the others alfo may be tranfparent, though they do not ap-
pear fo to the Microjcope0may be made probable by this Experiment : that
if you take ammel that is almoft opacous, and grind it very well on
a Porphyry, or Serpentine, the fmall particles will byreafon of their flaws,
appear perfectly opacous } and that 'tis the flaws that produce this opa-
coufnef, may be argued from this, that particles of the fame Ammel much
thicker if unflaw'd will appear fomewhat tranfparent even to the eye 5
and from this alfo, that the moft tranfparent and clear Cryftal, if heated
in the fire, and then fuddenly quenched, fo that it be all over flaw'd,
will appear opacous and white.

And that the particles of 'Metalline colours are tranfparent,may be argu-
ed yet further from this,that the Cryftals,or Vitriols of all Metals,are tranf-
parent, which fince they confift of metalline as well as faline particles,
thole metalline ones muft be tranfparent, which is yet further confirm'd
from this, that they have for the moft part, appropriate colours } fo the
vitriolof Gold is Yellow 5 of Copper,Blue,and fometimes Greeny of Iron,
green 5 ofTinn and Lead, a pale White 5 of Silver,a pale Blue,dv.

And next,the Solution of all Metals into menflruums are much the fame
with the Vitriols, or Cryftals. It feems therefore very probable, that
thofe colours which are made by the precipitation of thole particles out
of the menflruums by tranfparent precipitating liquors (hould be tranfpa-
rent alfo. Thus Gold precipitates with oyl of Tartar, or Jpirit of Vrine in-
to a brown Yellow. Copper with fpirit of Vrine into a Mucous blue,
which retains its tranfparency. A folution of fublimate (as the fame II-
luftrious Authour I lately mention d (hews in his 40. Experiment) precipi-
tates with oyl of Tartar per deliquium, into an Orange colour 'd preci-
pitatenor is it left probable, that the calcination of thole Vitriols by
the fire,fhould have their particles tranfparent : Thus Saccarum Saturni,
Or the Vitriol of Lead by calcination becomes a deep Orange-colour'd
minium, which is a kind of precipitation by fome Salt which proceeds from
the fire \ common Vitriol calcind, yields a deep Brown Red, &c

A third Argument, that the particles of Metals are tranfparent, is, that
being calcind, and melted with Glafs, they tinge theGiafswithtranfpa-

tent

M I C ROG R A P H I A* 73

rent- colours. Thus the Calx of Silver tinges the Glafs on which it is an-
neald with a lovely Yellow,or Gold colour,^.

And that the parts of Metals are tranfparcnt, may be farther argued
from the tranfparency of Leaf-gold, which held againft the light, both
ro the naked eye, and the Aficrofeope, exhibits a deep Green. And
though I have never fecn the other Metals laminated fo thin, that I was
able to perceive them tranfparent, yet3 for Copper and Brafs, if we had
the fame conveniency for laminating them,as we have for Gold,we might,
perhapSjthrough fuch plates or leaves,find very differing degrees of Blue,
or Greeny for it feems very probable, that thofe Rays that rebound from
them ting'd, with a deep Yellow, or pale Red, as from Copper, or with
a pale Yellow5as from Brafs, have pair through them 5 for I cannot con-
ceive how by reflection alone thofe Rays can receive a tincture, taking
any Hypothecs extant.

So that we fee there may a fufficient reafon be drawn from thefe in-
ftances, why thofe colours which we are unable to dilute to the palefl:
Yellow, or Blue,or Green, are not therefore to be concluded not to be a
deeper degree of them} fcr fuppofing we had a great company of lmall
Globular elience Bottles,or roundGlafs bubbIes.about the bignefs of a Wal-
nut, fiird each of them with a very deep mixture of Saffron, and that
every one of them did appear of a deep Scarlet colour, and all of them
together did exhibit at a diftance, a deep dy'd Scajrlet body. It does not
follow,becaufe after we have come nearer to this congeries ,or mals,and di-
vided it into its parts, and examining each of its parts feverally or apart,
we find them to have much the fame colour with the whole mate 5 it does
not, I fay, therefore follow, that if we could break thofe Globules fmaller,
or any other ways come to fee a imaller or thinner parcel of the ting'd
liquor that fill'd thofe bubbles.that that ting'd liquor muft always appear
Red, or of a Scarlet hue, fince if Experiment be made,the quite contrary
will enfue 5 for it is capable of being dilnted into the paleft Yellow.

Now,that I might avoid all the Objections of this kind, by exhibiting
an Experiment that might by ocular proof convince thofe whom other
reafons would not prevail with, I provided me a Prifmatical Glafc made
hollow, juft in the form of a Wedge, fuch as isreprefented in the tenth
Figure of the fixth Scheme, The two parallelogram fides A B C D, A B E F,
which met at a point, were made of the cleareft Looking-glafs plates well
ground and polifrYd that I could get^thefe were joyn'd with hard cement
to the triangular fides, B C E, A D F, which were of Wood } the Parallelo-
gram bafe B C E F, likewife was of Wood joyn'd on to the reft with hard
cement, and the whole Prifmatical Box was exactly ftopt every where,
but onely a little hole near the bafe was left, whereby the Veflel could bef
fill'd with any liquor, or emptied again at pleafure.

One of thefe Boxes (for I had two of them) I fill'd with a pretty deep
tincture of Aloes , drawn onely with fair Water, and then ftopt the hole;
with a piece of Wax, then,by holding this Wedge againft the Light, and
looking through it, it was obvious enough to fee the tincture of the liquot
near the edge of the Wedge where it was but very thinj to be a pale but

M well

74 MlCROGRAPHIA.

well colour'd Yellow, and further and further from the edge, as the li*
quor grew thicker and thicker ,this tincture appear'd deeper and deeper,
fo that near the blunt end,which was feven Inches<fromthe edge and three
Inches and an half thick 5 it was of a deep and well colour'd Red. Now,
the clearer and purer this tincture be, the more lovely will the deep
Scarlet be, and the fouler the tincture be, the more dirty will the Red
appear $ lb that fome dirty tinctures have afforded their deepeft Red
much of the colour of burnt Oker or Spanifh brown^others as lovely a co-
lour as Vermilion, and fome much brighter 3 but feveral others, according
as the tinctures were worfe or more foul, exhibited various kinds of Reds,
of very differing degrees.

The other of thefe Wedges, I fill'd with a moft lovely tincture of Cop-
per, drawn from the filings of it,with fpirit of Vrine, and this Wedge held
as the former againft the Light, afforded all manner of Blues, from the
faihteft to the deepeft,fo that I was in good hope by theie two,to have pro-
due'd all the varieties of colours imaginable 5 for I thought by this means
to have been able by placing the two Parallelogram fides together, and
the edges contrary ways,to have fb mov'd them to and fro one by another*
as by looking through them in feveral places, and through feveral thick-
nefles, I fhould have compounded, and confequently have feen all thofe
colours, Which by other like compofitions of colours would have enfued.

Butinfteed of meeting with what I look d for, I met with fomewhat
more admirable 5 and that was, that I fount! my felf utterly unable to fee
through them when placed both together, though they were tranfparent
enough when afimder 5 and though I could fee through twice the thick-
nefi, when both of them were fill'd with the fame colour'd liquors, whe-
ther both with the Yellow, or both with the Blue, yet when one was fill'd
with the Yellow, the other with the Blue,and both looked through, they
both appear'd dark* onely when the parts near the tops were look a
through, they exhibited Greens, and thofeof very great variety, as I ex*
pected,but the Purples and other colours,! could not by any means make,
whether I endeavour d to look through them both againft the Sun, or
whether I plac'd them againft the hole of a darkned room.

But notwithftanding thismif-ghefling,I proceeded on with my trial in
a dark room, and, having two holes near one another, I was able, by
placing my Wedges againft them. to mix the ting'd Rays that paft through
them, and fell on a fheet of white Paper held at a convenient diftance
from them as I pleas'd , fb that I could make the Paper appear of what
Colour I wouldjby varying the thicknefles of theWedges,and confequent-
ly the tincture of the Rays that paft through the two holes, and fome-
times alfb by varying the Paper, that is, infteed of a white Paper, holding
a gray, or a black piece of Paper.

Whence I experimentally found what I had before imagind, that all
the varieties of colours imaginable are produe'd from feveral degrees of
thefe two colours, namely. Yellow and Blue, or the mixture of them
with light and darknefs, that is, white and black. And all thofe alrnoft
infinite varieties which Limners and Painters are able to make by com*-

pounding

M I CROG RAP HI A.

pounding thole fevcral colours they Jay on their Shels or Valads, are no-
thing elle, but fome f««f^«»j made up of lbme one or more, or all of
thefe four.

Now, whereas it may here again be obje&cd,that neither can the Reds
be made out of the Yellows, added together,or laid on in greater or left
quantity, nor can the Yellows be made out of the Reds though laid ne-
ver fb thin \ and as for the addition of White or Black, they do nothing
but either whiten or darken the colours to which they are added,and not
at all make them of any other kind of colour: as for inftance, Vermilion^
by being temper'd with White Lead, does not at all grow more Yellow,
but onely there is made a whiter kind of Red. Nor does Yellow Ohgr^
though laid never fo thick, produce the colour of Vermilion^ nor though
it be temper'd with Black, does it at all make a Red 5 nay, though it be
temper'd with White, it will not afford a fainter kind of Yellow, fuch as
majlicut, but onely a whiten 'd Yellow 5 nor will the Blues be diluted or
deepned after the manner I fpeak of, as Indico will never afford lb fine a
Blue as Ultramarine or Bife , nor will it5temper'd with Vermilion^ ever afc
ford a Green,though each of them be never fo much temper'd with white.

To which I anfwer,that there is a great difference between diluting a
colour and whitening of it 5 for diluting a colour, is to make the colour d
parts more thin, lb that the ting'd light, which ib made by trajecling
thofe ting'd bodies, does not receive ib deep a tin&ure but whitening
a colour is onely an intermixing of many clear reflexions of light
among the fame ting'd parts 5 deepning alio, and darkning or blacking a
colour, are very different } for deepning a colour, is to make the light
pais through a greater quantity of the fame tinging body 5 and darkning
or blacking a colour, is onely interpofing a multitude of dark or black
fpots among the lame ting'd parts, or placing the colour in a more faint
light.

Firfl: therefore,as to the former of thefe operations,that is,diluting and
deepning, moftof the colours us'd by the Limners and Painters are in-
capable of, to wit, Vermilion and Red-lead^ and O^er, becaule the ting'd
parts arefo exceeding fmall, that the mod curious Grindftones we have,
are not able to leparate them into parts actually divided fo fmall as the
ting'd particles are , for looking on the mofc curioully ground Ver-
milim^ and Oker, and Red-lead^ I could perceive that even thole fmall
Qorpnfcks of the bodies they left were compounded of many pieces, that
is, they feernd to be fmall pieces compounded of a multitude of lefler
ting'd parts : each piece teeming almoft like a piece of Red Glals,or ting'd
Cryftal all flaw'd 5 lb that unlels the Grindftone could actually divide
them into imaller pieces then thole flaw'd particles were, which com-
pounded that ting'd mote I could lee with my Micro/cope, it would be
impoffible to dilute the colour by grinding, which, becaufe the fineft we
have will not reach to do in Vermilion or O^er0 therefore they cannot at
all^ or very hardly be diluted.

Other colours indeed, whole ting'd particles are fuch as may be made
finaller, by grinding their colour, may be diluted. Thus fcveral of the

M 2 Blues

Micrograph i a.

Blues may be diluted }a$ Smalt and Bije ; and JMaJlicut^which is Yellow,may
be made more faint : And even Vermilion it felf may,',by too much grind-
ing, be brought to the colour of Red-lead, which is but an Orange colour,
which is confeft by all to be very much upon the Yellow. Now, though
perhaps fomewhat of this diluting of Vermilion by overmuch grinding
may be attributed to the Grindftone, or muller, for that fomc of their
parts may be worn off and mixt with the colour, yet there feems not ve-
ry much, for I have done it on a Serpentine-ftone with a muller made of a
Pebble, and yet obferv'd the fame effect follow.

And fecondly, as to the other of thefe operations on colours, that is,
the deepning of them. Limners and Painters colours are for the moft part
alio uncapable. For they being for the moft part opacous } and that opa-
coufnef, as I faid before, proceeding from the particles, being very much
fiaw'd. unlels we were able to joyn and re-unite thofe flaw'd particles
again into one piece, we (hall not be able to deepen the colour, which
fince we are unable to do with moft of the colours which are by Painters
accounted opacous, we are therefore unable to deepen them by adding
more of the fame kind.

Butbecaufe all thole opacous colours have two kinds of beams or Rays
reflected from them,that is,Rays unting'd, which are onely reflected from
the outward furface, without at all penetrating of the body^nd ting'd
Rays which are reflected from the inward lurfaces or flaws after they
havefufFer'd a two-fold refraction 5 and becaufe that tranfparent liquors
mixt withfuch corpufcles, do,for the moft part, take off the former kind
of reflection 5 therefore thefe colours mixt with Water or Oyl, appear
much deeper than when dry,for moft part of that white reflection from the
outward furface is remov'd. Nay, fome of thefe colours are very much
deepned by the mixture with fome tranfparent liquor, and that becaufe
they may perhaps get between thofe two Saws, and fo confequently joyn
two or more of thofe flawed pieces together , but this happens but in a
very few.

Now, tofhewthat all this is not gratis diUum, I fhall fet down fome
Experiments which do manifeft thefe things to be probable and likely,
which I have here deliver'd.

For, firft, if you take any ting d liquor whatibever, efpecially if it be
pretty deeply ting'd, and by any means work it into a froth,the congeries
of that froth (hall feem an opacous body, and appear of the fame colour,
but much whiter than that of the liquor out of which it is made. For the
abundance of reflections of the Rays againft thofe furfaces of the bubbles
of which the froth confifts, does fo often rebound the Rays backwards,
that little or no light can pafs through, and confequently the froth ap-
pears opacous.

Again, if to any of thefe ting'd liquors that will endure the boiling
there be added a fmall quantity of fine flower (the parts of which through
the Microfcope are plainly enough to be perceiv'd to confift of tranfpa-
rent corpufeks') andfuffer'd to boyl till it thicken the liquor, the maisof
the liquor will appear opacovs^nd ting'd with the lame colour3 but very
much whiten'd. Thus

MlC ROGRAPH1A

Thus, if you take a piece of tranfparcnt Glafs that is well colour d, and
by heating it, and then quenching it in Water, you flaw it all over5
ir will become opacous, and will exhibit the fame colour with which the
piece is ting cl, but fainter and whiter.

Or, if you take a Pipe of .this tranfparcnt dais, and in the flame of a
Lamp melt it, and then blow it into very thin bubbles, then break thofe
bubbles, and collect a good parcel of thole lamina together in a Paper,
you (hall find that a lmall thickneis of thofe Plates will conftitutean opa-
cous body,Jand that you may fee through the mafs of Glals before it be
thus laminated^ above four times the thicknefs : And befides, they will
now afford a colour by reflection as other opacom (as they are call'd)
colours will, but much fainter and whiter than that of the Lump or Pipe
out of which they were made.

Thus alfb,if you take rutty 3 and melt it with any tranfparent colour'd
Glafs,it will make it become an opacous colour'd lump, and to yield a pa-
ler and whiter colour than the lump by refle&ion.

1 he fame thing may be done by a preparation of Antimony , as has been
(hewn by the Learned Phyfician, Dr- C. M. in his Excellent Obfervations
and Notes on Nerfs Art of Glafs -0 and by this means all tranfparent co-
lours become opacous, or ammels. And though by being ground they lole
very much of their colour, growing much whiter by reafon of the multi-
tude of fingle reflections from their outward furface, as I fhew'd afore,
yet the fire that in the nealing or melting re-unites them, and lb re-
news thofe Jpurious reflections, removes alfo thole whitenings of the co-
lour that proceed from them.

As for the other colours which Painters ufe, which are tranfparent,and
us'd to varnilh over all other paintintings, 'tis well enough known that
the laying on of them thinner or thicker,does very much dilute or deepen
their colour.

Painters Colours therefore confuting raoft of them of (olid particles5
Co lmall that they cannot be either re-united into thicker particles by
any Art yet known,and confequently cannot be deepned 3 or divided in-
to particles lb fmall as the flaw'd particles that exhibit that colour, much
lefs into fmaller,and confequently cannot be diluted 5 It is necellary that
they which are to imitate all kinds of colours, ftiould have as many de-
grees of each colour as can be procurd.

And to thispurpofe, both Limners and Painters have a very great va-
riety both of Yellows and Blues, befides feveral other colour'd bodies
that exhibit very compounded colours, fuch as Greens and Purples } and
others that are compounded of feveral degrees of Yellow, or feveral de-
grees of Blue, (bmetimes unmixt, and fometimes compounded with le-
veral other colour'd bodies.

The Yellows,*' from the paleft to the deepeft Red or Scarlet, which
has no intermixture of Blue , are pale and deep Maflicut, Orpament,
Englijh Oker, brown Okgr, Red Lead, and Vermilion, burnt Englifo Okgr,
and burnt brown Okgr, which laft have a mixture of dark or dirty parts
withtheaij^. .

Their

MlCROGRAPHIA.

Their Blues are feveral kinds of Smalts, and Verditures, and Bifi, and
Vhramarine, and Jndico, which laft has many dirty or dark parts inter-
mixt with it.

Their compounded colour'd bodies, as F/#4, and Verdigrefe, which are
Greens, the one a Popingay, the other a Sea-green 3 then £<*c,which is a
very lovely Purple.

To which may be added their Black and White, which they alio
ufually call Colours, of each of which they have feveral kinds, filch as
Bone Blacl^, made of Ivory burnt in a dole Veflel, and Bine Blach^, made
of the fmall coal of Willow, or fome other Wood 5 and CuUens earthy
which is a kind of brown Black, &c. Their ufual Whites are either ar-
tificial or natural White Lead, the laft of which is the beft they yet have,
and with the mixing and tempering thefe colours together, are they able
to make an imitation of any colour whatfoever : Their Reds or deep
Yellows, they can dilute by mixing pale Yellows with them, and deepen
their pale by mixing deeper with them 3 for it is not with Opacous co-
lours as it is with tranfparent, whereby adding more Yellow to yellow5
it is deepned, but in opacous diluted. They can whiten any colour by mix-
ing White with it, and darken any colour by mixing Black, or fome dark
and dirty colour. And in a word, moft of the colours, or colour'd
bodies they ufe in Limning and Painting, are fuch, as though mixtwith
any other of their colours, they prelerve their own hue, and by being in
fuch very final parts dilpers'd through the other colour'd bodies, they
both, or altogether reprefent to the eye a compojitum o£ all 3 the eye be-
ing unable, by reafon of their fmalnefs, to diftinguifti the peculiarly co-
lour'd particles, but receives them as one intire compojitum : whereas in
many of thefe, the Microfcope very eafily diftinguifties each of the com-
pounding colours diftincl:, and exhibiting its own colour.

Thus have I by gently mixing Vermilion and Bife dry, produe'd a very
fine Purple,or mixt colour ,but looking on it with the Microfcope, I could
eafily diftinguifti both the Red and the Blue particles, which did not at
all produce the Vhantafm of Purple.

To fumm up all therefore in a word, I have not yet found any folid
colour d body,that I have yet examin'd,perfecl:ly opacous 5 but thofethat
are leaft tranfparent are Metalline and Mineral bodies, whole particles ge-
nerally, feeming either to be very fmall, or very much flaw'd, appear
for the moft part opacous, though there are very few of them that I have
look'd on with a Mkrofeope, that have not very plainly or circumftanti-
ally manifefted themfelves tranfparent.

And indeed, there feem to be fo few bodies in the world that are in
minimis opacous, that I think one may make it a rational §>nery, Whether
there be any body abfolutely thus opacous ? For I doubt not at all (and I
have taken notice of very many circumftances that make me of this
mind) that could we very much improve the Mkrofeope, we might be
able to fee all thofe bodies very plainly tranfparent, which we now are
fain onely to ghefs at by circumftances. Nay , the Object Glafies we
yet make ufe of are fuch, that they make many tranfparent bodies to the

eye?

Micrograph! a. 79

feyc,feem tpacous through them,which if \vc widen the Aperture a little,
and caftmore light on the object.^ and not charge the Glatles fo deep,
will again dilclofe their tranfparency.

Now, as for all kinds of colours that are diflol vable in Water,or other *
liquors, there is nothing fo manifeft, as that all thofe ting'd liquors are i
transparent y and many of them are capable of being diluted and. com-
pounded ormixt with other colours, and divers of them are capable of
being very much chang'd and heightned, and fixt with feveral kinds of
Saline menftrunms. Others of them upon compounding, deftroy or vi-
tiate each others colours, and precipitate, or otherwife very much alter
each others tin&ui e. In the true ordering and diluting^ and deepning,
and mixing, and fixing of each of which, confifts one of the greateftmy-
fteries of the Dyers $ of which parti culars,becaufe our Microfcope affords
us very little information,! lhall add nothing more at prefent but onely
that with a very few tinctures order'd and mixt after certain ways, too
long to be here let down, 1 have been able to make an appearance of all
the various colours imaginable, without at all ufing the help of Salts, or
Saline ntenjlruums to vary them.

As for the mutation of Colours by Saline menfiruunts, they have al-
ready been fb fully and excellently handled by the lately mention'd In-
comparable Anthonrfhix I can add nothing,but that of a multitude of tri-
als that I made, I have found them exactly to agree with his Rules and
Theories 5 and though there may be infinite inftances, yet may they be
redue'd under a few Heads, and compris'd within a very few Rules. And
generally I find, that Salwe menjirunms are moft operative upon thofe
colours that are Purple, or have ibme degree of Purple in them, and up-
on the other colours much lefs. The fturious pulfes that compofe which,
being (as 1 formerly noted) fo very neer the middle between the true
ones, that a (mall variation throws them both to one fide, or both to the
other, and fo confequently muft make a vaft mutation in the formerly ap-
pearing Colour.

Obferv. X h Of Figures obfirvJ in fmall Sand,

SAnd generally feems to be nothing elfe but exceeding fmall Pebble^
or at leaft fome very fmall parcels of a bigger ftone 5 the whiter kind
feems through the Microfcope to confift of fmall tranfparent pieces of fome
pellucid body, each of them looking much like a piece of Alum, or Salt
Gw^and this kind of Sand is angled for the moft partirregularly,without
any certain fhape,and the granules of it are for the moft part flaW'd,though
amongft many of them it is not difficult to find fome that are perfectly
pellucid, like a piece of clear Cryftal, and divers likewife moft curioufly
(hap'd, much after the manner of the bigger Stirie of Cryftal, or like the
fmall Diamants I obferv'd in certain Flints, of which I (hall by and by re-
late 5 which laft particular feefltf ro argue, that thi? kind of Sand is not

made

Ml CROGRAP Hi A.

made by the comminution of greater tranfparent Cryftaline bodies, but
by the concretion or coagulation of Water,or lome other Huid body.

There are other kinds of courfer Sands, which are browner, and have
. their particles much bigger thefe, view'd with a Microfcope> feem much
courfer and more opacous fubftances,and molt of them are of lome irregu-
larly rounded Figures 5 and though they feem not lb opacous as to the
naked eye, yet they feem very foul and cloudy, but neither do thefe want
eurioully tranfparent, no more than they do regularly figur d and well
colour d particles, as I have often found.

There are multitudes of other kinds of Sands, which in many partial-
lars,plainly enough ducoverable by the Micro/cope 0d\fter both from thefe
laft mention'd kinds of Sands, and from one another : there feeming to be
as great variety of Sands,as there is of Stones. And as amongft Stones feme
arecall'd precious from their excellency, fo alfo are there Sands which
deferve the lame Epithite for their beauty 5 for viewing a fmall parcel of
Eafi-India Sand (which was given me by my highly honoured friend, Mr.
Daniel ColvealT) and, fince that, another parcel, much of the lame kind,
I found feveral of them, both very tranfparent like precious Stones, and
regularly figur' d like Cryftal, Cornijli Diamants, fome Rubies, &c. and
alfo ting'd with very lively and deep colours, like Rnbys, Saphyrs, Eme*
raids ,&c. Thefe kinds of granulsl have often found alio in Engli/h Sand.
And 'tis eafie to make fuch a counterfeit Sand with deeply ting'd Glals,
Enamels and Painters colours.

It were endlefs to defcribe the multitudes of Figures I have met with
in thefe kind of minute bodies, fuch as Sphericalfivdl.JPyramidal, Conical,
Trifmaticaly of each of which kinds I have taken notice.

But amongft many others, I met with none more obfervable than this
pretty Shell (deferibed in the Figure X. of the fifth Scheme) which,
though as it was light on by chance, deferv'd to have been omitted (I
being unable to direct any one to find the like) yet for its rarity was it not
inconfiderable, especially upon the account of the information it may
afford us. For by it we have a very good inftance of the curiofity of Na-
ture in another kind of Animals which are remov'd, by realbn of their
minutenels,beyond the reach of our eyes$ lb that as there are feveral forts
of Infe&s, as Mites, and others,lb fmall as not yet to have had any names 5
(lome of which I fhall afterwards defcribe) and fmall Fifties, as Leeches
in Vineger 5 and lmal vegetables, as Mols, and Rofe-Leave-plants ■> and
lmall Mulhroms, as mould : fo are there, it feems, finall Shel-filh like-
wife, Nature Ihewing her curiofity in every Tribe of Animals, Vege-
tables, and Minerals.

I was trying feveral fmall and fingle Magnifying Clafles, and calually
viewing a parcel of white Sand, when I perceiv'd one of the grains exaclly
(hap'd and wreath'd like a Shell, but endeavouring to diftiaguifli it with
my naked eye,it was lb very fmall,that I was fain again to make ufe of the
Glals to find it , then,whileft I thus look'd on it, with a Pin I feparated all
the reft of the granules of Sand,and found it afterwards to appear to the
naked eye an exceeding lmall white Ipot, no bigger than the point of a

f

MlCROGR APHIA. 8l

Pin. Afterwards I view'd it every way with abetter Microjlope^nd found
it on both fides, and edge- ways, to refcmble the Shell of a fmall Water* *
Snail with a flat fpiral Shell : it had twelve wreathings, a?by Cyd, e, &c.
all very proportionally growing one lefs than another toward the
middle or centerof the Shell, where there was a very fmalirburid white
fpot. I could not certainly dilcovcr whether the Shell were hollow or H
not, but it feem'd fill'd with fomcwhat, and tis probable that it might
be petrify d as other larger Shels often, are, fuch as are meritioridinthe
feventeenth obfcrvation.

coriwoj ytflin .3 to znuoilvtR ot nhiijp - abifa iivr.3l rjli ,ii b
r — i — I —

Obfcrv. -XII. Of Gravel in Vrine.

-Hail often obferv'd tlieSand or travel of Urine J wljich feems to be
a tartareous fubftance, generated out of a Saline and a terrejlrial mb-
itance cryftalli&d together, in the form of Tartar, ibmetimes fticking up
the fides of the VmnL, but for the mod part finking to the bottom^ an!
there lying in the form of coorfe common Sand 5 thefe, through the Mi-
-m?/2ape/appear to be a company of fmall bodies3partly tranfparent, and
partly ■ ep aeons > fome White, fome Yellow, fome Red, others of mor«
brown and dulkie colours,

The Figure of them is for the moft part flat, in the manner of Slats, or
fuch like plated Stones,that is,each of them feemto be made up of feve*-
ral other thinner Plates, much like Mvfiovie Glafsyox EngUJIi Sparr^to the
laft of which, the white plated Gravel fecms moil: likely 5 for they feem
not onely plated like that, but their fides fhap'd alio into Rhombs, Rhom-
boeids^ud fometimes into Reef angles and Jquares.Thar bignefs and Figure
may be feen in the fecond Ftgure of the fixth Plate^whlch reprcfents about
' 0 dozen of them lying upon a plate ABC D,fome of which, as a, b, c, d}
feemd more regular than the reft, and e9 which was a fmall one, (lick-
ing on the top of another, was a perfect Rhomboeid on the top, and had
four Rett angular fides.

The line E which was the meafure of the Microfcope, is fa part of aa
Englijh Inch, fo that the greateft bredth of any of them, exceeded not
vis part of an Inch.

Putting thefe into feveral liquors, I found 0)1 of Vitriol, Spirit of
£Jn»«,and feveral other Saline rnenflruums to difiolve them} and the firft
of thefe in lefs than a minute without E/w//z//0#,Water,and feveral other
liquors, had no fudden operation upon them. This I mention, becaufe
thofe liquors that difiolve them, firft make them very white, not vitiating,
but rather rectifying their Figure, and thereby make them afford a very
pretty object for the Microfcope.

How great an advantage it would be to fuch as are troubled with the
Stone, to find fome menfirnum that might diflblve them without hurting
the Bladder,is cafily imagin'd, fince fome injeUions made of fuch bodies
might likewife diffolvethe ftone, which feems much of the fame nature,

N It

82 MlCROGRAPHIA.

It may therefore, perhaps, be worthy fome Phyficians enquiry, whether
c there may not be fomething mixt with the Urine in which the Gravel
or Stone lies, which may again make it diffolve it, the firftof which feems
by it's regular Figures to have been fometimes Cryftaliizd out of it. For
whether this Cryfial/ization be made in the manner as Alum, Pctcrfrc. are
> cryftallized out of a cooling liquor, in which, by boyling they have been
diifolv d 5 or whether it be made in the manner otTartarum Vttrtolatnm%
that is, by the Coalition of an acid and a Sulphureous lubftance, it feems
not impoffible,but that the liquor it lies in,may be again made a diplvent
of it. But leaving thefe inquiries to Phyficians or Chymifts, to whom
it does more properly belong, I (hall proceed.

— —

Obfcrv. XIII. Of the fmall Dhmznts, or Sparks in Flints.

c

Hancing to break a Flint ftone in pieces, I found within it a certain
_j cavity all crufted over with a very pretty candied lubftance, fome
of the parts of which, upon changing the pofture of the Stone, inrefpeft
of the Incident light, exhibited a number of fmall, but very vivid re-
flections} and having made ufe of my Micro/cope, I could perceive the
whole furface of that cavity to be all befet with a multitude of little
Cryftaline or Adamantine bodies, fo curioufly fhap'd, that it afforded a
not unpleafing object.

Having confidered thofe vivid repercujfions of light,! found them to be
made partly from the plain external furface of thefe regularly figured
bodies (which afforded the vivid reflections) and partly to be made
from within the fome what pellucid body, that is,from fome furface of the
body,oppofite to that fuperficies of it which was next the eye.

And becaufe thefe bodies were fo fmall, that I could not well come to
make Experiments and Examinations of them, I provided me feveral
fmall Jiiria of Cryftals or Diamants, found in great quantities in Corn-
jealUnd are therefore commonly called Cornijh Diamants: thefe being
very pellucid^ and growing in a hollow cavity of a Hock (as I have been
feveral times informed by thofe that have obferv'dthem) much after the
fame manner as thefe do in the Flint; and having befides their outward
furface very regularly fhap'd, retaining very near the fame Figures with
fome of thofe I obferv'd in the other, became a convenient help to me for
the Examination of the proprieties of thofe kinds of bodies.

And firft for the Reflections j in thefe I found it very obfervable, That
the brighteft reflections of light proceeded from within the/> el/ucidbody : $
that is, that the Rays admitted through the pellucid fubftance in their
getting out on the oppofite fide, were by the contiguous and ftrongre-
fiefting furface of the Air very vividly reflected, fo that more Rays were
reflected to the eye by this furface, though the Ray in entring and getting
out of the Cryftal had fuffer'd a double refraction, than there were from
the outward furface of the Glafs where the Ray had fuffer'd no reflradtion
at all. And

Sdltf:VU

FlJ: 1

MlCROGRAPHi A.

And that this was the furface of the Air that gave fo vivid a re-pcrcuf-
fion I try'd by this means. I iiink half of a jliria in Water, Co that only
Water was contiguous to the under furface, and then the internal re-
flection wasfo exceedingly faint, that it was fcarce difcernable. Again,
[ try'd to alter this vivid reflection by keeping off the Air, with a body
not fluid, and that was by rubbing and holding my finger very hard
againft the under furface, fo as in many places the pulp of my finger did
touch the Glafs, without any interjacent air between 3 then obfcrving the
reflection, I found,that wqei efbever my linger or fkin toucht the furface,
from that part there was no reflection, but in the little furrows or creafes
of my fkin, where there rcmain'd little fmall lines of air,from them was
return'd a very vivid reflection as before. I try'd furtherjby making the
furface of very pure Quickfilver to be contiguous to the under furface
of this pellucid body, and then the reflection from that was fo exceeding-
ly more vivid than from the air, as the reflection from air was than
the reflection from the Water, from all which trials I plainly faw, that
the ftrong reflecting air was the caufe of this rhtnomenon.

And this agrees very well with the Mypotbefs of light and Tellucidbo-
dies which I have mention'd in the defer iption of Mufiovy-glajs'^ for we
there fuppofe Glafs to be a medium >wh\ch does lefs refift the pulfe of light,
and confequently,that moft of the Rays incident on it enter into it,and are
refracted towaras the perpendicular whereas the air I fuppofe to be a
body that does more refift it, and confequently more are re-percufs dxhtri
do enter it : the fame kind of trials have I made, with Cryjial/ine Glafi,
with drops of fluid bodies, and feveral other ways,which do all feem to
agree very exactly with this Theory. So that from this Principle well efta-
blifh'd, we may deduce feverall Corollaries not unworthy obfervation.

And the firftis, that it plainly appears by this, that the production of
the Rainbow is as much to be afcribed to the reflection of the concave
furface of the air, as to the refraction of the Globular drops : this will be
evidently manifeft by thefe Experiments, if you foliate that part of a
Glafs-ball that is to reflect an Iris, as in the Cartejian Experiment, above
mention'd, the reflections will be abundantly more ftrong, and the co-
lours more vivid : and if that part of the furface be touch'd with Watet,
fcarce affords any fenfible colour at all.

Next we learn, that the great reafbn why pellucid bodies beaten fmall
are white, is from the multitude of reflections, not from the particles of
the body, but from the contiguous furface of the air. And this is evident-
ly manifefted, by filling the Interjlitia of thofe powder 'd bodies with
Water, whereby their whitenefs prefently difappears. From the fame
reafbn proceeds the whitenefs of many kinds of Sands, which in the Mi-
crofcope appear to be made up of a multitude of little pellucid bodies,
whole brighteft reflections may by the Microfiope be plainly perceiv'd
to come from their internal furfaces and much of the whitenefs of it may
be deftroy'd by the aflufion of fair Water to be contiguous to thofe
lurfaces.

The whitenefs alfb of froth, is for the moft part to be afcribed to the

N 2 reflection

Ml CROGRAPHIA.

reflection of the light from the furface of the air within the Bubbles,and
very little to the reflection from the furface of the Water it felf : for this
laft reflection does not return a quarter fo many Rays, as that which is
made from the furface of the air,as I have certainly found by a multitude
of Obfervations and Experiments.

The whitcnefs of Linnen, Paper , Sil^ &c. proceeds much from the
fame reafon., as the Microjcope will eafily difcover -0 for the Paper is made
up of an abundance o{ pellucid bodies, which afford a very plentifull re-
flection from within, that is, from the concave furface of the air contigu-
ous to its component particles } wherefore by the affufion of Water, Oyl,
Tallow,Turpentine,^c. all thofe reflections are made more faint, and the
beams of light are fufFer'd to trajedt & run through the Paper more freely.

Hence further we may learn the reafon of the whitenefs of many bo-
dies, and by what means they may be in part made pellucid: As white
Marble for inftance, for this body is compofed of a pellucid body ex-
ceedingly flaw'd, that is, there are abundance of thin, and very fine
cracks or chinks amongft the multitude of particles of the body,that con-
tain in them fmall parcels of air, which do fo re-percufand drive back the
penetrating beams, that they cannot enter very deep within that body,
which the Microfcope does plainly inform us to be made up of a Congeries
of pellucid particles. And I further found it fomewhat more evidently by
fome attempts I made towards the making tranfparent Marble, for by
heating the Stone a little, and foaking it in Oyl, Turpentine, Oyl of Tur-
pentine,e£v , I found that I was able to fee much deeper into the body of
Marble then before 5 and one trial, which was not with an unctuous lub-
ftance,fucceeded better than the reft, of which, when I have a better op-
portunity, I {hall make further trial. •

This alfo gives us a probable reafon of the fo much admired Pheno-
mena, of the Oculus Mundi^ an oWftone, which commonly looks like
white Alabafter, but being laid a certain time in Water, it grows pellucid^
and tranfparent, and being furTer'd to lie again dry, it by degrees lofes
that tranfparency, and becomes white as before. For the Stone being of
a hollow fpongie nature, has in the firft and laft of thefe appearances, all
thofe pores fill'd with the obtunding and reflecting air 5 whereas in the
fecond, all thofe pores are fill'd with a medium that has much the fame
refraction with the particles of the Stone, and therefore thofe two being
contiguous 1 make,as 'twere, one continued medium , of which more is laid
in the 15. Objervation.

There are a multitude of other Phrfnomena^hat are produe'd from this
fame Principle,jwhich as it has not been taken notice of by any yet that I
know, fo I think, upon more diligent obfervation, will it not be found the
leaft considerable. But I have here onely time to hint Hypothefes, and not
to profecute them fo fully as I could wifh 5 many of them having a vaft
extent in the production of a multitude of Phenomena^ which have been
by others,either not attempted to be explain'd, or elfe attributed to fome
other caufe than what I have affign'd, and perhaps than the right $ and
therefore I fhall leave this to the profecution of fuch as have more leifure :

onely

Micrograph! a-

onely before I lenve it, I muft not pretermit to hint, that by this Priri-
ciple, multitudes of the Phenomena oi the air,as about Mifls, Clouds ^Me-
teors,Haloes^c. are nioft plainly and (perhaps) truly explicable, multi-
tudes alio of the rh<cnomena in colour'd bodies, asliquors, &c. are de-
duciblefromit.

And from this I fhall proceed to a fecond confiderable Phenomenon
which thefe Diamants exhibit, and that is the regularity of their Figure y
which is a propriety not lefs general than the former 3 It comprifing with-
in its extent, all kinds of Metals, all kinds of Minerals .moft Precious Jiones,
all kinds of «y^/,multitudes of Earths^nd almoft all kinds offluid bodies.
And this is another propiety, which, though a little fuperficially taken
notice of by fome, has nor, that I know, been fomuch as attempted to
be explicated by any.

This propriety of bodies,as I think it the moft worthy, and next in or-
der to be confider'd after the contemplation of the Globular Figure, fo
have I long had a defire as wel as a determination to have profecuted it if I
had had an opportunity ,having long fince propos'd to my felf the method
of my enquiry therein, it Containing all the allurements that I think any
enquiry is capable of: For,firft I take it to proceed from the moft fimple
principle that any kind of form can come from, next the Globular, which
was therefore the firft I fet upon, and what I have therein perform'd, I
leave the Judicious Reader to determine. For as that form proceeded
from a propiety of fluid bodies, which I have call'd Congruity, or incon-
gruity^ fo I think, had I time and opportunity, I could make probable,
that all thefe regular Figures that are lb confpicuoudy various and curi-
ous,and do fo adorn and beautifie fuch multitudes of bodies, as I have
above hinted,arife onely from three or four feveral pofitions or poftures
of Globular particles,and thofe the moft plain,obvious, and neceftary con-
junctions of fuch figur'd particles that are poflible, fo that fuppoling fuch
and fuch plain and obvious caufes concurring the coagulating particles
muft neceflafily compofe a body of fuch a determinate regular Figure,
and no other 5 and this with as much neceflity and obvioufnefs as a fluid
body encompaft with a Heterogeneous fluid muft be protruded into a
Spherule or Globe. And this I have ad oculum demonftated with a com-
pany of bullets,and fome few other very fimple bodies } fb that there was
not any regular Figure, which I have hitherto met withall, of any of thofe
bodies that I have above named, that I could not with the compofition of *
bullets or globules, and one or two other bodies, imitate, even almoft
by fhaking them together. And thus for inftance may we find that the
Globular bullets will of themfelves,if put on an inclining plain/o that they
may^run together, naturally run into a triangular order, compofingall
the variety of figures that can be imagin'd to be made out of equilateral
triangles , and fuch will you find,upon trial,all the furfaces of Alum to be
compos'd of: For three bullets lying on a plain, as clofe to one another as
they can cpmpofe an cequilatero-triangular form, as in A in the 7. Scheme.
If a fourth be joyn'd to them on either fide as clofely as it can, they four
compofj the moft regular Rhombus confifting of two aquilatefaitrianglesy

as

MlCROGRAPHiA

as B. If a fifth be joyn'd to them on either fide in as clofe a pofition as it
can, which is the propriety of theTextnrejt makes a Trapezium, or four-
fided Figure, two of whole angles are 120. and two 60. degrees, as C.
If a fixth be added, as before, either it makes an aquilateral triangle,^ D,
or a Rhomboeid, as E, or an Hex-angular Figure, as F, which is com-
pos'd of two primary Rhombes. If a fevcnth be added, it makes either
an £quilatero-hexagonal Figure , as C, or fome kind of fix-fidcd Fi-
gure, as H, or I. And though there be never fo many placed together,
they may be rang'd into fome of thefe lately mentioned Figures, all the
angles of which will be either 60. degrees, or 120. as the figure K.
which is an equiangular hexagonal Figure is compounded of 1 2. Globules,
or may be of 2 5, or 27, or 36, or 42, &c. and by thefe kinds of texture,
or pofition of globular bodies5may you find out all the variety of regular
lhapes, into which the fmooth furfaces otAlum are form'd, as upon ex-
amination any one may eafily find nor does it hold only in fuperficies,but
in folidity alfo.for it's obvious that a fourth Globule laid upon the third in
this texture, compofes a regular Tetrahedron, '.'which is a very umal Figure
of the Cryftals of Alum. And (to haften) there is no one Figure into which
Alum is obferv d to be cryftallized, but may by this texture of Globules
be imitated, and by no other.

I could inftance alfo in the Figure o{Sea-falt,and Sal-gem,thzt it is-com-
pos'd of a texture of Globules, placed in a cubical form, as L, and that all
the Figures ofthofe Salts may be imitated by this texture of Globules, znd
by no other whatfoever. And that the forms o{ Vitriol zndoi Salt-Peter,
as alfo of Cryftal,Hore-frofi,&c. are compounded of thefe two textures,
but modulated by certain proprieties : But I have not here time to in-
fift upon, as I have not neither to ihew by what means Globules come to
be thus context, and what thofe Globules are, and many other particulars
requifite to a full and intelligible explication of th* propriety of bodies.
Nor have I hitherto found indeed an opportunity of profecuting the in-
quiry fo farr as I defign d 5 nor do I know when I may, it requiring abun-
dance of time, and a great deal of afliftance to go through with what I
defign'd j the model of which was this :

Firft,to get as exacl: and full a colle&ion as I could, of all the differing
kinds of Geometrical figur'd bodies, fome three or four feveral bodies of
each kind.

Secondly, with them to get as exad a Hiftory as pofiibly I could learn
of their places of Generation or finding, and to enquire after as many
circumftances that tended to the Illuftrating of this Enquiry, as pofiibly
I could obferve.

Thirdly, to make as many trials as upon experience I could find re-
quifite,in Diflblutions and Coagulations of feveral cryftallizing Salts j'fbr
the needfull inftru&ion and information in this Enquiry.

Fourthly, to make feveral trials on divers other bodies, as Metals,
Minerals, and Stones, by diflblving them in feveral Menjlruums, and
cryftalizing them, to fee what Figures would arife from thofe feveral
Compofitums.

Fifthly,

MiCROORAPHlA. 87

Fitfthly, to make Com portions and Coagulations of fevcral Salts to*
gethcr into the fame mafs, to obferve of what Figure the product of
them would be 5 and in all, to note as many circumftances as I fhould
judge conducive to my Enquiry.

Sixthly, to enquire the cloleneG or rarity of the texture of thefe bo-4
dies, by examining their gravity, and their refradriori, ]&t.

Seventhly, to enquire particularly what operations the fire has upon
feveral kinds of Salts, what changes it caufes in their Figures, Textures^
or Energies.

Eighthly, to examine their manner of diflolution, or acting uponthofe
bodies dilioluble in them \ The texture of thofe bodies before and after
theprocefs. And this for the Hiftory.

Next for the Solution, To have examin'd by what, and how many
means, fuch and fuch Figures, actions and effects could be produc'd
pollibly.

And laftly, from all circumftances Well weigh'd, I fhould have endea*
voured to have (hewn which of them was moft likely, and (if the infor-
mations by thefe Enquiries would have born it) to have demonftrated
which of them it muft be, and was.

But to proceed. As I believe it next to the Globular the moft fimple $
lb do I, in the fecond place, judge it not lefs plcafant , for that which
makes an Enquiry pleafant, are, firft a noble Inventnm that promifes to
crown the fuccekfull endeavour j and fuch muft certainly the knowledge
of the efficient and concurrent caufes of all thefe curious Geometrical
Figures be, which has made the Philofophers hitherto to conclude nature
in thefe things to play the Geometrician, according to that faying of
Plato3 *o Qih >«WJpH. Or next, a great variety of matter in theEnqui*
ry 5 and here we meet with nothing left than the Mathematicks of nature,
having every day a new Figure to contemplate,or a variation of the fame
in another body.

Which do afford us a third thing, which will yet more fweeten the En*
quiry,and that is,a multitude of information 5 we are not fo much to grope
in the dark, as in moft other Enquiries, where the Inventum is great } for
having fuch a multitude of inftances to compare, and fuch eafie ways of
g€iierating,or compounding and of deftroyingthe form,as in the Solution
and Cryjlallization of Salts, we cannot but learn plentifull information to
proceed by. And this will further appear from the univerfality of the
Principle which Nature has made ufe of almoft in all inanimate bodies.
And therefore, as the contemplation of them all conduces to the know-
ledg of any one j fo from a Scientihcal knowledge of any one does follow
the fame of all, and every one.

And fourthly, for the ufefulnels! of this knowledge, when acquir'd,
certainly none can doubt, that confiders that it Caries us a ftep for-
ward into the Labirinth of Nature, in the right Way towards the end
we propofe our felves in all Philofophical Enquiries. So that know*
ing what is the form of Inanimate or Mineral bodies, we (hall be the
better able to proceed in our next Enquiry after the forms of Vegeta-
tive

Ml CROGRAP HIA.

tive bodies h and laft of all, of Animate ones, that feeming to be the
higheft ftep of natural knowledge that the mind of man is capable of.

" ' ■ ■ ''^) _7'-jj! ,i 1 "

Obferv. XIV. Of fever al kinJes of frozen Figures.

I Have very often in a Morning, when there has been a great hoar-freft^
with an indifferently magnifying Microscope, obferv'd the jmall Stiris,
or Cryftalline beard, which then ufually covers the face of moft bodies
(hat lie open to the cold air, and found them to be generally Hexangnlar
prifmatical bodies, much like the long Cryftals of Salt-peter, faveonely
that the ends of them were differing : for whereas thofe of Nitre are for
the moft part pyramidal, being terminated either in a point or edge 5
thefeof Froft were hollow, and the cavity in fome feem'd pretty deep,
and this cavity was, the more plainly to be feen, becaufe ufually one or
other of the fix parallelogram fides was wanting, or at lead much fhorter
then the reft.

But this was onely the Figure of the Bearded hoar-frofi 5 and as for the
particles of other kinds of hoar-frojis, they feem'd for the moft part irre-
gular, or of no certain (Figure. Nay, the parts of thofe curious branch*
ings, or vortices, that ufually in cold weather tarnifh the furface of
Clafs, appear through the Microfcope very rude and unfhapen, as do
moft other kinds of frozen Figures, which to the naked eye fecm exceed*
ing neat and curious, fuchasthe Figures of Snow, frozen Vrine, Hail^
feveral figures frozen in common Water,d°r. Som,e Obfervations of each
of which I (hall hereunto annex, becaufe if well confider'4 and ex«-
ami'nd, they may, perhaps, prove very inftrucfive for the finding out of
what I have endeavoured in the preceding Obfervation to fhew, to be
(next the Globular figure which is caus'd by congruity, as I hope I have
made probable in the fixth Obfervation) the moft fimple and plain opera-
tion of Nature, of which, notwithftanding we are yet ignorant.

107 r 3t^T9 «Ji WKl'v. 'jfli 'J73X1W rttVltiJOnS 13X110 310.71 III 2fi ,2il£D9nl fll

I.

Several Obfervables in the fix-branched Figures forrrid on the fur*
face of Urine by freezing.

sdm. 9. . I The Figures were all frozen almoft «ven with the furface of the
Fig.'i. Urine intheVeflel, but the bigger ftems were a little prominent above
that furface, and the parts of thofe ftems which were neareft the center
( a ) were biggeft above the furface.

2 I have obferv'd feveral kinds of thefe Figures, fome fmaller, no big-
ger then a Two-pence, others fo bigg, that I have by meafure found one
of its ftems or branches above four foot long j and of thefe, fome were
pretty round, having all their branches pretty eeer alike 3 other of them
were more extended towards one fide, tas ufually thofe very large ones

were

88

Ml CROG RAPHIA.

were, which I have obferv'd in Ditches which have been full of foul
water.

3 None of all thefe Figures I have yet taken notice of, had any regu-
lar pofition in refpect of one another, or of the fides of the Veficl ; nor
did I find any of them equally to exa&neft extended every way from
the center a.

4 Where ever there was a center,the branchings from it, abzac^ad^
a e, a f, agi were never fewer, or more then fix, which ufually concurr'd,
or met one another very neer in the fame point or center, a $ though
oftentimes not exafrly j and were enclin'd to each other by an angle, of
very necr fixty degrees, I fay, very neer, becaufe, though having en-
deavoured to meafure them the moft acurately I was able, with the
largeft Compafles I had: I could not find any fenfible variation from that
meafure, yet the whole fix-branched Figure feeming to compofe a fblid
angle, they muft neceflarily be fomewhat lefs.

5 The middle lines or items of thefe branches, ab, a c, ad, ae, af,agy
feem'd fomewhat whiter, and a little higher then any of the intermediate
branchings of thefe Figures 5 and the center a, was the moft prominent
part of the whole Figure, feeming the apex of a folid angle ox pyramid,
each of the fix plains beinga little enclin'd below the furface of the Vrin.

6 The lateral branchings ifluing out of the great ones, fuch as 0 p,
t* q, &c. were each of them inclined to the great ones, by the fame angle
of about fixty degrees,as the great ones were one to another, and always
the bigger branchings were prominent above the lefs, and the lefs above
the leaft, by proportionate gradations.

7 The lateral branches fhooting out of the great ones, went all of them
from the center., and each of them was parallel to that great branchy next
to which it lay ^ fo that as all the branches on one fide were parallel to
one another, fo were they all of them to the approximate great branch,
as p o3 q r, as they were parallel to each other,and (hot from the center,
fo were they parallel alfo to the great branch a b.

8 Some of the Items of the fix branches proceeded ftraight, and of a
thicknefs that gradually grew fharper towards the end, as ag.

9 Others of the items of thofe branches grew bigger and knotty to-
wards the middle, and the branches alfo as well as ftems, from Cylinders
grew into Plates, in a moft admirable and curious order, fo exceeding re-
gular and delicate, as nothing could be more, as is vifible in ab,ac,a d,
a e, af, but towards the end of fome of thefe ftems, they began again to
grow fmallerandto recover their former branchings, as about y^and n.

10 Many of the lateral branches had collateral branches (if I may fb
call them) as q m had many fuch as / 1, and moft of thofe again fub-
collateral, as v w; and thefe again had others lefs, which one may call U-
terofubcollateral, and thefe again others, and they others, &c. in greater
Figures.

1 1 The branchings of the main Stems joyn'd not together by any re-

fular line,nor did one fide of the one lie over the other fide or the other,
ut the fmall collateral and fnbcollateral branches did He at top of one

O another

JO M I C R O G R A P H I A«

another according to a certain order or method, which I always obferv'd
to be this.

12 That fide of a collateral or fubcollateral^ 8cc. branch, lay over the
fide of the approximate (as the feathers in the wing of* a Bird) whofe
branchings proceeded parallel to the laft biggeft ftem from which it
fprung,and not to the biggeft ftem of all, unlefs that were a fecond ftem
backwards.

1 3 This rule that held in the branchings of the sexangular Figure held
alfo in the branchings of any other great or fmall ftem, though it did
not proceed from a center.

14 The exa&nefs and curiofity of the figuration of thefe branches,
was in every particular fo tranfeendent, that I judge it almoft impoflible
for humane art to imitate.

1 5 Tafting feveral cleer pieces of this Ic c0 I could not find any Vrin~
ous tafte in them, butthofe few I rafted, feem'das injipidas water.

16 A figuration (bmewhat like this, though indeed in lome particu-
lars much more curious, I have feveral times obferv'd in regufot martis
ftellatus^ but with this difference, that all the ftems and branchings arc
bended in a moft excellent and regular order, whereas in tee the ftems
and branchings are ftreight, but in all other particulars it agrees with
this, and feems indeed nothing but one of thefe ftars,or branched Figures
frozen on Vrine^ diftorted, or wreathed a little, with a certain propor-
tion : Lead alio that has Arfenick^ and Ibrne other things mixt with it, I
have found to have its lurface, when fuffer'd to cool, figured (bmewhat
like the branchings of Vrine^ but much fmaller.

17 But there is a Vegetable which does exceedingly imitate thefe
branches, and that is, Feam, where the main ftem may be obferv'd to
(hoot out branches, and the ftems of each of thefe lateral branches, to
lend forth collateral^ and thofe jubcollatcral, and thofe latero fubcollate-
ral} &c. and all thofe much after the fame order with the branchings, di-
vifions, and fubdivifions in the branchings of thefe Figures in frozen
Drine 3 fo that if the Figures of both be well confider'd, one would ghefs
that there were not much greater need of a feminal principle for the pro-
duction of Fearx, then for the production of the branches of Vrifte^ or
the Stella ntartis^ there feeming to be as much form and beauty in the
one as in the other.

And indeed, this Plant of Fearn^ if all particulars be well confider d,
will fecra of as fimple, and uncompounded a form as any Vegetable^ next
to Mould or Mujhromes^ and would next after the invention of the forms
of thofe, deferve to be enquir d into 5 for notwithftanding feveral have
affirm'd it to have feed, and to be propagated thereby 5 yet, though I
have made very diligent enquiry after that particular, I cannot find that
there is any part of it that can be imagin'd to be more feminal then an-
other : But this onely here by the by :

For the freezing Figures in Vrine^ I found it rcquifite,

Firft, that the Superficies be not difturbed with any wind, or other
commotion of the air, or the like*

Secondly?

MlCROGRAPHlA.

Secondly^ that it be not too long expofed, foas that the whole bulk
be frozen,ibr oftentimes,in fuch cafes,by reafon of the fwclling the of Ice$
or from fome other caufe, the curious branched Figures dilappear.

Thirdly, an artificial freezing with Snore and Salt, apply 'd to the out-
fide of the containing Vellel, fucceeds not well, unlefs there be a very
little quantity in the Vefiel.

Fourthly, If you take any cleer and fmooth Glals, and wetting all the
infideofit with Vrine, you expofe it to a very (harp freezing, you will
find it cover d with a very regular and curious Figure.

Ii.

slsrd Mod t^uooiq tsdi Jiiu.j Jtsu^ 3flS one w> Jjd od 01 srnwl 919th (it
Obfervables in figufd Snow*

Expofing a piece of black Cloth, or a black Hatt to the falling Snow,
I have often with great pleafure, obferv'd fuch an infinite variety of cu-
rioufly figur'd Snow, that it would be as impoifible to draw the Figure
and fliapc of every one of them, as to imitate exactly the curious and
Geometrical Mechanifme of Nature in any one. Some coorfe draughts,
fuch as the coldneis of the weather, and the ill provifions, I had by me
for mch a purpole, would permit me to make, I have here added in the
Second Figure of the Eighth Scheme.

In all which I obferv'd, that if they were of any regular Figures, they
were always branched out with fix principal branches, all of equal length,
fhape and make, from the center, being each of them inclin'd to either of
the next branches on either fide of it, by an angle of fixty degrees.

Now, asall thefe Items were for the moft part in one flake exactly of
the lame^make, lb were they in differing Figures of very differing ones •■,
fo that in a very little time I have obferv'd above an hundred feveral cizes
and fliapes of thele ftarry flakes.

The branches alfo out of each ftem of any one of thefe flakes*, were ex-
actly alike in the fame flake } lb that of whatever Figure one of the
branches were, the other five were lure to be of the fame, very exactly,
that is, if the branchings of the one were fmall Verallelipipeds or Plates,
the branchings of the other five were of the fame 5 and generally, the
branchings were very conformable to the rules and method obferv'd be-
fore, in the Figures on Vrine, that is, the branchings from each fide of
the ftems were parallel to the next ftem on that fide, and if the Items
were plated, the branches alfo were the fame , if the ftems were very
long, the branches alfo were fo, &c.

OMerving fome of thefe figur'd flakes with a Microfcope, I found them
not to appear fo curious and exactly figur'd as one would have imagin'd,
but like Artificial Figures, the bigger they were magnify 'd, the moreh>
regularites appear'd in them 5 but this irregularity feem'd aforibable to
the thawing and breaking of the flake by the fall, and not at all to the
defecl: of the pUfiick^ virtue of Nature, whofe curiofity in the formation
of moft of thefe^kind of regular Figures,fuch as thofe of Salt ..Minerals JUc.

O 2 appears

92

then the moft acute eye is able to perceive without it. And though one
ofthefe fix-branched Stars appear'd here below much of the lhape de-
fcribed in the Third Figure of the Eighth Scheme 5 yet I am very apt to
think,that could we have a fight of one of them through a Microfcope as
they are generated in the Clouds before their Figures are vitiated by
external accidents,they would exhibit abundance of curiofity and neat-
nefs there alfo, though never fo much magnify 'd : For fince I have ob-
ierv'd the Figures of Salts and Minerals to be fome of them lb exceeding
fmall5that I have fcarcely been able to perceive them with the Microfcope,
and yet have they been regular., and fince (as far as I have yet examin'd
it) there fecms to be but one and the fame caufe that produces both thefe
effects, I think it not irrational to luppofe that thefe pretty figur'd Stars
of Snow, when at firft generated might be alfo very regular and exact.

Putting fair Water into a large capacious VeiTel of Glafs, and expofing
it to the cold, I obferv'd after a little time, feveral broad, flat, and thin
lamina, or plates of Ice, crofling the bulk of the water and one another
very irregularly, onely moft oi them feem'd to turn one of their edges to-
wards that fide of the Glals which was next it, and feem'd to grow, as
twere from the infide of the VelTel inwards towards the middle, almoft
like fomany blades of Fern. Having taken feveral of thefe plates out of
water on the blade of a Knife, I obferv'd them figur'd much after the
manner of Herring bones, or Fern blades, that is, there was one bigger
ftem in the middle like the back-bone, and out of it, on either fide, were
a multitude of fmall/?«v<£, or icicles, like the fmaller bones,or the fmaller
branches in Fern, each of thefe branches on the one fide, were parallel to
all the reft on the fame fide, and all of them feem'd to make an angle
with the ftem,towards the top, of fixty degrees, and towards the bot-
tom or root of this ftem, of 120. See the fourth Figure of the 8. Plate.

I obferv'd likewife feveral very pretty varieties of Figures in Water,
frozen on the top of a broad flat Marble-ftone, expos'd to the cold with
a little Water on it, fome like feathers, fome of other (hapes, many of
them were very much of the fhape expreft in the fifth Figure of the
8. Scheme, which is extremely differing from any of the other Figures.

I obferv'd like wile, that the fhootings of Ice on the top of Water, be-
ginning to freez, were in ftreight prijmatical bodies much likethofeof
roch-peter, that they croft each other ufually without any kind of order
or rule, that they were always a little higher then the furface of the Wa-
ter that lay between them 3 that by degrees thofe interjacent (paces
would be fill'd with Ice alfo, which ufually would be as high as the fur-
face of the reft. ♦

In flakes of Ice that had been frozen on the top of Water to any eon*

hi.

fiderable

MlCROGRAPHi A* J$

fiderable thickncfi, I obferv'd that both the upper nnd the under fides
of it were curiouily quill d, furrow 'd. or grain'd, as it were, which when
the Sun fhone on the Plate, was exceeding eafily to be perceivd to be
much after the ftiape of the lines in the 6. Figure of the 8. Sc be me , that is,
they confided of feveral freight ends of parallel Plates, which were of
divers lengths and angles to one another without any certain order.

The caufe of all which regular Figures (and of hundreds of others,
namely of Salts, Minerals, Metals, &c. which I could have here inferted,
would it not have been too long) feemsto be deduciblc from the fame
Principles,which I have (in the 13. Observation) hinted only, having not
yet had time to compleat a Theory of them. But indeed (which I there
alfo hinted) I judge it the fecond ftep by which the Pyramid of natu-
ral knowledge (which is the knowledge of the form of bodies) is to
be afcended: And whofoever will climb it, muft be well furnilh'd
with that which the Noble Verulam calls Scalam InteUe&us? he muft
have fcaling Ladders, otherwife the fteps are fo large and high, there
will be no getting up them; and confequently little hopes of attaining
any higher ftation, fuch as to the knowledge of the hioft fimple principle
of Vegetation manifefted in Mould and Mufhrornes, which, as I elfe-
where endeavoured to (hew, feems to be the third ftep 5 for it feemsto
me, that the Intellect of man is like his body, deftitute of wings, and
cannot move from a lower to a higher and more fublime ftation of know-
ledg,otherwile then ftep by ftepjnay.even there where the way is prepar'd
and already made paflible , as in the Elements of Geometry, or the like,
where it is fain to climb a whole ferie< of Pi opofitionsby degrees, before
it attains the knowledge of one rrobkme. But if the afcent be high, dif-
ficult and above its reach, it muft have recourfe to a novum organum,
forae new engine and contrivance, fome new kind of Algebra, or Analy-
tic^ Art before it can furmount it.

Obfcrv, XV. Of Kettcring-ftone, and of the fores of Inani*
mate bodies.

THis Stone which is brought from Kettering in ftorthampton-J/rire^nd Schem.
digg'd out of a Quarry, as I am inform'd, has a grain altogether Fi& *'
admirable, nor have I everfeen or heard of any other ftone that has the
like. It is made up of an innumerable company of fmall bodies, not all
of the lame cize orftiape, but for themoft parr, not much differing from
a Globular form, nor exceed they one another in Diameter above three
or four times } they appear to the eye, like the Cobb or Ovary of a Her-
ring, or fome rmaller fifties, but for the moft part, the particles feerri
fomewhat lefs, and not fo uniform , but their variation from a perfect,
lobular ball,feems to be only by the prefliire of the contiguous bals which
ave a little depreft and protruded thofe toucht fides inward, and fore'd

the

94 MlCROGRAPHIA.

the other fides as much outwards beyond the limits of a Globe 5 juft as
it would happen,if a heap of exactly round Balls of foftClay were heap d
upon one another 5 or, as I have often feen a heap of fmall Globules of
Quicksilver ^ redue'd to that form by rubbing it much in a glaz'd Vefiel,
with fome llimy or lluggifh liquor, fuch as Spittle, when though the top
of the upper Globules be very neer fpherical, yet thole that are preft
upon by others , exactly imitate the forms of thefe lately mention'd
grains.

Where thefe grains touch each other, they are fo firmly united or
fettled together, that they feldom part without breaking a hole in one
or thother of them, luch as a, a, b^c^c ^ &c. Some of which fractions,
as a, a, a3 a, where the touch has been but light, break no more then
the outward cruft,' or firft (hell of the ftone, which is of a white colour,
a little dafh'd with a brownifh Yellow,and is very thin,like the fhell of an
Egg : and I have feen fome of thofe grains perfectly refemble fome kind
of Eggs.both in colour and ftiape : But where the union of the contiguous
granules has been more firm, there the divulfion has made a greater
Chafm, as at b} b0 b, in fo much that I have obferv'd fome of them quite
hroken in two, as at c, cy which has difcovered to me a further refcm-
blance they have to Eggs,they having an appearance of a white and yelk,
by two differing fubftances that envelope and encompafs each other.

That which we may call the white was pretty whitifh neer the yelk,
but more dufkie towards the (hell 5 fome of them I could plainly per-
ceive to be (hot or radiated like a Pyrites or fire-ftone , the yelk in fome
I faw hollow, in others fill'd with a dufkie brown and porous fub-
ftance like a kind of pith.

The fmall pores, or interfiitia e e e e betwixt the Globules, I plainly
faw,and found by other trials to be every way pervious to air and water,
for I could blow through a piece of this ftone of a confiderable thicknefs,
as eafily as I have blown through a Cane, which minded me of the pores
which Des Cartes allow his materia fobtilh between the ethereal globules.

The object, through the Microfcope3 appears like a Congeries or heap
of Pibbles, fuch as I have often feen caft up on. the fhore, by the work-
ing of the Sea after a great ftorm, or like (in fhape, though not colour)
a company of fmall Globules of Quickfilver, look'd on \vu\izMicrofcopei
when redue'd into that form by the way lately mentioned. And per-
haps, this laft may give fome hint at the manner of the formation of the
former : For foppofing fome Lapidefcent fubftance to be generated, or
fome way brought (either by fome commixture of bodies in the Sea it
fel£ or protruded in, perhaps, out of fome Jubterraneous caverns) to the
bottom of the Sea,and there remaining in the form of a liquor like Quick-
7 m filver, heterogeneous to the ambient Saline fluid, it may by the working
not Such tttw- an(j tumDlings of the Sea to and fro be jumbled and comminuted into

^£ti*M 'p6/*a *"UCk ^°kules as mav afterwards be hardned into Flints, the lying of
a ut 6j-\j ca- wnjcn one UpOI1 another, when in the Sea, being not very hard, by rea-

fon of the weight of the incompafling fluid, may caufe the undermoft to
be a little,though not much, varied from a globular Figure. But this only

a tu 6<r C0t 1 c ti i+A>y the by. After

M

ICROCRAPH1A.

After what manner this Kcttcring-jione fhould be generated I canriot
learn, having never been there to view the place, and obfervethecir-
cumftances •> but it Teems to me from the ftruchirc of it to be generated
from fome fubftance once more fluid, and afterwards by degrees growing
harder, almoft after the fame manner as I fuppofed the generation of
FJintstobe made.

But whatever were the caufe of its curious texture, we may learn this
information from it 5 that even in thofe things which we account vile,
rude,and coorfe. Nature has not been wanting to fhew abundance of cu-
riofity and excellent Mechanifme.

We may here find a Stone by help of a Microfcopc, to be made up of
abundance of fmall Balls, which do but jufc touch each other, and yet
there being fo many contacts,they make a firm hard mate, or a Stone much
harder then Free-ftone.

Next, though we Can by a Microfcope dilcern fb curious a fbapein the
particles, yet to the naked eye there fcarce appears any fuch thing'5
which may afford us a good argument to think, that even in thofe bodies
alfb, whole texture we are not able to difbern, though help 'd with Micro-
fcopes. there may be yet latent fo curious a Schematijme, that it may abun-
dantly fatisfie the curious fearcher, who fhall be fo happy as to find fome
way to difcover it.

Next, we here find a Stone, though to the naked eye a very dole one,
yet every way perforated with innumerable pores, which are nothing elfe
but the interftitia ^between thofe multitudes of minute globular particles,
thatcompofe thebulk itfelf, and thefe pores are not only difcover 'd by
the Micro/cope, but by this contrivance.

I took a pretty large piece of thisftone, and covering it all over with
cement, fave only at two oppofite parts, I found my felf able, by blowing
in at one end that was left open, to blow my fpittle,with which I had wet
the other end, into abundance of bubbles, which argued thefe pores to
be open and pervious through the whole ftone, which affords us a very
pretty inftance of the poroufhefs of fome feemingly clofe bodies,of which
kind I fhall anon have occafion to fub joyn many more, tending to prove
the fame thing.

I muft not here omit to take notice, that in this body there is not a
vegetative faculty that fhould fo contrive this ftrucrure for any peculiar
ule of Vegetation or growth, whereas in the other inftances of vegetable
porous bodies, there is an anima, or forma infer mans , that does contrive
all the Structures and Mechanifmes of the conftituting body, to make
them fubfervient and ufcfull to the great Work or Function they are to
perform. And lb I ghefs the pores in Wood, and other vegetables, in
bones,and other Animal fubftances,to be as fo many channels,provided by
the Great and Alwife Creator, for the conveyance of appropriated juyces
to particular parts. And therefore,that this may tend, or be pervious all
towards one part.and may have impediments,as valves or the like, to any-
other j but in this body we have very little reafon to fufpedt there fhould
be any fuch defign, for it is equally pervious every way, not onely for-
ward,

Ml CROGRAP HIA*

ward, but backwards,and fide-ways, and feems indeed much rather to be
Homogeneous or fimilar to thofe pores, which we may with great proba-
bility believe to be the channels of pcl/ncid bodies, not directed, or more
open any one way, then any other, being equally pervious every way.
And, according as thefe pores are more or greater in refped of the /«-
terfiitial bodies, the more tranfparent are the fo conftituted concretes ,
and the fmaller thofe pores are, the weaker is the Impulfe of light com-
municated through them, though the more quick be the progrels.

Upon thisOccafion, I hope it will not be altogether unfeafonable, if I
propound my conjectures and Hypothecs about the medium and con-
veyance of light.

I fuppofe then, that the greateft part of the Interftitia of the world,
that lies between the bodies of the Sun and Starrs, and the Planets, and
the Earth, to be an exceeding fluid body , very apt and ready to be
mov'd,and to communicate the motion of any one part to any other part,
though never fo far diftant : Nor do I much concern my felf, to deter-
mine what the Figure of the particles of this exceedingly fubtile fluid
medium muft be 5 nor whether it have any interftitiated pores or vacui-
tics,it being fufficient to folve all the Phenomena to fuppole it an exceed-
ingly fluid, or the molt fluid body in the world, and as yet impoffible to
determine the other difficulties.

That being fo exceeding fluid a body,it eafily gives paflage to all other
bodies to move to and fro in it.

That it neither receives from any of its parts, or from other bodies 5
nor communicates to any of its parts, or to any other body, any impuhe,
or motion in a direct line, that is not of a determinate quicknefs. And
that when the motion is of fuch determinate fwiftnefs, it both receives,
and communicateSjOr propagates an impulfe or motion to any imaginable
diftancein ftreight lines, with an unimaginable celerity and vigour.

That all kind of folid bodies confift of pretty maflie particles in re-
Ipect of the particles of this fluid medium^ which in many places do fo
touch each other,that none of this fluid medium interpofes much after the
fame mannner (to ufe a grofs fimilitude) as a heap of great (tones compafi
one great congeries or mafs in the midft of the water.

That all fluid bodies which we may call tangible^ are nothing but fome
more fubtile parts of thofe particles, that (erve to conftiture all tangible
bodies.

That the water , and fuch other fluid bodies y are nothing but a
congeries of particles agitated or made fluid by it in the fame manner as<
the particles of Salt are agitated or made fluid by a parcel of water, in
which they are diflblv'd, and fubfiding to the bottom of it,conftitute a
fluid body, much more maffie and denfc, and lefs fluid then the pure
water it felf

That the air on the other fide is a certain company of particles of quite
another kind, that is, fuch as are very much fmaiier, and more eanety
moveable by the motion of this fluid medium ~> much like thofe very fufcn
tile parts of Cvchettel^nd other very deep tinging bedies^where by a very

fmall

MlCROGRAPHIA.

fmall parcel of matter is able to tinge and diffufe it fclf over a very great
quantity of the fluid diflblvent 9 or ibmewhat after that manner, as
fmoak, and fuch like minute bodies, or freams, are obferv'd to tinge a
very great quantity of air 3 onely this laft fimilitudc is deficient in one
propriety, and that is a perpetuity or continuance in that ftrfte of com-
mixture with the air, but the former does more neerly approach to the
nature and manner of the airs being diflolv'd by this Huid or /Ether.
And this Similitude will further hold in thefe proprieties s that as thofe
tindures may be increafed by certain bodies,fo may they be precipitated
by others '-> as I (hall afterwards fhew it to be very probable, that the like
accidents happen even to the Air it felf

Further, as thefe fblutions and tinctures do alter the nature -df thefe
fluid bodies^as to their aptnefs to propagate a motion or impulfe through
them, even fb does the particles of the Air, Water, and other fluid bo-
dies, and of Glafs, Cryftal, &c. which are commixt with this bulkof the
sEtker^ alter the motion of the propagated pulfe of light ^ that is, where
thefe more bulkie particles are more plcntifull, and confequently a lefler
quantity of the /Ether between them to be mov'd,there the motion muft
neceflarily be the fwiftersthough not fo robuft, which will produce thofe
effects, which I have (I hope) with fome probability, afcribed to it in
the digreffion about Colours, at the end of the obfervations on Mnf
covy-gltfi. ,:• „; -J;;. pttlKl -J 'IT

Now, that other Stones, and thofe which have the clofeftand hardefi
textures, and feem (as far as we are able to difcover With otir eyes,
though help'd with the be(t Micro/copes) freeft from pores, are yet not-
withstanding repleniftYd with them, anlnfrance or two will, I fuppofe,
make more prooable.

A very folid and unflaw'd piece of deer white Marble, if it be well
polifh'd and glaz'd, has fo curioufly fraooth a furface, that the beft and
molt polifh'd furface of any wrought-glafs, feeffis hot to the naked eye,
nor through a Microfcope, to be more fmobth,and lefs porous. And yet^
that this hard clofe body is replcnifh d with abundance of pores, \ think
thefe following Experiments will fufficiently prove.

The firfr is. That if you take fuch a piece, and for a pretty while boyl
it in Turpentine and Oyl of Turpentine, you (hall find that the ftone will
be all imbu'd with it 5 and whereas before it look'd more white.but more
opacous, now it will look more £reafie5 but be much more tranfparentj
and if you let it lie but a little while, and then break off a part of k, you
fhall find theunduous body to have penetrated it to fuch a determinate
depth every way within the furface. This may be yet eafier try'd with a
piece of the fame Marble, a little warm'd in the fire,and then a little Pitch
or Tarr melted on the top of it 5 for thefe black bodies, by their infinu-
ating themfelves into the invifible pores of the ftone, ting it with fo black
a hue, that there can be no further doubt of the truth of this aflertion,
that it abounds with fmall imperceptible pores.

Now, that other bodies will alio (ink into the pores of Marble, befides
nn&HQHs, I have try'd, and found, that a very Blue tincture made in

P flirit

MlCROGRAPHIA.

JpiritofVritte would very readily and eafily fink into it, as would alio
feveral tin&ures drawn with fiiritofWine,

Nor is Marble the only feemingly clofe ftone,which by other kinds of
Experiments may be found porous } for I have by this kind ofExperi-
ment on divers other (tones found much the fame eftec~r, and in fome, in-
deed much more notable. Othtr ftones I have found lb porous, that with
the Micro/cope I could perceive (everal fmall winding holes, much like
Worm-holes,as I have noted in fome kind of rurbecl^jione, by looking on
theforfaceof a piece newly flaw'd orT$ for if otherwife, thefurface has
been long expos'd to the Air, or has been fcraped with any tool , thofe
fmall caverns are fill'd with duft,and difappear.

And to confirm this Conjetture^ yet further,I Ihall here infert an excel-
lent account,given into the Royal Society by that Eminently Learned Phy-
fician, Doclor Goddard^otzn Experiment, not lefs inftru&ive?then curi-
ous and accurate, made by himlclf on a very hard and feemingly clofe
ftone call'd Oculus Mundi^ as I find it preferv'd in the Records of that
Honourable Society.

i

A fmall ftone of the kind, call'd by fome Authours, Oculus
Mundiy being dry and cloudy, weigh cl 5 g Grains,

The fame put under water for a night, and fomewhat more,
became tranfparent, and the fuperficies being wiped dry,
weighed 6 ± Grains.

The difference between thefe two weights, o ^° of a Grain.

The fame Stone kept out of water one Day and becoming
cloudy again weighed, 5^* Graines.

Which was more then the firft weight, o£ of a Grain.

The fame being kept two Days longer weighed, Graines,

Which was lefs then at firft, o-^- of a Grain.

Being kept dry fomething longer it did not grow (enfibly
lighter.

Being put under water for a night and becoming again tranf-
parent and wiped dry, the weight was, 6^ Grains, the fame
with the firft after putting in water, and more then the laft
weight after keeping of it dry, of a Grain.

Another Stone of the fame kind being variegated with milky
white and gray like fome forts of Agates, while it lay under water,
was alwaies invironed with little Bubbles, fuch as appear in

water

MlCROGRAPHlA. ^

water a little before boyling, next the fides of the Veffcl,
There were alio fomethe like Bubbles on the Surface oftlv;
water juft over it, as if either fome exhalations came out of ir,
or that it did excite lbme fermentation in the parts of the water
contiguous to it.

There was little fenfible difference in the tranfparency of this
Stone,befbre the putting under water, and after : To be fure the
milky-nfe parts continued as before, but more difference in
weight then in the former. For whereas before the putting
into the water the weight was 1 8 ^ Graines. After it had lyen
in about four and twenty hours the weight was 20^ Graines, Co
the difference was, 1$ Graines,

The fame Stone was infufed in the water fcalding hot, and fo
continued for a while after it was cold, but got no more weight
then upon infufing in the cold, neither was there any fenfible
Difference in the weight both times.

In which Experiment,thcre are three ObfcrVable^thitt feetfl very mafii-
feftly to prove the poroufnefs of thefe feemfogly clofe bodies: the firft
is their acquiring a tranfparency, and lofing their vvhitenefs after keeping
in water, which will feem the more ftrongly to argue it, if what! have
already laid about the making tranfparent, or clarifying of fome bodies,
as the white powder of beaten Glafs, and the froth of foffie glutinous
tranfparent liquor be Well confider'd} for thereby it will feem rational
to think that this tranfparency arifes from the inlmuation of the Water
(which has much the fame refraction with fuch ftony particles, ad may be
difcoverd by Sand view'd with a Microfcope)'mto thole pores which were
formerly repleat with air (that has a very differing refraction, and con-
fequently is very reflective) which fepms to be conftrm'd by th% lecond
Obfervable, namely, the increafe olf weight after fteepihg, and decreafe
upon drying. And thirdly,feem d yet more fenfibly conftrm'd by the mul-
titude of bubbles in the laft Experiment.

We find alfb moft Acid Salts very readily to dhTolve and fepatate the
parts of this body one from another 5 which is yet a further Argument to
confirm the poroulhefs of bodies, and will ferve as fuch, to (hew that
even Glafs alio has an abundance of pores in it,fince there are feveral li-
quors, that with long ftaymg in a Glafs, will fo Corrode and eat into it, as
at laft, to]make it pervious to the liquor it contain^, of which t have
feen very many Inftances.

Since therefore we find by other proofs, that many of thole bodies

P 2 which

IOO MlCROG~R AP H IA.

which vvc think the moft folid ones, and appear fo to our fight, have not-
withftanding abundance of thofe grofler kind of pores., which will ad-
mit feveral kinds of liquors into them, why fhould we not believe that
Glafs, and all other tranfparent bodies abound with them, fince we have
many other arguments, befides the propagation of light, which feem to
argue for it ?

And whereas it may be objected, that the propagation of light is no
argument that there are thofe atomical pores in glafs, fince there are Hy~
pothefes plaufible enough to fblve thofe Vbanomena^ by fuppofing the
pulfe onely to be communicated through the tranfparent body.

To this I anfwer, that that Hypothecs which the induftrious Moreanus
has publifti'd about the flower motion of the end of a Ray in a denier
wedium^thcn in a more rare and thin,feems altogether unfufficient to fblve
abundance of Phenomena, of which this is not the leaft confiderable,that
it is impoflible from that fiippofition, that any colours fhould be gene-
rated from the refraction of the Rays 3 for fince by that Hypothecs the
undulating pulfe is always carried perpendicular, or at right angles with
the Ray or Line of direction, it follows, that the ftroke of the pulfe of
light, after it has been once or twice refratted (through a Prifme,for ex-
ample) muft affect the eye with the fame kind of ftroke as if it had not
been refracted at all. Nor will it be enough for a Defendant of that Hy-
pothecs^ to fay, that perhaps it is becaufe the ref ractions have made the
Rays more weak, for if fo,then two refractions in the two parallel fides
of a Quadrangular Prifme would produce colours, but we have no fuch
Phenomena produc'd.

There are feveral Arguments that I could bring to evince that there
are in all tranfparent bodies fiich atomical pores. And that there is fiich
a fluid body as I am arguing for, which is the medium^ or Inftrument, by
which the pulfe of Light is convey 'd from the lucid body to the en-
lightn d. But that it being a digreffion from the Obfervations I Was re-
cording, about the Pores of Kettering Stone, it would be too much fuch,
if I Ihould protract it too long 5 and therefore I (hall proceed to the
next Obfervation.

Obferv. XVI. Of Charcoal, or burnt Vegetables.

CHarcoalsor a Vegetable burnt black,aflbrds an ob jedt,no lefs pleafant
than inftructive j for if you take a (mall round Charcoal,and break
it Ihort with your fingers, you may perceive it to break with a very
fmooth and (leek fiirface, almoft like the furface of black fealing Wax y
this fiirface, if it be look'd on with an ordinary Micro/cope , does manifeft
abundance of thofe pores which are alfo vifible to the eye in many kinds
of Wood} rang'd round the pith, both a in kind of circular order, and a
radiant one. Of thefe there are a multitude in the fubftance of the Coal,
every where almoft perforating and drilling it from end to end } by

means

Micrograph Ta. 10?

means of which, be the Coal never fo long, you may eafily blow through
it 5 and this you may prefenrly find,by wetting one end of it with Spittle,
an«a* blowing at the other.

But this is not all, for befides thofe many great and confpicuous irre-
gular fpots or pores, if a better Microfcope be made ule of, there will ap-
pear an infinite company of exceedingly fmalL, and very regular pores,
fo thick and fo orderly fet, and fo clofe to one another, that they leave
very little room or fpace between them to be fill'd withafolid body, for
the apparent 'interjiitia, or feparating fides ofthefe pores feem fo thin in
lbme places, that the texture of a Honey-comb cannot be more porous.
Though this be not every where fo, the intercurrent partitions in
fomc places being very much thicker in proportion to the holes.

Moft ofthefe fmall pores feem'd to be pretty round, and wererang'd
in rows that radiated from the pith to the bark 5 they all of them
feem'd to be continued open pores, running the whole length of the
Stick ? and that they were all perforated, I try'd by breaking off a very
thin (liver of the Coal crofs-ways, and then with my Micro/cope ^diligent-
ly Purveying them againft the light, for by that means I was able to fee
quite through them.

Thele pores were fo exceeding fmall and thick,that in a line of them,
~6 part of an Inch long, I found by numbring them no lefs then 150.
foiail pores 5 and therefore in a line of them an Inch long, mutt be no left
then 2700. pores, and in a circular area of an Inch diameter, muft be
about 5725350. of the like pores j lb, that a Stick of an Inch Diameter,
may containe no lefs then feven hundred and twenty five thonfand, be-
fides 5 Millions of ppres,which would, I doubt not, feem even incredible,
were not every one left to believe his own eyes. Nay, having fince ex-
amin'd Cocus, blac\ and green Ebony, Lignum Vita^c. I found, that all
thefe Woods have their pores, abundantly fmaller then thole of foft light
Wood 5 in fo much, that thole of Guajacum feem'd not above an eighth
part of the bignefs of the pores of Beech, but then the Interjlitia were
thicker } fo prodigioully curious are the contrivances, pipes, or fluces by
which the Succus nutritius, or Juyce of a Vegetable is convey 'd from
place to place.

This Obfervation feems to afford us the true reafon of feveral Th<e-
nomena of Coals 5 as

Firft, why they look black 5 and for this we need go no further then
the scheme- for certainly, a body that has fo many pores in it as this is dijP
cover'd to have, from each of which no light is reflected, muft neCeflarily
look black, efpecially, when the pores are fomewhat bigger In proporti-
on to the intervals then they are cut in the Scheme, black being nothing
elfe but a privation of Light, or a want of reflection 5 and wherefovef
this reflecting quality is deficient, there does that part look black, whe-
ther it be from a poroufhefs of the body, as in tnisInftance,or in a deadning
and dulling quality, fueh as I haveobferv'd in the Scoria of Lead, Tin,
Silver, Copper, dv. j ^

Next, wc may alfo as plainly lee the reafon of its fhining quality, and

that

«

102

Ml CROGRAPHIA.

that is from the even breaking off of the ftick, the (olid interjiitia
having a regular termination or lurface, and having a pretty ftrong re-
Hefting quality, the many fmall reflections become united to the naked
eye, and make a very pretty ftrining furface.

Thirdly ,the reafon of its hardnefs and brittlenefs teems evident,fbr fince
all the watery or liquid fubftance that moiltn'd and toughn'd thofc Inter-
ftitia of the more (olid parts, are evaporated and remov'd, that which
is left hehind becomes of the nature almoft of a ftone, which will not at
all, or very little,bend without a divuljion or fohition of its continuity.

It is not my defign at prcfent, to examine the ufe and Mechanifnte of
thefe parts of Wood, that being more proper to another Enquiry 3 but
rather to hint, that from this Experiment we may learn,

Firft, what is the caufe of the blacknefs of many burnt bodies, which
we may find to be nothing elfe but this j that the heat of the fire agi-
tating and rarifying the waterilh, tranfparcnt, and volatile water that is
contain d in them,by the continuation of that a£rion,does fo totally expel
and drive away all that which before fill d the pores, and was difpers'd
alfo through the folid mate of it, and thereby caus'd an univerfal kind of
tranfparency, that it not onely leaves all the pores empty, but all the In-
terjiitia alfo fo dry and opacous, and perhaps alfo yet further perforated,
that that light onely is refie&ed back which falls upon the very outward
edges of the pores, all they that enter into the pores of the body, never
returning, but being loft in it.

Now, that the Charring or coaling of a body is nothing elle, may be
eafily believ'd by one that (hall confider the means of its production,
which may be done after this, or any liich manner. The body to be
charr d or coal'd, may be put into a Crncibk ,Pot,or any other Veflel that
will endure to be made red-hot in the Fire without breaking, and then
cover d over with Sand, fo as no part of it be fuffer d to be open to the
Air, then let into a good Fire, and there kept till the Sand has continu'd
red hot for a quarter, half, an hour or two, or more, according to the
nature and bignels of the body to be coafd or charrd, then taking it out
of the Fire,and letting it ftand till it be quite cold,the body may be taken
out of the Sand well charr 'd and cleans'd of its waterilh parts 5 but in the
taking of it out, care muff, be had that the Sand be very neer cold, for
elfe, when it comes into the free air, it will take fire, and readily bum
away.

This may be done alfo in any dole Veflel of Glals,as a Retort, or the
like, and the feveral fluid lubftances that come over may be receiv'd in
a fit Recipient, which will yet further countenance this Hypothecs : And
their manner of charring Wood in great quantity comes much to the lame
thing, namely, an application of a great heat to the body, and preferving
it from the free accels of the devouring air , this may be eafily learn a
from the Hiftory of Charring of Coal, moft excellently deforib'd and
publilh'd by that moft accomplilh'd Gentleman, Mr. John Evelin3 in the
100, 1 oi, 103, pages of his Syha, to which I fhall therefore refer the cu-
rious Reader that defires a full information of it.

Next:

Micrograph i a. i

Next, We may Icarn what part of the Wood it is that is the combufiible
matter, for fince welhall find that none, or very little of thofe fluid fub-
ftances that are driven over into the Receiver are combujiible, and that
moft of that which is left behind is fo, it follows, that the folid interjiitia
of the Wood are the combujlible matter. Further, the rcafon why un-
charr'd Wood burns with a greater flame then that which is charr d, is as
evident, becaufe thole waterilh or volatil parts illuingout of the fired
Wood, everyway, not onely fhatter and open the body, the better for
the fire to enter, but ifliiing out in vapours or wind, they become like
fo many little aolipiles, or Bellows, whereby they blow and agitate the
fir'd part, and conduce to the more fpecdy and violent confumption or
diflolution of the body.

Thirdly, from the Experiment of charring of Coals (whereby We fee
that notwithstanding the great heat, and the duration of it, the folid
parts of the Wood remain, whileft they are preferv'd from the free accels
of the air undiflipated) we may learn,that which has not,that I know of]
been publifli d or hinted, nay, not fo much as thought of, by any 5 and
that infhort is this.

Firft, that the Air in which we live, move, and breath, and which en-
eompafles very many, and cherifhes moft bodies it encompafles, that this
Air is the menpruum,OYumxe\-fc\\ diflblvent of all Sulphureous bodies.

Secondly, that this aBion it performs not, till the body be firft fuffi-
ciently heated, as we find requifite alfo to the diflolution of many other
bodies by feveral other menjiruums.

Thirdly, that this aBion of diflolution, produces or generates a very
great heat,and that which we call Fire 5 and this is common alio to many
diflolutions of other bodies, made by menjiruums^ of which I could give
multitudes of Inftances.

Fourthly, that this aUion is perform'd with fo great a violence, and
does fo minutely adr, and rapidly agitate the fmalleft parts of the com-
bujlible matter, that it produces in the diaphanous medium of the Air, the
a&ion or pulfe of light,which what it is, I have elfe-where already (hewn.

Fifthly,f/wf the dijjolution of fulphureous bodies is made by a fubftance
inherent, and mixt with the Air, that is like, if not the very fame, with
that which is fixt ms alt-peter > which by multitudes of Experiments that
may be made with S altpeter jniW^ I think,moft evidently be demonftrated.

Sixthly, that in this dijjolution of bodies by the Air, a certain part is
united and mixt, ordiflblv'd and turn'd into the Air, and made to fly up
and down with it in the fame manner as a metalline or other body dif-
folv'd into any menfiruums, does follow the motions and progrefles of
that menjlruum till it be precipitated.

Seventhly, That as there is one part that is diflbluble by the Air,lb are
there other parts with which the parts of the Air mixing and uniting,
do make a Coagulum, or precipitation, as one may call it, which caules
it to be feparated from the Air, but this precipitate is fo light, and in
fo fmall andrarify'd or porous clufters, that it is very volatil, and iseafily
carry 'd up by the motion of the Air,though afterwards,when the heat and

agitation

104 MlCROGRAPHIA.

agitation that kept it rarify'd ceafes,it eafily condenfes,and commixt with
other indiflbluble parts, it fticks and adheres to the next bodies it meets
withall } and this is a certain Salt that may be extracted out otsoot.

Eighthly, that many indiflbluble parts being very apt and prompt to
be rarify'd, and fo, whileft they continue in that heat and agitation, are
lighter then the Ambient Air, arc thereby thruf t and carry 'd upwards
with great violence, and by that means carry along with them, not onely
that Saline concrete I mention'd before, but many terreftrial, or indif-
lbluble and irrarefiable parts, nay, many parts alio which are diflbluble,
but are not fuffer'd to ftay long enough in a fufticicnt heat to make them
prompt and apt for that a&ion. And therefore we find in soot3 not onely
a part, that being continued longer in a competent heat, will be difc
fblvd by the Air, or take fire and burn 5 but a part alio which is fixt, ter-
reftrial, and irrarefiable.

Ninthly, that as« there are thefe fevcral parts that will rarifie and fly}
or be driven up by the heat, foare there many others, that as they are
indiflbluble by the aerial menjlrnit#tfo are they of fuch fluggifli and grofs
parts, that they are not eafily rarify'd by heat, and therefore cannot be
rais'd by it 5 the volatility or fixtnels of a body feeming to confift only in
this, that the -one is of a texture, or has component parts that will be
eafily rarify'd into the form of Air, and the other, that it has fuch as will
not,without much ado,be brought to fuch a conftitution , and this is that
part which remains behind in a white body call'd Afhes, which contains
a fubftance,or «?<*/f,which Chymilt s call Alkgh vwhat the particular natures
of each of thefe bodies are, I fhall not here examine, intending it in an-
other place,but fhall rather add that this Hypothecs does fo exactly agree
with all Phenomena of Fire, and fo genuinely explicate each particular
circumftance that I have hitherto obferv'd, that it is more then probable,
that this caufe which I have affign'd is the true adequate, real, and onely
caufe of thofe Vhanemena } And therefore I fhall proceed a little fur-
ther, to fhew the nature and ufe of the Air.

Tenthly,therefore the diflblving parts of the Air are but few,that is,it
feems of the nature of thofe Saline ntenfimums^ or fpirits, that have very
much flegme mixt with the fpirits, and therefore a fmall parcel of it is
quickly glutted, and will diflblve no more $ and therefore unlefs fbme
frefh part of this menftrHum be apply 'd to the body to be diflblv'd, the
action ceafes, and the body leaves to be diflblv'd and to fhine. which is
the Indication of it, though plac'd or kept in the greateft heat 5 whereas
Salt-peter is a menfiruum^ when melted and red-hot, that abounds more
with thofe Diflblvent particles, and therefore as a fmall quantity of it
will diflblve a great fulphureous body, fo will the diflblution be very
quick and violent.

Therefore in the Eleventh place, it is obfervable, that, as in other
folutions, if a copious and quick fupply of frefh menfirmm^ though but
Weak, be poured on, or applied to the diflbluble body, it quickly con-
fumes it : So this menfiruumoithz Air, if by Bellows, or any other fuch
contrivance9 it be copioufly apply 'd to the fhining body, is found to

diflblve

MlCROGRAPHlA. \

difiblve it asfoon, and as violently as the more ftrong menjirutini of*
melted Hitre.

Therefore twelfthly, it fecms redfonable to think that there is no fuch
thing as an Element of Fire that fhould attract or draw up the flame, or*
towards which the flame Ihould endeavour to alcend out of a defire or
appetite of uniting with that as its Homogeneal primitive and generating
Element ^ but that that ftiining tranfient body which we call Flame, is
nothing elfe but a mixture of Air, and volatil fulphureous parts of diflb-
luble or combuftible bodies, Which are a&ing upon each other whil'fl:
they afcend, that is, flame feems to be a mixture of Air, and the com-
buftible volatil parts of any body, which parts the encompafling Air*
does diflblve or work upon,which ac"tion,as it does intend the heat of the
aerial parts of the diflblvent,fo does it thereby further rarifie thole parts
that are acting, cr that are very neer them, whereby they growing much
lighter then the heavie parts of that Menjlruum that are more remote,are
thereby protruded and driven upward and this may be eafily obferv'd
alio in diflblutions made by any other menjlrunm, efpecially fuch as either
create heat or bubbles. Now, this action of the Mcnjiuum, or Air, on the
difloluble parts, is made with fuch violence, or is fuch, that it imparts
fuch a motion orpulfe to the diaphanous parts of the Air, as I have elle-
where (hewn is requifite to produce light.

This Hypothecs I have endeavoured to raife from an Infinite of Obfer-
vations and Experiments, the procels of which would be much too long
to be here inferted, and will perhaps another time afford matter copious
enough for a much larger Difcourfe , the Air being a Subject which
(though all the world has hitherto liv'd and breath'd in,and been urjpon-
verlant about)has yet been fo little truly examin'd or explain'd,that a di-
ligent enquirer will be able to find but very little information from what
has been (till of late) written of it : But being once well underftood, it
will, I doubt not, inable a man to render an intelligible, nay probable, if
not the true realbn of all the Phenomena of Fire, which, as it has been
found by Writers and Philofophers of all Ages a matter of no fmall difc
ficulty, as may be fuffkiently underftood by their ftrange Hypothefes, and
unintelligible Solutions of fome few Phenomena of it 5 lb will it prove a
matter of no Imall concern and ufe in humane affairs, as I fhall elfewhere
endeavour to manifeft when I come to fliew the ufe of the Air in refpi-
ration, and for the prefervation of the life, nay, for the confervation and
reftauration of the health and natural conftitution of mankind as well as
all other aereal animals, asalfo the ules of this principle or propriety of
the Air in chymical, mechanical, and other operations. In this place I
have onely time to hint an Hypothecs, which, if God permit me life and
opportunity, I may elfewhere profecute, improve and publifh. In the
mean time, before I finilh this Difcourfe, I mult not forget to acquaint the
Reader,that having had the liberty granted me of making fome trials on
a piece of Lignum fojjile (hewn to the Royal Society, by the eminently
Ingenious and Learned Phyfician, Dottor Ent, who receiv'd it for a Pre-
lent from the famous Ivgeniojb CavaUiero de Pczzi,\t being oae of the faireft

Q_ and

io6

Micrograph! a.

and bcfc pieces of Ligmtm fojfile he had feen. 5 Having (I fay) taken a
fmall piece of this Wood, and examin'd it, I found it to bum m the open
Airalmoft like other Wood, and infteed of a refinous ftnoak or fijme,
it yielded a very bituminous one, fmcMing much of that kind of fent : But
that which I chiefly took notice of j was, that cutting offafiriar)! piece of
it, about the bigneis of my Thumb, and charring it in a Crmiblc. with
Sand, after the manner I above prefcrib'd, I found it infinitely to abound
with the fmaller fort of pores, 10 extreme thick, and fo regularly perfo-
rating the fubftance of it long-ways, that breaking it off a-crofsyl found
h to look very like an Honey-comb } but as for any of the fecond, or
bigger kind of pen es, I could not find that it had any $ fo that it feems,
whatever were the caufe of its production, it was not without thofe
fmall kind of pores which we have onely hitherto found in Vegetable bo-
dies : and comparing them with the pores which I have found in the Char-
coals that I by this means made of feveral other kinds of Wood, I find it
refemble none lb much as thofe of Firr, to which it is not much unlike in
grain alfo, and feveral other proprieties.

And therefore,what ever is by fome, who have written of it,and parti-
cularly by francifce Stelluto^who wrote a Treatife in Italian of thatSub-
je#,which was Printed at Rome^ 1637. affirm'd that it is a certain kind of
Clay or Earth, which in tract of timeisturn'd into Wood,I rather fufpeel:
the quite contrary, that it was at firft certain great Trees of Fir or Pine,
which by fome Earthquake, or other cafualty, came to be buried under
the Earth,and was thereafter a long time's refidence (according to the fe-
veral natures of the encompalling adjacent parts)either rotted and turn'd
into«a kind of Clay, or petrify d and turn'd into a kind of Stone, or elfe
had its pores fill'd with certain Mineral juices,which being ftayd in them,
and in tracl: of time coagulated, appear'd, upon cleaving out,like fmall
Metaline Wires, or elfe from fome flames or fcorching forms that are the
occafion oftentimes,and ufually accorapanyEarthquakes,might be blafted
and turn'd into Coal, or elfe from certain fttbterraneeus fires which arc
affirm'd by that Authour to abound much about thofe parts (namely, in
a Province of Italy > call'd Vmbria, now the Dutchie of Spoletto, in the
Territory of T<?£//,anciently call'd Tudor-find between the two Villages of
Collefecco and Rofaro not fardiftant from the high-way leading to Rome,
where it is found in greater quantity then elfewhere)are by reafbn of their 1
being encompafTed with Earth, and fo kept clofe from the diflblving Air,
charr'd and converted into Coal. It would be too long a work to de«
fcribe the feveral kinds of pores which I met withall, and by this means
difcovered in feveral other Vegetable bodies § nor is it my prefent defign
to expatiate upon Inftances of the fame kind, but rather to give a Spe-
cimen of as many kinds as I have had opportunity as yet of obferving, re-
(erving the profecution and enlarging on particulars till a more ht op-
portunity 5 and in profecution of this defljgn, I fhall here add :

Obferv

MiCROGRAPHIA;

Obferv. XVII. Of Petrify'd wood, and other ?emfyd bodies;

OF this fort of fubftance, I obfcrv'd fcveral pieces of very differing
kinds,, both for their outward fhapc, colour, grain, texture, hard-
neft, &c. feme being brown and redifh 5 others gray, like a Hone 3 others
black, and Flint-like : fome foft.like a Slate or Whetftone, others as hard
as a Flint, and as brittle. That which I more particularexamin'd,was a
piece about the bignelsofa mans hand, which (eem'd to have been a part
of fomc large tree, that by rottenneis had been broken off from it before
it began to be petrify <d.

And indeed, all that I have yet feen, feem to have been rotten Wood
before the petrifaction was begun 3 and not long fincc, examining and
viewing a huge great OaJ^, that ieem'd with rtieer age to be rotten as it
ftood, I was very much confirmed in this opinion 5 for I found, that the
grain, colour, and Qiape of the Wood, was exactly like this petrify V/ fub-
ftance } and with a Microfcope, I found, that all thofe Microfcopical pores,
which in foppy or firm and lbund Wood are fill'd with the natural or in-
nate juices of thofe Vegetables, in this they were all empty, like thofe
of Vegetables charrd-j but with this difference, that they feem'd much
larger then I have feen any in Char-coals 3 nay, even then thofe of Coals
made of great blocks of Timber, which are commonly call'd Old-coals,

Thereafon of which difference may probably be; that the charring of
Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform'd,and whileft the Wood
is lappy,the more iblid parts may more eafily flirink together, and con-
tract the pores or interjiitia between them, then in the rotten Wood,
where that natural juice teems onely to be wafli'd away by adventitious
or unnatural moifture 3 and fo though the natural juice be wafted from
between the firm parts, yet thofe parts are kept afunder by the adventi-
tious moyftures, and fo by degrees fettled in thofe poftures.

And this I likewife found in the petrify d Wood, that the pores were
fomewat bigger then thofe of Charcoal, each pore being neer upon half
as bigg again, but they did not bear that difproportion which is expreft
in the tenth Scheme, between the fmall fpecks or pores in the firft Fi-
gure (which reprefenteth the pores of Coal or Wood charr'd) and the
black Ipots of the fecond Figure (which reprefent the like Microfcopical
pores in the petrify'd Wood) for thefe laft were drawn by a Microfcope that
magnify 'd the object above fix times more in Diameter then the Micro*
fcope by which thofe pores of Coal were obferv'd.
" Now, though they were a little bigger, yet did they keep the exact,
figure and order of the pores of Coals and of rotten Wood, which laft
alfo were much of the lame cize.

The other Obfervations on this petrify'd fubftance, that a! while fince,
by the appointment of the Royal Society, I made, and prefented to thenl
an account of, were thefe that follow, which had the honour done them

Q_2 by

lo8 Micrographi a.

by the moft accomplifh'd Mr. Evelin, my highly honour'd friend, to be
inferted and publilned among thofe excellent Obfervations wherewith
his Sylva is replenilh'd, and would therefore have been here omitted,had
not the Figure of them, as they appear'd through the Microfcope been
before that engraven.

This Petrify d fubftance refembled Wood, in that

Firft, all the parts of it feem'd not at all dijlocated, or alter'd from
their natural Pofition, whil'ft they were Wood, but the whole piece re-
tain'dthe cxatt lhape of Wood, having many of the confpicuous pores
of wood ftill remaining pores, and (hewing a manifeft difference vifible
enough between the grain of the Wood and that of the bark, efpecially
when any fide of it was cut fmoothand polite 5 for then it appear'd to
have a very lovely grain, like that of fomc curious clofe Wood.

Next (it refembled Wood) in that all the fmaller and (if I may Co call
thofe which are onely vJfible with a good magnifying Glafs) Mcrofcopi-
cd pores of it appear (both when the fubftance is cut and poliuYd tra#f
verjly and parallel to the pores of it) perfectly like the Mkrofiopical pores
of leveral kinds of Wood, efpecially like and equal to thofe of feveral
forts of rotten Wood which I have fince obferv'd, retaining both the
(hape,pofition and magnitude of fuch pores. It was differing from Wood :
Firftj in weighty being to common water as to 1. whereas there are
few of our Englijh Woods, that when very dry are found to be full as
heavie as water.

Secondly, in hardmf3 being very neer as hard as a Flint '> and in fomc
places of it alfo refembling the grain of a Flint : and, like it, it would
very readily cut Glafs, and would not without difficulty, efpecially in
ibme parts of it, be fcratch'd by a black hard Flint ; It would alfo as rea-
dily ftrike fire againft a Steel, or againft a Flint, as any common Flint.

Thirdly, in the chfenefiof it, for though all the Mcrofcopical pores of
this petrify d fubftance were very eonlpieuous in one pofition ,yet by al-
tering that pofition of the polifh'd farface to the light, it was alio mani-
feft, that thofe pores appear'd darker then the reft of the body, onely
becaufe they were fill'd up with a more dulkie fubftance, and not be-
caufe they were hollow.

Fourthly, in its incombufliblene^ in that it would not burn in the fire 5
nay,though I kept it a good while red-hot in the flame of a Lamp, made
very intenfe by the blaft of a fmall Pipe, and a large Charcoal, yet it
(eem'd not at all to have diminifti'd its extenfion 3 but only I found it to
have chang'd its colour, and to appear of a more dark and dufkie brown
colour 5 nor could I perceive that thofe part* which feem'd to have been
Wood at firft, were any thing wafted, but the parts appear'd as folid and
elofe as before. It was further oblervable alfo, that as it did not confume
like Wood,fo neither did it crack and flie like a Flint, or fuch like hard
Stone, nor was it long before it appear'd red-hot.

Fifthly, in its difjelublenegs for putting fame drops of diftill'd Vine'gar
ufjQB the Stone, I found it prefemly to yield very many Bubbles, juft like
thofe which may be obferv'd in fpirit of Vinegar when it corrodes carols^

though

Micrograph! a. to?

though perhaps many of thofe fmall Bubbles might proceed from fbrne
fmall parcels of Air which were driven out of the pores of this pctriffd
fubftance by the infinuating liquid menjlruum.

Sixthly, in its rigidnefs and friability^, being not at all flexible but
brittle like a Flint, infomuch that i could with one knock of a Hammer
break off a piece of it, and with a few more, reduce that into a pretty
fine powder.

Seventhly, it feem'd alfo Very differing from. Wood to the tonchjeel-
/«gmore cold then Wood ufually does, and much like other clofe (tones
and Minerals.

The Reafons of all which Phenomena (eem to be.

That this petrify 'd Wood having lain in fome place where it was well
foak'd with petrifying water (that is, fuch a water as is well impregnated
with ftony and earthy particles) did by degrees feparate,either by (train-
ing and filtration^ or perhaps,by precipitation^ cokejion or coagulation ,abun-
dance of (tony particles from the permeating water, which ftony par-
ticles,being by means of the fluid vehicle convey d,not onely into the Mi*
crofcopical pores, and fo perfectly (toping them up, but ahb into the pores
or which may. perhaps, be even in the texture or Schematifmt

of that part of the Wood, which, through the Microjcdpe^ppears moft (ch-
lid, do thereby fo augment the weight of the Wood, as to make it above
three times heavier then water, and perhaps, fix times as heavie as it was
when Woodi

Next, they thereby fo lock up and fetter the parts of the Wood, that
the fire cannot eafily make them flie away.but theadiion of the fire upori
them is onely able to Char thofe parts, as it were, like a piece of Wood,if
it be clos'd very faft up in Clay,and kept a good while red-hot in the fire^
will by the heat of the fire be charr'd and not confutn d, which may, pep-
haps, alfo be fomewhat of the caufe, why the />e/r/j^W fubftance appear d
of a dark brown colour after it had been burnt.

By this intrufton of the petrifying particles, this fubftance alfo becomes
hard and friable $ for the fmaller pores of the Wood being perfectly
wedg'd, and ftuft up with thofe ftony particles, the fmall parts of the
Wood have no places or pores into which they may Aide upon bending,
and confequently little or no flexion or yielding at all can be caus'd in
fuch a fubftance.

The remaining particles likewife of the Wood among the ftony par-
ticles, may keep them from cracking and flying when put into the fire,
as they are very apt to do in a Flint*

Nor is Wood the onely fubftance that may by this kind of tranfmuta"
tion be chang'd into ftone 5 for I my felf have feen and examin'd very
many kinds of fubftances, and among very credible Authours, we may
meet with Hiftories of fuch Metamorphofes wrought ajmoft on all kind
of fubftances, both Vegetable and Animal^ which Hiftories, it is not my
bufinefe at prefent, either to relate, or epitomife^ but only to fet down
lbme Obfervation I lately made on feveral kind of petrify d Shels, found
about Kttnfham^ which lies within four or five miles of Brijlol, which are
commonly call'd Serpentinc-jlones, Exami-

IIO Ml CROGRAPHIA.

Examining fevcral of thefe very curioully figur'd bodies (which are
commonly thought to be Stones tbrm'd by fome extraordinary rlaftic^
virtue latent in the Earth it felf) I took notice of thefe particulars :

.Firft, that thefe figured bodies, or ftoncs, were of very differing fab-
(ranees, as to hardnefs : fome of Clay, fome Marie, fome foft Stone, al-
moft of the hardnefs of thofe foft ftoncs which Mafons call Fire- ftone,
others as hard as Portland ftone, others as hard as Marble, and fome as
hard a a Flint or Cryftal.

Next, they were of very differing fubftances as to tranfparency and
colour 5 fome white, fome a lmoft black, fome brown, fome Metalline, or
like Marchafites } fome tranfparent like white Marble, others like flaw'd
Cryftal,fome gray, fome of divers colours ; fome radiated like thefe long
petrify d drops, which are commonly found at the Veak^, and in other
fnbterraneous caverns, which have a kind of pith in the middle.

Thirdly, that they were very different as to the manner of their out-
ward figuration $ for fome of them feem'd to have been the fubftance
that had fill'd the Shell of fome kind of Shel-fifh '-> others, to have been
the fubftance that had contahVd or enwrapp'd one of thefe $hels,on both
which,the perfect impreffion either of the infide or outfide of fuch Shells
feem'd to be left, but for the moft part, thofe impreflions feem'd to be
made by an imperfect or broken Shell, the great end or mouth of the
Shell being always wanting, and oftentimes the little end, and fometimes
half, and in fome there were impreffions, juftas if there had been holes
broken in the figurating, imprinting or moulding Shell 5 fome of them
feem'd to be made by fuch a Shell very much brufed or flaw'd, infomuch
that one would verily have thought that very figurd ftone had been
broken or brufed whilft a gelly, as 'twere_, and fo hardned, but within
in the grain of the ftone, there appear d not the leaft fign of any fuch
brufe or breaking, but onely on the very uttermoft fuperficies.

Fourthly, they were very difFerent,as to their outward covering, fome
having the perfect Shell, both in figure, colour, and fubftance, flicking
on upon its furface, and adhering to it, but might very eafily be fepa-
rated from it, and like other common Cockle or Scolep-fjels, which fome of
them moft accurately refembled,were very difloluble in common Vinegar y
others of them,efpecially thofe Serpentine, or Helical fiones were cover'd
or retained the fhining or Pearl-colour'd fubftance of the infide of a Shel,
which fubftance, on fome parts of them, was exceeding thin, and might
very eafily be rubbed off 5 on other parts it was pretty thick, and re-
tained a white coat, or flaky fubftance on the top, juft like the outfides
of fuch Shells 5 fome of them had very large pieces of the Shell very
plainly flicking on to them, which were eafily to be broken or flaked off
by degrees : they likewife, fome of them retain 'd all along the furface of
them very pretty kind of futures, fuch as are obferv'd in the fkullsof fe-
veral kinds of living creatures, which futures were moft curioufly fhap'd
in the manner of leaves, and every one of them in the fame Shell, exactly
one like another, which I was able to difcover plainly enough with my
naked eye, but more perfectly and diftinctly with my Microfcope ; all

thefe

Ml CROC R AP H tAtV Hi

thefejfe/ww*i by breaking* fome of thefe ftones,f found to be th*:tnwbw.
Of boundings of certain diaphragms. pi partition^wJhich feeing to divide
tfio cavity of the Shell kito a multitude of very proportionate, and rcgu-i
lar <r<#fr or f averns, thefe Dtapkragws^'m snaipy oitheso^.ifovu^ vejy>pefn
feci and corn pleat, of a very diftinct fwbftaince frojj* tha* whiff&BllSjf tfoe
cavities, andi exactly of cBie fime' kiod with that which QOiV^eiLt^Qxi^wi^
fi.de., being for the mo ft pairt whitifh, or ^<V»^^^^e^k>]*b4Jr{-ouo ffj ,
-f As- for ttoe« cavities between thofe Eda^kygw^ l&wtod^tf ^fofrefl*
fiffd w*hlVla-Fle, and others with feveral kinds of fttoJie^.ofthejtf, &rrtb&
moft part hollow,, onely the whole cavity waa\\»fiifl|ly^ $o.yej?ad o$>Yi«ft
With a kind of tartareoms petrify d fubitance, whkkftqck aJhoufrtJ^fide$ij
and was there fhot into very curious regular Fjgw€% . jttft asjX^f^ri.0i5
other dlflblv'd Salts are obfeyv'd to t>ick and cryjial/ifa about tkejfMes ©if
the containing Vellels; or like thofe little Biamcwts which I before.. p&->
ferved to have covered the vaulted cavity of a Flint $ others had thefe
cavities all lin'd with a kind of tncutlme, or m$wh#jiH-<lj<k& fubftaipce,
which with a Murojcope I could as plainly fee mefr^mouily and regu-
larly figured, as I had done thofe in a Flint.

From alt which, and feveral other particulars which I obferv'dl, I cam
not but think, that all thefe, and moft other kinds of t tony bodies whicf)
are found thus ftrangely figured,doowe their formation and figuration^
not to any kind ofrlajhck^ virtue inherent in rhe earth, but to the$fefeUl
of certain Shel-fifhes, which, either by fame Deluge, Inundation, Earth'
ouake, or fomefuch other means, came to be thrown to that place, and
thereto be fill'd with fbme kind of Mudd or Glay, or petrifying Water,
or fbme other fubftance, which in trad of time, has been fettled toge?
ther and hardned in thofe fhelly moulds into thole fhaped fubftanees WQ
now find them 5 thatthe great and thin end of thefe Shells hythfctEmtib
quake, ot what ever other extraordinay caufe it was that brought thera
thither, was broken off, and that many others were otherwife broken,
bruifed and disfigured 5 that thefe Shells which are thus fpr<iUi$ct&$& fe-r
parated with Diaphragmes^ were fome kind of 'Nautili or ?wceim$ fh»JU c|
and that others were fhells of Cockles ^Mufcles ,f 'eriwincles^S colqpt of
various forts 5 that thefe Shells in many, from the particular nature of the
containing or enclos'd Earth, or fome other caufe, have in tract of time
rotted and mouldred away, and onely left their impreffions, both on the
containing and contained fubffancesj and fo them pretty lo^qFtj
within another^ fothat they may be eafily feparated by a krij)ck,of twd
of a Hammer. That others of thefe Shells, according to the nature
of the fubftances adjacent to them, have, by a long continuance in
that pofture, been petrify' d and turn'd into the nature of ft one, juft as f
even now obferv'd feveral forts of Wood to be. That oftentimes the Shell
may be found with one kind of fubftance within, and quite another
without, having, perhaps, been fill'd in one place, and afterwards tranlla*
ted to another, which I have very frequently obferv'd in C;ockle, Mufcle^
Tcrimnck) and other fhells, which I have found by the Sea fide. Nay,
further^ that fome parts of the fame Shell may be fill'd in one place, arid

fome

M ICROGRAPHIA,

fbmc other caverns in another, and others in a third,or a fourth, or a fifth
placed for fb many differing fubftances have I found in one of thefe pe-
trify d Shells,and perhaps all thefe differing from the encompafling earth
or ftone \ the means how all which varieties may be caus'd, I think, will
not be difficult to conceive, to any one that has taken notice of thofe
Shells, which are commonly found on the Sea fliore : And he that fhall
throughly examine feveral kinds of fuch curioufly foi m'd ftones,will (£
am very apt to think) find reafon to fuppofe their generation or forma-
tion to be afcribable to fome fuch accidents as I have mention'd, and
not to any Tlafiick^ virtue : For it feems to me quite contrary to the in-
finite prudence of Nature, which is obfervable in all its works and pro-
ductions, to defign every thing to a determinate end, and for the attain-
ing of that end, makes ufe of fuch ways as are (as farr as the knowledge
of man has yet been able to reach ) altogether confonant, and moft
agreeable to man's reafon, and of no way or means that does contradict,
or is contrary to humane Ratiocination 5 whence it has a Jong time been
a general observation and maxime^ that Nature does nothing in vain $ It
feems, I fay, contrary to that great Wifdom of Nature, that thefe prettily
fhap'd bodies fhould have all thofe curious Figures and contrivances
(which many of them are adorn cl and contriv'd with) generated or
wrought by a Flajlick^ virtue^ for no higher end ,'then onely to exhibite
fuch a form 5 which he that fhall throughly confider all the circumftances
of fuch kind of Figur'd bodies, will, I think, have great reafon to be-
lieve, though, I confefs, one cannot prefently be able to find out what
Nature's defigns are. It were therefore very defirable, that a good col-
lection of fuch kind of figur'd ftones were collected $ and as many par-
ticulars, circumftances, and informations collected with them as could be
obtained, that from fuch a Hiftory of Obfervations well rane'd, ex-
amin'd and digefted, the true original or production of all thole kinds
of ftones might be perfectly and furely known ^ fuch as are Thunder-
ftones, Lapides SteUares, Lapides Judaiciyand multitudes of other, where-
of mention is made in Aldrovandus Wormius^ and other Writers of
Minerals.

Obfcrv. XVIII. Of the Schcmatiime or Texture of Cork, and
of the Cells and Tores of fome other fuch frothy Bodies.

I Took a good clear piece of Cork, and with a Pen-knife fharpen'd as
keen as a Razor, I cut a piece of it off, and thereby left thefurfaceof
it exceeding fmooth, then examining it very diligently with a Micro-
fcope, me thought I could perceive it to appear a little porous j but I
could not fo plainly diftinguifh them, as to be fure that they were pores,
much lefs what Figure they were of: But judging from the JightnefsaLd
yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture could not be fo

curious,

Micrograph! a. 115

curious, but that poflibly, if I could ufe fome further diligence, I might
rind it to be dilcernable with a M/croJcope, I with the fame fliarp Pen-
knife, cut off from the former fmooth furface an exceeding thin piece of
it, and placing it on a black object Plate, becaufe it was it felf a white
body, and cafting the light on it with a deep plano-convex Glafs, I could
exceeding. plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous,much like
a Honey-comb,but that the pores of it were not regular \ yet it was not
unlike a Honey-comb in thefe particulars.

Firft, in that it had a very little folid fubftance, in companion of the
empty cavity that was contain'd between, as does more nmnifeftly appear
by the Figure A and B of the X I. Scheme, for the Interjittia, or walls
(as I may fo call them) or partitions of thole pores were ncer as thin in
proportion to their pores, as thole thin films of Wax in a Honey-comb
(which encloleand conftitute thejexangnlar cells') are to theirs.

Next, in that thefe pores, or cells, were not very deep, but confifted
of a great many little Boxes, leparated out of one continued long pore,
by certain Diaphragms, as is vilible by the Figure B, which represents a
light of thole pores fplit the long- ways.

I no looner dilcern'd thele (which were indeed the firft microfcopical
pores I ever law, and perhaps,that were ever feen, for I had not met with
any Writer or Perfon, that had made any mention of them before this)
but me thought I had with the dilcovery of them, prelently hinted to me
the true and intelligible reafon of all the Thutnomena. of Cork j As,

Firft, if I enquir'd why it was fo exceeding light a body? my Micro-:
Jcope could prelently inform me that here was the lame realbn evident that
there is found for the lightnefs of froth, an empty Honey-comb, Wool,
a Spunge, a Pumice-ftone, or the like , namely, a very fmall quantity of a
folid body, extended into exceeding large dimenfions.

Next, it leem'd nothing more difficult to give an intelligible reafon,
why Cork is a body lb very unapt to fuck and drink in Water, andcon-
fequently preferves it felf, floating on the top of Water, though left on it
never fo long : and why it is able to ftop and hold air in a Bottle,though
it be there very much condens'd and confequently preffes very ftrongly
to get a paflage out, without fufiering the leaft bubble to pafs through
its fubftance. For, as to the firft, fince our Microfcope informs us that the
fubftance of Cork is altogether fill'd with Air, and that that Air is per-
fectly cnclofed in little Boxes or Cells diftincT: from one another. It feems
very plain, why neither the Water, nor any other Air can eafily infinu-
ate it felf into them, fince there is already within them an intus exiflens,
and confequently, why the pieces of Cork become lb good floats for
Nets, and floppies for Viols, or other clofe Veflels.

And thirdly, if we enquire why Cork has fiich a fpringinefi and Cel-
ling nature whem comprels'd ? and how it comes to fufFcr fo great a com-
preffionj or teeming penetration of dimenfions, fo as to be made a fub-
ftance as heavie again and 'more, bulk for bulk, as it was before comprefc
(ion, and yet fuffer'd to return, is found to extend it felf again into the
fame fpace? Our Microfcope will eafily inform us, that the whole mais

R eonfifts

114 MlCROGRAPHIA.

confifts of an infinite company of fmall Boxes or Bladders of Air, which
is a fubftance of a fpringy nature, and that will furFer a confiderable con^-
deniation (as I have fevcral times found by divers trials, by which I have
moft evidently condens'd it into left then a twentieth part of its ufual di-
mensions neer the Earth, and that with no other ftrength then that of my
hands without any kind of forcing Engine,fuch as Racks,Leavers,Wheels,
Pullies,or the like, but this onely by and by) and befides, it feems very
probable that thofe very films or fides of the pores,have in them a fpring-
ing quality, as almoft all other kind of Vegetable fubftances have, fo as
to help to reftore themfelves to their former pofition.

And could we fo eafily and certainly difcover the Schematifme and
Texture even of thefe films,and of feveral other bodies,as we can thefe of
Cork 5 there feems no probable reafon to the contrary, but that we might
as readily render the true reafon of all their ?h£ttomena $ as namely, what
were thecaufe of the fpringinefs, and toughnefs of fome, both as to their
flexibility and reftitution. What, of the friability or brittlenefs of fome
others, and the like 5 but till fuch time as our Micro/cope, or lome other
means,enable us to difcover the true Schematifm and Texture of all kinds
of bodies, we mull: grope, as it were, in the dark, and onely ghefs at the
true reafons of things by fimilitudes and comparifons.

But, to return to our Obfervation. I told feveral lines of thefe
pores,, and found that there were ufually about threefcore of thefe fmall
Cells placed end- ways in the eighteenth part of an Inch in length,whence
I concluded there muft be neer eleven hundred of them, or fomewhat
more then a thoufand in the length of an Inch, and therefore in a fquare
Inch above a Million, or 11 66400. and in a Cubick Inch,above twelve
hundred Millions, or 12 597 12000. a thing almoft incredible, did not our
Microfcope afliire us of it by ocular demonftration nay, did it not difco-
ver to us the pores of a body, which were they diaphragm '4,like thofe of
Cork, would afford us in one Cubick Inch, more then ten times as many
little Cells, as is evident in feveral charr'd Vegetables^ fo prodigioufly
curious are the works of Nature, that even thefe confpicuous pores of
bodies, which feem to be the channels or pipes through which the Succus
tiutritim^ or natural juices of Vegetables are convey'd, and feem to cor-
refpond to the veins, arteries and other Veflels in fenfible creatures, that
thefe pores I fay, which feem to be the Veflels of nutrition to the vafreft
body in the World, are yet fo exceeding fmall, that the Atoms which Epi-
curus fancy'd would go neer to prove too bigg to enter them, much more
to conftitute a fluid body in them.And how infinitely fmaller then mufl be
the Veflels of a Mite, or the pores of one of thofe little Vegetables I have
difcovered to grow on the back-fide of a Rofe-leaf, and fhall anon more
fully defcribe, whofe bulk is many millions of times lefs then the bulk of
the fmall flirub it grows on $ and even that fhrub, many millions of times
lefs in bulk then feveral trees (that have heretofore grown in Englandy
and are this day flourifhing in other hotter Climates, as we are very ere-*
dibly inform'd) if at leaft the pores of this fmall Vegetable fhould keep
any fuch proportion to the body of it , as we have found thefe pores

of

t

Micrograph i a. 11$

of other Vegetables to do to their bulk But of thefe pores I have (aid
more elfewhere.

To proceed then, Cork feems to be by the tranfverfe cohftitution of
the pores, a kind ot Fungus or Mufhrome, for the pores lie like io many
Rays tending from the center, or pith of the tree, outwards ;, fo that if
you cut oil a piece from a board of Cork tranfverlly, to the flat of it,
you will, as it were, fplit the pores, and they will appear juft as they are
exprefsci in the Figure B of the XL Scheme. But if you (have off a
very thin piece from this board, parallel to the plain of it, you will cut
all the pores tranlverlly, and they will appear almoft as they are exprefs'd
in the Figure A, fave onely the (olid Interjiitia will not appear fb thick
as they are there reprelented.

So that Cork feems to fuck its nouriflbment from the fubjacent bark of
the Tree immediately, and to be a kind of cxcrefcence, or a fubftance
diftincl: from the fubftanccs of the entire Tree, fomething analogus to
the Mufhrome, or Mofs on other Trees, or to the hairs on Animals. And
having enquir d into the Hiftory of Cork, I find it reckoned as an
excrefcency of the bark of a certain Tree, which is diftincl: from the two
barks that lie within it, which are common alfo to other trees 5 That 'tis
lbme time before the Cork that covers the young and tender fprouts
comes to bedifcernable; That it cracks,flaws,and cleaves into many great
chaps, the bark underneath remaining entire } That it may befeparated
and remov'd from the Tree, and yet the two under-barks (filch as are
alfo common to that with other Trees) not at all injur'd, but rather
helped and freed from an external injury. Thus Jonjionus in Dendrologia,
fpeaking de Subere^ fays, Arbor eji procera, Lignum eji robufium^ dempto
cortice in aquis non fluitat, Cortice in orbem detract 0 juvatur, cirafcefcens
enintprajiringit & jirangulat0 intra triennium rterum repktur : Caudexubi
adolefcit crajjus^ cortex Juperior denfus carnojus^duos digit os crajjus^ [caber ,
rimofus^ & qui niji detrahatur dehijeit, alioque jubnafcente expeiiitur^ inte-
rior qui jubeji novellus ita rubet ut arbor minio pi&a videatur. Which
Hiftoriesjif well confider'd, and the tree, fubftance, and manner of grow-
ing, if well cxamin'd,would,Iam very apt to believe,much confirm this
my conjecture about the origination of Cork.

Nor is this kind of Texture peculiar to Cork onely 5 for upon exami-
nation with my Microfiope, I have found that the pith of an Elder, or al-
moft any other Tree, the.inner pulp or pith of the Cany hollow f^lks of
feveral other Vegetables : as of Fennel, Carrets, Daucus, Bur-docks,
Teafels, Fearn, fome kinds of Reeds, &c. have much fuch a kind of
Schematifme, as I have lately fhewn that of Cork, fave onely that here
the pores are rang'd the long- ways, or the fame ways with the length of
the Cane,whereas in Cork they are tranfverfe.

The pith alfo that fills that part of the ftalk of a Feather that isf above
the Quil, has much fuch a kind of texture, fave onely that which way fb-
ever I fet this light fubftance, the pores feem'd to be cut tranfverfly^ fo
that I ghefs this pith which fills the Feather, not to confift of abundance
of long pores feparated with Diaphragms, as Cork does, but to be a kind

R 2 of

MlCROGRAPHIA,

of folic! or hardned froth,or a congeries of very fmall bubbles confolidated
in that form,into a pretty ftiff as well as tough concrete,and that each Ca-
vern, Bubble, or Cell, isdiftin&ly feparatefrom any of the reft, without
any kind of hole in the encompafting films, fo that I could no more blow
through a piece of this kinde of fubftance,then I could through a piece of
Cork, or the found pith of an Elder.

But though I could not with my Microfiope, nor with my breath, nor
any other way I have yet try'd, difcover a paflage out of one of thofe
cavities into another, yet I cannot thence conclude, that therefore there
are none fuch, by which the Succus nutritiw ,'or appropriate juices of Ve-
getables, may pafs through them j for, in feveral of thofe Vegetables,
whim green, I have with my Microjcope^ plainly enough difcover'd thefe
Cells or Poles fill'd with juices, and by degrees fweating them out : as I
have alfo oblerved in green Wood all thofe long Microfcopical pores
which appear in Charcoal perfectly empty of any thing but Air.

Now, though I have with great diligence endeavoured to find whe-
ther there be any fuch thing in thofe Microfcopical pores of Wood or
Piths, as the Valves in the heart,veins,and other paflages of Animals,that
open 'and give paflage to the contain'd fluid juices one way, and fhut
themfelves,and impede the paflage of fuch liquors back again,yet have I
not hitherto been able to fay any thing pofitive in it 5 though,me thinks,
it feems very probable,that Nature has in thefe paflages,as well as in thofe
of Animal bodies, very many appropriated Inftruments and contrivances,
whereby to bring her defigns and end to pafs,which 'tis not improbable,
but that fome diligent Obferver, if help'd with better Micro/copes, may
in time deted.

And that this may be fo, feems with great probability to be argued
from the ftrange Phenomena of fenfitive Plants, wherein Nature feems
to perform feveral Animal aftions with the fame Schematism or Organiza-
tion that is common to all Vegetables, as may appear by fome no lefs
inftrucHve then curious Obfervations that were made by divers Emi-
nent Members of the Royal Society on fome of thefe kind of Plants, where-
of an account was delivered in to them by the moft Ingenious and Excel-
lent Phyfician, Dodror Clarl^, which, having that liberty granted me by
that moft Illuftrious Society, I have hereunto adjoyn'd.

Obfervations on the Humble and Senfible Plants in Mr ChirBVj-
Garden in Saint James s Park? made Auguft the 9th'
Prefent, the Lord Brouncker, Sr. Robert Moray, Dr. Wilkpis^
Mr. Evelin, Dr.Henfbaw, and Dr. Clark*

There are four Plants, two of which are little fhrub Plants,
with a little (hort ftock, about an Inch above the ground, from
whence are fprcad feveral fticky branches, round, ftrcight, and

fmooth,

MlCROGRAPHlA. H7

fmooth in the diftances between the Sprouts, but juft under, the
Sprouts there are two fharp thorny prickles, broad in the let-
ting on, as in the Bramble, one juft under the Sprout, the other
on the oppoflte fide of the branch.

The diftances betwixt the Sprouts are ufually fomething see
more then an Inch, and many upon a Branch, according to its f* *«
length, and they grew fo, that if the lower Sprout be on the left
fide of the Branch, the next above is on the right, and fo to the
end, not fprouting by pairs.

At die end of each Sprout are generally four fprigs, two at
the Extremity, and one on each fide, juft under it. At the firft
fprouting of thefe from the Branch to the Sprig where the leaves
grow, they are full of little fhort white hairs, which wear off as
the leaves grow, and then they are fmooth as the Branch.

Upon each of thefe fprigs, are, for the moft part, eleven pair/
of leaves, neatly fa into the uppermoft part of the little fprig,
exactly one againft another, as it Were in little articulations, fuck
as Anatomifts call Enartbrofis7 where the round head of a Bone
is received into another fitted for its motion ; and Handing very
fitly to fbut themfelves and touch, the pairs juft above them
clofing fomewhat upon them, as in the (nut fprig ; fo is the
little round Fedunattus of this leaf fitted into a little cavity of
the fprig, vifible to the eye in a fprig new pluck d, or in a fprig
withered on the Branch, from which the leaves eafify fall by
touching.

The leaf being almoft an oblong fquare, and fet into the Pe-
dunculus, at one of the lower corners, receiveth from that not
onety a Spine, as 1 may call it, which, paffing through the leaf,
divides it fo- length-ways that the outer-fide is broader then the
inner next the fprig, but little fibres pafiing obliquely towards
the oppofite broader fide1, feerri t&make it here a little mufcular,
and fitted to move the whole Iea£ which, together with the
whole fprig, are fet full with little fhort whitifh hairs.

One

Il8 MlCR OGRAPHi A.

Oneofthefe Plants, whofe branch feem'd to be older and
more grown then the other, onely the tender Sprouts of it, after
the leaves are (hut, fall and hang down ; of the other, the whole
branches tall to the ground, if the Sun fhine very warm,upen the
firft taking ofFthe Glafs, which I therefore call the humble Plant.

The other two, which do never fall, nor do any of their
branches flagg and hang down, fhut not their leaves, but upon
fomewhat a hard ftroke ; the (talks feem to grow up from a root,
and appear more herbaceous, they are round and fmooth, without
any prickle, the Sprouts from them have feveral pairs of fprigs,
with much lefs leaves then the other on them, and have on
each fprig generally feventeen pair.

Upon touching any of the fprigs with leaves on, all the leaves
on that fprig contracting themfelves by pairs, joyned their up-
per fuperficies clofe together.

Upon the dropping a drop of Aquafortis on the fprig be-
twixt the leaves, / / all the leaves above fhut prefently, thofe
below by pairs fuccefhvely after, and by the lower leaves of the
other branches, //, kk-, &c. and fo every pair fucceffively,
with fome little diftance of time betwixt,to the top of each fprig,
and fo they continu'd fhut all the time we were there. But I re-
turning the next day, and feveral days fince,found ail the leaves '
dilated again on two of the fprigs ; but fromff where the Aqua
forth had dropped upwards, dead and withered ; but thofe be-
low on the fame fprig, green, and clofing upon the touch, and
are fo at this day, Auguft 14.

With a pair of Sciffers, as fuddenly as it could be done, one
of the leaves b b was clipped oft in the middie,upon which that
pair, and the pair above, clofed prefently, after a little interval,
d d, then e e, and fo the reft $f the pairs, to the bottom of the
fprig, and then the motion began in the lower pairs, / /, on the
other fprigs, and fo fhut them by pairs upwards, though not
with fuch diftinft diftances.

Under

Sohcrn.Xi.

Fig: i .

Micro graphia. I

Under a pretty large branch with its (prigs on, there lyin£
a large Shell betwixt two and three Inches below it, there was
nibbed on a ftrong fented oyl, after aJittle time all the leaves on
that (prig were (hut, and fo they continued all the time of our
ftay there,but at my returne the next day, I found the poiition
of the Shell alter 'd, and the leaves expanded as before, and
ciofing upon the touch.

Upon the application of the Sun-beams by a Burning-glafs,
the more humble Plant fell, the other fhut their leaves.

We could not fo apply the fmoak of Sulpher, as to have any
vifible effedl: from that, at two or three times trial ; but on ano-
ther trial,the fmoak touching the leaves,it fucceeded.

The humble Plant fell upon taking off the Glafs wherewith it
was covered.

Cutting off one of the little Sprouts, two or three drops of li-
quor were thruft out of the part from whence that was cut,very
cleer, and pellucid, of a bright greenifh colour, tailing at firft a
little bitteri(h,but after leaving a licoriffi-like tafte in my mouth.

Since,going two or three times when it was cold, I took the
Glafles from the more humble Plant find it did not fall as former-
ly, but (hut its leaves onely. But coming afterwards, when the
Sun (hone Very warm, as foon as it was taken off, it fell as
before.

Since I pluck'd off another fprig, whofe leaves were all fhut,
and had been fo fome time, thinking to obferve the liquor
(hould come from that I had broken off, but finding none,
though with prefling,to come, I, as dexteroufly as I could, pull'd
off one whofe leaves were expanded, and then had upon the (hut-
ting of the leaves, a little of the mention'd liquor, from the end
of the fprig I had broken from the Plant. And this twice fuc-
ceflively, as often almoft as I durft rob the Plant.

But my curiofity carrying me yet further, I cut off one of
the harder branches of the ftronger Planr, and there came of the

liquor,

20 Mi CROGRAPHIA,

liquor, both from that I had cut, and that I had cut it from,
without preflure.

Which made me think, that the motion of this Plant upon
touching, might be from this, that there being a conftant inter-
courfe betwixt every part of this Plant and its root,either by a cir^
culation ofthisliquor,or a conftant prefling of the fubtiler parts
of it to every extremity of the Plant. Upon every preffure,from
whatfoever it proceeds, greater then that which keeps it up, the
fubtile parts of this liquor are thruft downwards, towards its <*r-
ticulations of the leaves, where, not having room prefendy to get
into the fprig,the little round pedunculus, from whence the Spine
and thofe oblique Fibres I mentiond rife, being dilated, the
Spine and Fibres (being continued from it) muft be contra&ed
and (hortned, and fo draw the leaf upwards to joyn with its fel-
low in the fame condition with it felf, where, being clofed,they
are held together by the implication* of the little whitifti hair, as
well as by the ftill retreating liquor, which diftending the Fibres
that are continued lower to the branch and root, (horten them
above ; and when the liquor is fo much forced from the Sprout,
whole Fibres are yet tender, and not able to fupport themfclves,
but by that tenfnefs which the liquor filling their interftices gives
them, the Sprout hangs and flags.

But, perhaps, he that had the ability and leifure to give you
the exacl: Anatomy of this pretty Plant, to ftiew you its Fibres,
and vifible Canales, through which this fine liquor circulated^
or is moved, and had the faculty of better and more copioufly
cxprefljng his Obfervations and conceptions, fuch a one would
eafily from the motion of this liquor, folve all the Fhjtnomena,
and would not fear to affirm, that it is no obfcure fenfation this
Plant hath. But I havefaid too much, I humbly fubmit, and am
ready to ftand corrected.

• • ... " ) v fi .

I have not yet made fo full and fatisra&ory Obfervations asldeureon

this Plant, which feems to be a Subject that will afford abundance" of

information.

MlCROGRAPHlA.

information. But as fair as I have had opportunity to examine it5I have
difeovered with my Microfcope very curious ftru&ures and contrivances ,
but defigning much more accurate examinations and trials,both with my
Afjcrofcope, and otherwife, as foon as the feafon will permit, I fliall not till
then add any thing of what I have already taken notice of 3 but as farras
I have yet obferv'dj judge the motion of it to proceed from caufes very
differing from thofe by which Gut-ftrings,or Lute-ftrings,the beard of a
wilde Oat, or the beard of the Seeds oiGeraninm^Mofcatum, or Musk^
graft and other of kinds of Cranes-bill^moxc themfelves. Of which I (hall
add more in the fubfequent Obfervations on thofe bodies.

121

Obferv, XIX. Of a Plant growing in the blighted or yellow /pecks
of Damask-rofc-leaves, Bramble-leaves, and fome other kind
of leaves.

T Have forfeveral years together, in the Moneths of jf^j Augnjl,
•* and September (when any of the green leaves of Rofes begin to dry and
grow yellow) obferv'd many of them, efpecially the leaves of the old
(drubs oiDamaskcRofes, all befpecked with yellow ftains, and the under-
fides juft againft them, to have little yellow hillocks of a gummous fub-
ftance, and feveral of them to have fmall black fpots in the midft of thofe
yellow oneSj which, to the naked eye, appear'd no bigger then the point
of a Pin, or the fmalleft black fpot or tittle of Ink one is able to make
with a very (harp pointed Pen*

Examining thefe with a Microfcope, I Was able plainly to diftinguiih,up
and down the furface, feveral fmall yellow knobs, of a kind of yellowifh
red gummy fubftance, out of which I perceiv'd there fprung multitudes
of little cafes or black bodies like Seed-cods, and thofe of them that
were quite without the hillock of Gumm, difclos'd themfelves to grow „ <»/ tifc- if^tfA
out of it with a fmall Straw-colour'd and tranfparent ftem, the which 0f inefs^ £«/ nt
feed and ftem appear'd very like thofe of common Mofs (which I elfe- "-fie, ms i>& y ftf®
where defcribe) but that they Were abundantly left, many hundreds of ^ bhfevifH
them being not able to equalize one fingle feed Cod of Mofs.

I have often doubted whether they were the feed Cods of fome little
Plant, or lome kind of fmall Buds, or the Eggs of fome very fmall Infect,
they appear'd of a dark brpwnifh red, fome almoft quite black, and of a
Figure much refembling the feed-cod of Mote, but their ftalks on which
they grew were of a very fine tranfparent fubftance, almoft like the ftalk
of mould, but that they feem'd fomewhat more yellow.

That which makes me to (uppofe them to be Vegetables, is fot that I
perceiv'd many of thofe hillocks bare or deftitute, as if thofe bodies lay
yet conceal'd,as G. In others of them,they were juft fpringing Out of their
gummy hillocks, which all feem'd to (hoot directly outwards, as at A. In
others, as at B, I found them juft gotten out,with very little or no ftalk^

S and

122 MlCROGRAPHl A.

and the Cods of an indifferent cize^but in others,as C, I found them begin
to have little ftiort (talks, or ftcms 5 in others, as D, thoic Items were
grown bigger, and larger $ and in others, as at E, F, H, I, K, L, &c. thofe
Items and Cods were grown a great deal bigger, and the (talks were
more bulky about the root,' and very much taper'd towards the top, as
at F and L is moft vifible.

I did not find that any of them had any feed in them, or that any of
them were hollow, but as they grew bigger and bigger, I found thofe
heads or Cods begin to turn their tops towards their roots, in the fame
manner as I had obferv d that of Mofs to do 5 fo that in all likelihood,
Nature did intend in that pofture, what fhe does in the like feed-cods of
. „ greater bulk, that is, that the leed, when ripe, (hould be (haken out and
r' 01 J difperfed at the end of it, as we find in Columbine Cods, and the like.

,o? //^.v .r The whole Qval qooO in thefecond Figure of the 12. Scheme

h"y \ yl,A '«"" reprefents a fmall part of a Rofeleaf, aboutthe bignefs of the little Oval
Lv»< eJ"<« >y in the hillock, C, marked with the Figure X. in which I have not par-
l''''l"u' tfl 'c? * <* ticularly obferv'd all the otherforms of the furface of the Rofe-leaf, as
Pff & ^ - Demg httle to mY Prefent purpofe.

t a <« <** Now, if thefe Cods have a feed in them fo proportion'd to the Cod, as

u otc"/ ^ % 1 thofe of rinks , and Carnations ', and Columbines^ and the like, how unima-
tfi^ci b) -da.'c,* ginably fmall muft each of thofe feeds neceffarily be, for the whole
1 lmn fifties Vm length of one of the largeft of thofe Cods was not ~ part of an Inch 5
1 no 1 l nt fomc above and therefore certainly, very many thoufand of
r| }f at^6 " 1 "f t-> them would be unable to make a bulk that fhould be vifible to the naked
tjt- 6f-£**4*&tt<.f' eye ^ and if each of thefe contain the Rudiments of a young Plant of the
>j0 [ t {he titftcibi fame kind, what muft we fay of the pores and conftituent parts of that ?
1 arte h 'o The generation of this Plant feems in part,afcribable to a kind of Mil-

Iftt/f^ty x<*tLjf«t£ dert> or B light ywhereby the parts of the leaves grow (cabby, or putrify'd,
Zs.sk ( u -- h lob* 'I as lt were, (b as that the moifture breaks out in little fcabs or fpots, which,
l,{n)( Jf«3 »<*( Sfa* as * ^id De^ore3 hke little knobs of a red gummous fubftance.
£ , , cm h From this putrify'd fcabb breaks out this little Vegetable 5 which may

Jti tQ>t% tittft*&- be fbmewhat like a Mould or Mof^ and may have its equivocal genera-
C^cJle/.i V/iV tion much after the fame manner as I have fuppofed Mofs or Mouldxo
\u,ioM* M:jo>«$ have, and to be a more fimple and uncompounded kind of vegetation,
I f Si)£<j&i&-,^'t'9 wnicn 's fet a moving by the putrifa&ive and fermentative heat, joyn'd
' LftJioaiQc w*tri that of the ambient aerial, when (by the putrifa&ion and decay of

h-ct 1 tia l- f /T^ - fotne other parts of the vegetable, that for a while ftaid its progrefs) it is
\fi*i'Cj a tiffaH unfetter'd and left at liberty to move in its former courfe, but by reafbn
fH-tui J?cu<y< of its regulators, moves and acts after quite another manner then it did
otziyH, when a coagent'm the more compounded machine of the more perfect

Vegetable.

And from this very fame Principle, I imagine the Mifleto of Oaks,
Thorns4 Appletrees, and other Trees, to have its original : It feldom or
nev ,r growing on any of thofe Trees,till they begin to wax decrepid,and
decay with age, and are pefter'd with many other infirmities.

Hither alfo may be referr'd thofe multitudes and varieties of Mufhroms^
fuch as that3call'd Jewears^ all forts otgray and green Mofles^&c. which

infeft

II

MlCROGRAPHlA.

infeft all kind of Trces,fhrubs,and the likc,efpccially when they come to
any bignels. And this we fee to be very much the method of Nature
throughout its operations, pntrtfa&ive Vegetables very often producing a
Vegetable ofa much lefs com pounded nature, and of a much inferiour
tribe 5 and putrefatfive animal fubftances degenerating into fome kind of
animal production of a much inferiour rank,and ofa more (iraple nature.

Thus we find the humours and fubftances of the body,upon putrifatti-
onyto produce ftrange kinds of moving Vermine : the putrifathon of the
flimes and juices of the Stomack and Cuts, produce Worms almoft like
Earth-worms,the Wheals in childrens hands produce a little Worm,calld
a Wheal-worm : The bloud and milk, and other humours, produce other
kinds of Worms, atleaft, if we may believe what is deliver d to us by
very famous Authors though, I confels, I have not yet been able to dil-
cover fuch my (elf.

And whereas it may (eem ftrange that Vinegar Meal, mufty Casks ,&c.
are obferv'd to breed their differing kinds of 'Infects, or living creatures,
whereas they being Vegetable fubftances, (eem to b £ of an inferiour kind,
and fo unable to produce a creature more noble, or of a more com-
pounded nature then they thcmfelves are ofj and fo without fome con-
current feminal principle, may be thought utterly unfit for fuch an ope^
ration $ I muft add, that we cannot prefenily pofitively (ay, there are
no animal fubftances, either mediately, as by the foil Orfatningof the
Plant from whence they fprung,or more immediately,by thereal mixture
or compofition of fuch fubftances, join'd with them , or perchance fome
kind of Infect, in (uch places where fuch kind of pntrifying or ferment-
ing bodies are, may, by a certain inftindr of nature, eject fome fort of fe-
minal principle, which cooperating with various kinds of pntrifying fub-
ftances, may produce various kinds of Infe&s.or Animate bodies : For we
find in moft forts of thole lower degrees of Animate bodies, that the
pntrifying fubftances on which thefo Eggs, Seeds., or feminal principles
are caft by the Infocr, become, as it werej the Matrices or Wombs that
conduce very much to their generation, and may perchance alfoto their
variation and alteration, much after the fame manner, as, by ftrange and
unnatural copulations, feveral new kinds of Animals are produe'd, as
Mules, and the like, which are ufually call d Monftrous, becaufe a little
unufual, though many of them have all their principal parts as perfectly
fhap'd and adapted for their peculiar ufes, as any of the moft perfecl:
Animals. If therefore the pntrifying body, on which any kind of feminal
or vital principle chances to be caft. become fomewhat more then meer-
ly a nurfing and foftering helper in the generation and production of
any kind of Animate body, the more neer it approaches the true nature
ofa Womb, the more power will it have on the by-blow it inclofes. But
of this fomewhat more in the defcription of the Water-gnat. Perhaps
fome more accurate Enquiries and Oblervations about thefo matters
might bring the Queftion to fome certainty, which would be of nofmall
concern in Natural Philofophy.

But that pntrifying animal fubftances may produce animals of an inferior

S 2 kindj

124 MlCROGRAPHIA.

kind, I fee not any fb very great a difficulty, but chat one may, without
li <<i this Look much abfurdity,admit : For as there may be multitudes of contrivances
q 1 ""«' that go to the making up of one compleat Animate body 5 fo,That fome

pti '» • ' ' ' ' of thofe coadjutors the perfect exiftence and lifeof it, may be vitiated,
r^o tOhftifCtj — and the life of the whole deftroyed, and yet fcveral of the conftituting
t^ih a fictt-. contrivances remain intire,I cannot think it beyond imagination or poffibi-
lity, no more then that a like accidental procefs,as I have clfwhere hinted,
may alfo be fuppofed to explicate the method of Nature in the Metamor-
phosis of Plants. And though the difference between a Plant and an Ani-
mal be very great, yet I have not hitherto met with any fo cogent an Ar-
gument, as to make me pofitive in affirming thefe two to be altogether
Heterogeneous ,and of quite differing kinds of Nature: And befides.as there
are many Zoophyts, and fenfitive Plants (divers of which I have feen,which
are of a middle nature,and feem to be Natures tranfition from one degree
to another, which may be obfervd in all her other paflages, wherein flie
is very feldom obferv'd to leap from one ftep to another) fo have we,in

«.Vx /tom <-o < ^ahs- fonie Authors, Inftances of Plants turning into Animals, and Animalsinto
vici'Mc^ofcr-^ Plants, and the like 5 and fome other very ftrange (becaufe unheeded)
^"vx r° proceedings of Nature } fbmething of which kind may be met with, in
" Qrc ut"(^fC t f * y- tne description of the Water-Gnat, though it be net altogether fo direct
Mattx 'mj'cc /- °- to tne Pre^nt purpofe.
fh qnau ^of/Pert But to refer this Difcourfe ofAnimals to their proper places, I (hall
fi n 0^a feij,^ fLiu'fi add? that though one fhould fuppofe, or it fhould be prov'd by Oblerva-
, — AL v tionSj that feveral of thefe kinds of Plants are accidentally produe'd by a

nf acctd&itfaC&uf- cafiial putrtfaBion, I fee not any great reafon to queftion, but that, not-
p.ar fit/tc/T /«c - withftanding its own production was as 'twere cafual, yet it may germi«
Wi-cpty'V^j1^^^ natc and produce feed, and by it propagate its own, that is,a new Species.
%110 ' J:( C° r ^or we d° not know, but that the Omnipotent and All-wife Creator
|p_u* .' "i^'Y-jT might as directly defign the ftrudture of fuch a Vegetable, or fiich an
1/ . tctp £ ^ Animal to be produe'd out of fuch or fuch a putrifaUion or change of
""lCc £f'f<*"(t. (.hjj or tnat body, towards the conftitution or ftrudture of which, he
' 1 knew it neceflary, or thoughtit fit to make it an ingredient 5 as that the

*if(**GCf£b&£*z digeftion or moderate heating of an Egg, either by the Female, or the
f of. c.i tf ^*flf«- Sun, or the heat of the Fire, or the like, fhould produce this or that Bird 5
on}^nuf'..^ or that TutrifaUive and warm fteams fhould,out of the blowings3as they
U & i««Qtf jjKCdsfi , call them, that is, the Eggs of a Flie,produce a living Magot, and that,by
degrees, be turn'd into an Aurelia, and that, by a longer and a propor-
tion^ heat, be tranfmuted into a Fly. Nor need we therefore to fuppofe
it the more imperfect in its kind, then the more compounded Vegetable
or Animal of which it is a part 5 for he might as compleatly furnifh it
with all kinds of contrivances neceflary for its own exiftence.. and the
propagation of its own Species, and yet make it a part of a more com-
pounded body : as a Clock-maker might make a Set of Chimes to be a
part of a Clock, and yet, when the watch part or ftriking part are taken
away, and the hindrances of its motion remov'd, this chiming part
may go as accurately, and ftrike its tune as exactly, as if it were ftill a
part of the compounded Automaton, So, though the original caufeyor

feminal

I

MlCROGR APHI A.

124

feminal principle from which this minute Plant on Rofe leaves did fpring
wereJbeforc the corruption caus'd by the Mill-dcwj a component part
of the leaf on which it grew, and did ferve as a coagent in the producti-
on and conftitution of it, yet might it be fo confummate, as to produce i
leed which might have a power of propagating the lame fpecicsrthe works
of the Creator feeming of fuch an excellency, that though they arc unable
to help to the perfecting of the more compounded exiftence of the greater
Plant or Animal,they may have notwithstanding an ability of acting fingly
upon their own internal principle, fo as to produce a Vegetable body,
though of a lefs compounded nature, and to proceed fo farr in the me-
thod of other Vegetables, as to bear riowcrs and feeds, which may be ca-
pabale of propagating the like. So that the little cafes which appear to
grow on the top of the (lender (talks, may, for ought I know, though I c==:^- £Wfct u
fhould fuppofe them to fpring from the perverting of the ufual courie of p^yi'ouf /±
the parent Vegetable, contain a feed, which, being fcatter'd on other tc^c^a
leaves of the fame Plant, may produce a Plant of much the fame kind. fl /Pooi''*^* reU
Nor are Dama(k-Rofe leaves the onely leaves that produce thefe <±vaiftc«pai o<%
kinds of Vegetable fproutings^ for I have cbferv'd themalfoin feveral 0„ fl?t; f,m

other kinds of Rofe leaves, and on the leaves of feveral forts of Briers, lu.iutt^ qjcgtta
and on Bramble leaves they are oftentimes to be found in very great eit£.^ i8cd iQ^lPa.
clutters } lb that I have found in one clutter, three,four, or five hundred of , <0y<0% a rtl
them, making a very confpicuous black ipot or fcab on the back fide of iC«Jl ; toot<cJl i ,ac&
the leaf. 6y<?-t< (i.uiiPaA^i

\bttt p&tiacfCy

- 1 -. - "r (.J aCC oC{tB%

Obferv. XX. Of bliie Mould, and cf the firfl Principles of Ve-
getation arifing from Putrefa&iorL

THe Blue and White and feveral kinds of hairy mouldy (pots, which
ate obfervable upon divers kinds otfutrifyd bodies, whether Ani-
mal fubftances,or Vegetable,fiich as the fkin, raw or drefs'd, flefh,bloud,
humours, tnilk, green Cheele, &c. or rotten fappy Wood, Or Herbs,
Leaves, Barks, Roots, &c. of Plants, are all of them nothing elfe but fe-
veral kinds of fmall and varioufly figur'd Mufhroms, which, from conve-
nient materials in thofe petrifying bodies, are, by the concurrent heat of
the Air, excited to a certain kind of vegetation, which will not be un-
worthy our more ferious fpeculation and examination, as I fhall by and
by (hew. But,firft,I mutt premife a fhort defcription of this Specimen^
which I have added of this Tribe, in the firft Figure of the XII. Scheme,
which is nothing elfe but the appearance of a fmall white fpot of hairy
mould,multitudes of which I found to befpeck Sc whiten over the red co-
vers of a fmall book, which, it (eems, were of Sheeps-fkin,that being more
apt to gather mould, even in a dry and clean room, then other leathers,;
Thefe fpots appear d,through a goodMcrofeopejo be a very pretty fhap'd
Vegetative body, which, from almoft the iame part of the Leather, (hot

out

126

MlCROGRAPHIA.

out multitudes of fmall long cylindrical and tranfparent ftalks,not exact-
ly ftreight,but a little bended with the weight of a round and white knob
that grew on the top of each of them 5 many of thefe knobs I obferv'd
to be very round, and of a fmooth furfacc, fuch as A A, &c. others
(booth likewife,but a little oblong,as fcveral of them a little broken,
or cloven with chops at the top, as C ^ others flitter'd as 'twere, or flown
all to pieces, as D D. The whole fubftance of thefe pretty bodies was
of a very tender conftitution, much like the fubftance of the fbfter kind
of common white Mufhroms, for by touching them with a Pin, I found
them to be brufed and torn 5 they feem'd each of them to have a di-
ftinct root of their own } for though they grew neer together in a clufter,
yet I could perceive each ftem to rife out of a diftinct part or pore of the
Leather 5 fome of thefe were fmall and fhort, as feeming to have been but
newly fprung up, of thefe the balls were for the moft part round, others
were bigger,and taller,as being perhaps of a longer growth,and of thefe,
for the moft part, the heads were broken, and fome much wafted, as E ,
what thefe heads contained I could not perceive 5 whether they were
knobs and flowers, or feed cafes, I am not able to fay, but they feem'd
moft likely to be of the fame nature with thofe that grow on Mufhroms,
which they did,fome of them, not a little refemble.

Both their fmell and tafte, which are active enough to make a fenfible
impreflion upon thofe organs, are unpleafant and noifbme.

I could not find that they would fo quickly be deftroy'd by the actual
flame of a Candle, as at firft fight of them I conceived they would be,but
they remain'd intire after I had paft that part of the Leather on which
they ftuck three or four times through the flame of a Candle^ fo that, it
(eems they are not very apt to take fire, no more then the common white
Mufhroms are when they are fappy.

There are a multitude of other fhapes, of which thefe Microfcopical
Mufhroms are figur'd, which would have been a long Work to have de-
fcribed,and would not have fuited fo well with my defign in this Treatife,
onely,amongft the reft, I muft not forget to take notice of one that was a
little like to, or refembled,a Spunge, confifting of a multitude of little
Ramifications almoft as that body docs, which indeed feems to be a kind
of Water-Mufhrom, of a very pretty texture, as I elfe-where manifeft.
And a fecond, which I muft not omit, becaufe often mingled, and neer
adjoining to thefe I have defcrib'd,and this appear'd much like a Thicket
of bufhes, or brambles, very much branch'd,and extended,fome of them,
to a great lengthen proportion to their Diameter,like creeping brambles.

The manner of the growth and formation of this kind of Vegetable, is
the third head of Enquiry ,which, had I time,I fhould follow : the figure
and method of Generation in this concrete feeming to me, next after
the Enquiry into the formation, figuration, or chryftalization of Salts, to
be the moft fimple , plain , and eafie 5 and it feems to be a medium
through which he muft neceflarily pafs, that would with any likelihood
inveftigate the forma informant of Vegetables : for as I think that he fhall t
find it a very difficult tafk, who undertakes to difcover the form of Sa-
line

MlCROGRAPHl A. *Pfl

line cryftallizations, without the confideration and prefcience of thena-
ture and reafon of a Globular form, and as difficult to explicate this con-
figuration of Muftiroms, without the previous confideration of the form
of Salts} fb will the enquiry into the forms of Vegetables be no lefs, if
not much more difficult, without the fore-knowledge of the forms of
Muftiroms, thefe feveral Enquiries having no lefs dependance one up-
on another then any feled number of Propofitions in Mathematical Ele-
ments may be made to have.

Nor do I imagine that the fkips from the one to another will be found
very great, if beginning from fluidity, or body without any form, we
defcend gradually,till we arrive at thehigheft form of a bruite Animal's
Soul, making the fteps or foundations of our Enquiry, Fluidity, Orbicu-
lation, Fixation, Angulization, or Cryjlallization Germination or Ebulli-
tion 3 Vegetation ,Vlantanimation, Animation, Senfation, Imagination.

Now, that we may the better proceed in our Enquiry, It will be re-
quifite to confider :

Firft, that Mould and Muftiroms require no feminal property, but the
former may be produe'dat any time from any kind of pitrifying Animal,
or Vegetable Subftance,as Flem,€>v. kept moift and warm,and the latter,
if what Mathiolus relates be true, of making them by Art, are as much
within our command, of which Matter take the Epitomie which Mr.
Parkinfon has deliver 'd in his Herbal, in his Chapter of Muftiroms, becaufe
I have not Mathiolus now by me : Vnto thefe Mujhroms (faith he) may
alfo be adjoyrid thofe which are made of Art (jp/we^Mathiolus makes men-
tion) that grove naturally among certain fiones in Naples, and that the
fiones being digg'd up, and carried to Rome, and other place* , where they
fit them in their Wine Cellars, covering them with a little Earth,and firing-
ling a little warm water thereon, would within four days produce Mujhroms
Jit to be eaten, at what time one will: As alfo that Mujhroms may be made
to grow at the foot of a wilde Poplar Tree, within four days after, warm
water wherein fame leaves have been diffolvd fhall be pourd into the Root
(which mujl be Jlit) and the Jiocl^ above ground.

Next, that as Muftiroms may be generated without feed, fo does it
not appear that they have any fiich thing as feed in any part of them -0 for
having considered feveral kinds of them, I could never find any thing iri
them that I could with any probability ghefs to be the feed of it, fo that
it does not as yet appear (that I know of) that Muftiroms may be ge-
nerated from a feed, but they rather feem to depend merely upon a Con-
venient conftitution of the matter out of which they are made, and a
concurrence of either natural or artificial heat.

Thirdly ,that by feveral bodies (as Salts and Metals both in Water and
in the air, and by feveral kinds of fublimations in the Air) actuated and
guided with a congruous heat, there may be produe'd feveral kinds of
bodies as curioufly, if not of a more composed Figure 5 feveral kinds of
rifing or Ebul Hating Figures feem to manifeftj as witnefs the (hooting
in the Rectification of fpirits of Vrine, Hart-horn, Bloud, &c. witnefs alfo
the curious branches of evaporated diflblutions, fbme of them againft

the

1 MlCROGRAPHIA.

the fides of the containing Jar : others (landing up, or growing an end,
out of the bottom, of which I have taken notice of a very great variety.
But above all the reft, it is a very pretty kind of Germination which is af-
forded us in the Silver Tree, the manner of making which with Mercury
and Silver, is well known to the Chymifts, in which there is an Ebullition
or Germination, very much like this of Mufihroms, if I have been rightly
inform'd of it.

Fourthly, I have very often taken notice of, and alfo obferv'd with a
Microfcope, certain excrefcencies or Ebullitions in the fnuff of a Candle,
which, partly from the flicking of the fmoaky particles as they are car-
ryed upwards by the current of the rarify'd Air and flame, and partly
alio from a kind of Germination or Ebullition of fome actuated unctuous
parts w hich creep along and niter through fome fmall ftring of the Week,
are formed into pretty round and uniform heads, very much relembling
the form of hooded Mufliroms, which, being by any means expos'd to the
frelh Air, or that air which encompafles the flame, they are prefently
lick'd up and devour'd by it, and vanifti.

The reafon of which Phenomenon feems to me^to be no other then this :

That when a convenient thread of the Week is lb bent out by the fides
of the muff that are about half an Inch or more, remov'd above the
bottom,or loweft part of the flame,and that this part be wholly included
in the flame 5 the Oyl (for the reafon of filtration, which I have elfe-
where rendred) being continualy driven up the fnuff, is driven like-
wife into this ragged bended-end , and this being remov'd a good
diftance, as half an Inch or more, above the bottom of the flame, the
parts of the air that pafles by it, are already, almoft fatiated with the diP
lblution of the boiling unctuous fleams that ifiued out below, and there-
fore are not onely glutted, that is, can diflblve no more then what they
are already acting upon, but they carry up with them abundance of
un&uous and footy particles, which meeting with that rag of the Week,
that is plentifully fill'd with Oyl, and onely fpends it as faft as it evapo-
rates, and not at all by diflblution or burning, by means of thele fteamy
parts of the filterated Oyl ifluing out at the fides of this ragg, and being
inclos'd with an air that is already fatiated and cannot prey upon them
nor burn them, the afcending footy particles are ftay'd about it and fix'd,
fo as that about the end of that ragg or filament of the muff^ whence the
greateft part of the fleams iflue, there is conglobated or fix'd a round
and pretty uniform cap, much refembling the head of a MuQirom, which,
if it be of any great bigneft, you may obferve that its underfide will be
bigger then that which is above the ragg or ftem of it j for the Oyl that is
brought into it by filtration,being by the bulk of the cap a little inciter <I
from the heat of the flame, does by that means iflue as much out from be-
neath from the ftalk or downwards, as it does upwards, and by reafon of
the great accefs of the adventitious fmoak from beneath,it increafes moft
that way. That this may be the true reafon of this Phenomenon, I could
produce many Arguments and Experiments to make it probable : As,

Firft, that the Filtration carries the Oyl to the top of the Week,at leaft

as

Ml CROC R A P H I A. 129

as high as thefe raggs, is vifible to one that will obferve the (huff of a
burning Candle with a Microfcope, Where he may fee an Ebullition of
bubbling of the Oyl, as high as the fhufTlooks black.

Next,that it does fteam away more then burn 5 I could tell'you of the
dim burning of a Candle., the longer thefnuff be which ariies from the
abundance of vapours out of the higher parts of ir.

And, thirdly, that in the middle of the flame of the Candle., neer the
top of the fmirF, the fire or dillolving principle is nothing neer fo ftrong,
as neer the bottom and out edges of the flame, which may be obferM'li £y
the burning afunder of a thread, that will firft break in thofe parts that
the edges of the flame touch, and not in the middle.

And I could add fevcral Obfervables that I have taken notice of in the
flame of a Lamp actuated with Bellows, and Very many others that con-
firm me in my opinion, but that it is not lb much to my prefent purpofe,
which is onely to confider this concreet in the fnufF of a Candle, fofarr
as it has any refemblance of a Mufhrom, to the confideration of which,
that I may return, I fay, we may alfo oblerve :

In the firft place, that the droppings or trillings of Lapidefcent waters
in Vaults under ground.,feem to conftitute a kind of petrify d body,form'd
almoft like fome kind of Mufhroms inverted,in fb much that I have feeri
fbme knobb'd a little at the lower end, though for the moft part, indeed
they are otherwife fhap'd5and raper'd towards the end, the generation of
which feems to be from no other reafon but this, that the water by fbak-
ing through the earth and Lime (for I ghefs that fubftancc to add much
to it petrifying quality) does fb impregnate it felf with ftony particles,
that hanging in drops in the roof of the Vault, b^ reafon that the
(baking of the water is but flow, it becomes expos'd to the Air, and there-
by the outward part of the drop by degrees grows hard, by reafon that
the water gradually evaporating the irony particles neer the outfides of
the drop begin to touch, and by degrees, to dry and grow clofet toge-
ther, and at length conftitute a cruft or (hell about the drop 5 and this
fbaking by degrees, being more and more fupply'd, the drop grows
longer and longer, and the fides harden thicker and thicker into a
Quill or Cane, and at length, that hollow or pith becomes almoft ftop'd
up, andfolid: afterwards the fbaking of the petrifying water, finding no
longer a paflage through the middle, burfts out, and trickles down the
outfide, and as the water evaporates, leaves new fuperindue'd {hells,
which more and morefwell the bulk of thofe Iceiclesi and becaufe of
the great fupply from the Vault, of petrifying water, thofe bodies grow
bigger and bigger next to the Vault, and taper or fharpeft towards the
point 5 for the accefs from the arch of the Vault being but very flow,and
confequently the water being fpread very thinly over the furface of the
Iceicle,the water begins to fettle before it can reach to the bottom, or
corner end of it 5 whence, if you break one of thefe, you would almoft
imagine it a ftick of Wood petrify d, it having lb pretty a refemblance of
pith and grain , and if you look on the outfide of a piece, or of one
whole, you would think no left, both from its vegetable roundnefs and

T tapering

l^O MlCROGRAPHIA.

tapering form ^ but whereas all Vegetables are obferv'd to (hoot and
grow perpendicularly upwards , this does (hoot or propend directly
downwards.

By which laft Obfervables, we fee that there may be a very pretty
body (hap'd and concreeted by Mechanical principles, without the leaft
(hew or probability of any other feminal for matrix.

And fince we find that the great reafbnofthe rh<enontexa of this pret-
ty petrifaction, are to be reducd from the gravity of a fluid and pretty
volatil body impregnated with ftony particles, why may not the Fhano-
ntena of Ebullition or Germination be in part poffibly enough deduc'd
from the levity of an impregnated liquor, which therefore perpendicu-
larly afcending by degrees, evaporates and leaves the more folid and
fix'd parts behind in the form of a Mufhrom, which is yet further diverfi-
fy'd and fpecificated by the forms of the parts that impregnated the li-
quor, and compofe or help to conftitute the Mufhrom.

That the foremention'd Figures of growing Salts, and the Silver Tree,
are from this principle, I could very eafily manifeft 5 but that I have not
now a convenient opportunity of following it, nor have I made a fuffici-
ent number of Experiments and Obfervations to propound, explicate,and
prove fo ufefull a iheory as this of MuQiroms : for, though the con-
trary principle to that of petrify 'd Iceicles may be in part a caufe , yet
I cannot but think, that there is fomewhat a more complicated caufe,
though yet Mechanical, and poilible to be explain d.

We therefore have further to enquire of it, what makes it to be fuch a
liquor, and to afcend, whether the heat of the Sun and Air, or whe-
ther that of firmeiH'jation and pHtrifattion^ or both together , as alfo whe-
ther there be not a third or fourth } whether a Saline principle be not a
considerable agent in this bufinefs alfo as well as heat 5 whether alfo a fixa-
tion, precipitation or fettling of certain parts out of the aerial Mufhrom
may not be alfo a confiderable coadjutor in the bufinefs. Since we find
that many pretty beards or Jiiria of the particles of Silver may be preci-
pitated upon a piece of Brafs put into zfolution of Silver very much di-
luted with fair water, which look not unlike a kind of mould or hoar
upon that piece of metal , and the hoar froft looks like a kind of mould $
and whether there may not be feveral others that do concurr to the pro-
duction of a Mufhrom, having not yet had fufficient time to profecute ac-
cording to my defires, I rauft referr this to a better opportunity of my
own, or leave and recommend it to the more diligent enquiry and exa-
mination offuch as can be matters both of leifure and conveniences for
fuch an Enquiry.

And in the mean time, I mult conclude, that as far as I have been able
to look into the nature of this Primary kind of life and vegetation, I can-
not find the leaft probable argument to perfwade me there is any other
concurrent caufe then fuch as is purely Mechanical, and that the effects
or productions are asneceflary upon the concurrence of thofe caufes as
that a Ship, when the Sails are hoifl: up, and the Rudder is fet to fuch a
pofitron,fhould,wben the Wind blows, be mov'd in fuch a way orcourfc

to

MlCROGRAPHlA.

to that or t'other place 3 Or, as that the brufed Watch, which I men-
tion in the defcription of Mols, lhould, when thofe parts which hindred
its motion were fallen away, begin to move, but after quite another man-
ner then it did before.

,

Obferv. XXI. Of Mofs, and fever al other /mall vegetative Sub-
fiances.

Ik A Ofs is a Plant, that the wifeft of Kings thought neither unworthy
JV I his fpeculation, nor his Pen, and though amongfr Plants it be in
bulk one of the fmalleft, yet it is not the leaftconfiderable: For, as to its
fhape, it may compare for the beauty of it with any Plant that grows,
and bears a much bigger breadth 3 it has a root almoft like a feedy Parf-
nep, furnihYd with fmall firings and fuckers, which are all of them finely
branched, like thofe of the toots of much bigger Vegetables } out of this
fprings the ftem or body of the Plant, which is Ibmewhat Quadrangular^
rather then Cylindrical^ mod curioully fluted or ftrung with lmall creates,
which run,tor the moft part,/**?™//?/ the whole ftem 3 on the fides of this
are clofe and thick fet, a multitude of fair5large,well-(hap'd leaves, fome
of them of a rounder, ethers of a longer fhape, according as they are
younger or older when pluck'd 3 as I ghefs by this, that thofe Plants that
had the (Talks growing from the top of them, had their leaves of a much
longer fhape, all the furface of each fide of which, is curioully cover d
with a multitude of little oblong tranfparent bodies, in the manner as
you fee it exprefs'd in the leaf B, in the XIII. Scheme.

This Plant, when young and fpringing up, does much referable a Houfc
leek,having thick leaves,almoft like that, and feemsto be lomwhat of kin
to it in other particulars 3 alio from the top of the leaves, there (hoots out
a fmall white and tranfparent hair, or thorn : This ftem, in time,come to
fhoot out into a long.roundand even ftalk, which by cutting tranfverfly,
when dry, I manifestly found to be a ftifTj hard, and hollow Cane, or
Reed, without any kind of knot, or ftqp, from its bottom, where the
leaves encompafs'd it, to the top, on which there grows a large feed cafe,
A, cover 'd with a thin, and more whitifh fkin,B, terminated in a long
thorny top, which at firft covers all the Cafe, and by degrees, as that
fwells, thefldn cleaves, and at length falls off, with its thorny top and all
(which i5 a part of it) and leaves the feed Cafe to ripen, and by degrees,
to fhatter out its feed at a place underneath this cap, B, which before
the feed is ripe, appears like a flat barr d button, without any hole in the
middle 3 but as it ripens, the button grows bigger, and a hole appears in
the middle of it, E, out of which, in all probability, the feed falls: For
as it ripens by a provifionof Nature3 that end of this Cafe turns down-
ward after the lame manner as the ears of Wheat and Barley ufually do,
and opening feveral of thefe dry red Cafes, F, I fount! them to be

T ?. quite'

MlCR OGR AP H I A.

quite hollow,without any thing at all in them } whereas when I cut them
afunder with a (harp Pen-knife when green, I found in the middle of this
great Cafe,another fmaller round Cafe,between which two,the interfiles
were fill'd with multitudes of ftringie fibres, which feem'd to fufpend the
leffcr Cafe in the middle of the other, which (as farr as I was able todif1
cern) feem'd full of exceeding fmall white feeds, much like the feed-bagg
in the knop of a Carnation , after the flowers have been two or three
days, or a week/alien off, but this I could not fo perfectly difcern, and
therefore cannot pofitively affirm it.

After the feed was fallen away, I found both the Cafe. Stalk,and Plant,
all grow red and wither, and from other parts of the root continually to
fpring new branches or (lips, which by degrees increafed, and grew as
bigg as the former, feeded, ripen'd, fhatter'd, and wither'd.

I could not find that it obferv'd any particular feafons for thefe feverai
kinds of growth, but rather found it to be fpringing, mature, ripe, feedy,
and wither'd at all times of the year 3 But I found it moft to flourifh and
increafe in warm and moift weather.

It gathers its nourifhments,for the moft part, out of fome Lapidefcentpt
other fubftance corrupted or chang'd from its former texture, or fub-
ftantial form } for I have found it to grow on the rotten parts of Stone,
of Bricks, of Wood, of Bones, of Leather, &c.

It oft grows on the barks of feveral Trees, fpreading it felf, fometimes
from the ground upwards, and fometimes from fome chink or cleft of
the bark of the Tree, which has fome putriffd fubftance in it 5 but this
feems of a diftinct kind from that which I obferv'd to grow on putriffd
inanimate bodies, and rotten earth.

There are alfo great varieties of other kinds of Mofies, which grow on
Trees, and feveral other Plants, of which I fhall here make no mention,
nor of the Mofs growing on the fkull of a dead man, which much re-
femblesthat of Trees.

Whether this Plant does fometimes originally fpring or rife out of cor-
ruption,without any difleminated feed, I have not yet made trials enough
to be very much, either pofitive or negative } for as it feems very hard to
conceive how the feed fhould be generally difpers'd into all parts where
there is a corruption) begun, unlefs we may rationally fuppofe, that this
feed being fo exceeding fmall,and confequently exceeding light,is there-
by taken up, and carried to and fro in the Air into every place,and by
the falling drops of rain is wafh'd down out of it, and fo difpers'd into all
places, and there onely takes root and propagates, where it finds a con-
venient foil or matrix for it to thrive in 3 fb if we will have it to proceed
from corruption, it is not left difficult to conceive,

Firft, how the corruption of any Vegetable, much lefs of any Stone or
Brick, fhould be the Parent of fo curioufly figurd, and fo per fed a
Plant as this is. But here indeed, I cannot but add, that it feems rather to
be a product of the Rain in thofe bodies where it is ftay'd, then of the
very bodies themfelves, fince I have found it growing on Marble, and
Flint $ but always the Microficope^ if not the naked eye, would difcover
fome little hole of Dirt in which it was rooted. Next,

MlCROGRAPHiA. J

Next,how the corruption of each ofthofe exceedingly differing bodies
fhould all conlpire to the production of the fame Plant,that is,that Stones,
Bricks, Wood, or vegetable fubftances, and Bones, Leather, Horns, or
animate fubftances, unlefswemay with fome plaulibleneft lay, that Air
and Water are the coadjutors, or mevjiruttmsjn all kinds oifutrifaBions^
and that thereby the bodies (though vvhil'lr they retain'd their fubftan-
tial forms,were of exdeeeing differing naturcs,yet)fince they are difiblv'd
and mixt into another, they may be very Homogcneous^they being almoft
refolv d again into Air, Water,and Earth :,retaining,perhaps, one part of
their vegetative faculty yet entire, which meeting with congruous a£
fiftants, luch as the heat of the Air, and the fluidity of the Water, and
fuch like coadjutors and conveniences, acquires a certain vegetation for
a time, v, holly differing perhaps from that kind of vegetation it had
before.

To explain my meaning a little better by a grofs Similitude:
Suppofe a curious piece of Clock-work, that had had feveral motions
and contrivances in it, which, when in order, would all have mov'd in
their defignd methods and Periods. We will further fuppofe, by fome
means, that this Clock comes to be broken, brufed, or otherwife difor-
dered, fo that feveral parts of it being dillocated, are impeded, and fo
ftand ftill, and notonely hinder its own progreflive motion, and produce
not the erFeft which they were defign'd for, but becaufe the other parts
alfo have a dependence upon them, put a ftop to their motion likewife 5
and fo the whole Inftrument becomes unferviceable,, and not fit for any
ufe. This Inftrument afterwards, by lbme fhaking and tumbling, and
throwing up and down, comes to have feveral of its parts fhaken out, and
feveral of its curious motions, and contrivances, and particles all fallen
afunder 5 here a Pin falls out, and there a Pillar, and here a Wheel, and
there a Hammer, and a Spring, and the like, and among the reft, away
falls thofe parts alfo which were bruied and diforder'd, and had all this
while impeded the motion of all the reft 5 hereupon feveral of thofe other
motions that yet remain, whofe fprings were not quite run down, being
now at liberty, begin each of them to move,thus or thus, but quite after
another method then before, there being many regulating parts and the
like,fallen away and loft. Upon this, the Owner, who chances to. hear
and obferve fome of thefe effects, being ignorant of the Watch-makers
Art, wonders what is betid his Clock, and prefently imagines that
fome Artift has been at work, and has fet his Clock in order, and made a
new kind of Inftrument of it, but upon examining circumftances,he finds
there was no luch matter, but that the cafual flipping out of a Pin had
made feveral parts of his Clock fall to pieces, and that thereby the ob-
ftacle that all this while hindred his Clock, together with other ufefull
parts were fallen out, and lb his Clock was fet at liberty. And upon
winding up thofe fprings again when run down, he finds his Clock to go,
but quite after another manner then it was wont heretofore.

And thus may it be perhaps in the bufinefs of Mofs and Mould, and
Mufhroms, and feveral other fpontaneous kinds of vegetations, which

may

1^4 Microgram pi a.

may be caus'd by a vegetative principle, which was a coadjutor to the
life and growth of the greater Vegetable, and was by the deftroying
of the life of it ftopt and impeded in performing its office } but after-
wards, upon a further corruption of feveral parts that had all the while
impeded it, the heat of the Sun winding up, as it were, rhe fpring, fets it
again into a vegetative motion, and this being finglc,and not at all regu-
lated as it was before(when a part of that greater machine the priftine ve-
getable)is mov'd after quite a differing manner;and produces effects very
differing from thofe it did before.

But this I propound onely as a conjecture, not that I am more cnclin'd
to this Hypothecs then the feminal, which upon good reafon 1 ghefs to be
Mechanical alio, as I may elfewhere more fully fhew : But becaufe I may,
by this,hint a poflible way how this appearance may be folv'd } fiippofing
we fhould be driven to confefs from certain Experiments and Obfervati-
ons made, that fuch or fuch Vegetables were produe'd out of the cor-
ruption of another, without any concurrent feminal principle (as I have
given fome reafon to fuppofe, in the defcription of a Microscopical MufiV
rome) without derogating at all from the infinite wifdom of the Creator*
For this accidental production, as I may call it, does manifeft as much, if
not very much more, of the excellency of his contrivance as any thing in
the more perfect vegetative bodies of the world, even as the accidental
motion of the Automaton does make the owner fee, that there was much
more contrivance in it then at firft he imagin'd. But of this I have added
more in the defcription of Mould,and the Vegetables on Rofe leaves,c^c.
thofe being much more likely to have their original from fuch a caufe
then this which I have here defcribed, in the 13. Scheme^ which indeed I
cannot conceive otherwife of, then as of a moft perfect Vegetable, want-
ing nothing of the perfections of the moft confpicuous and vafceft Vege-
tables of the world, and to be of a rank fo high, as that it may very
properly be reckon d with the tall Cedar of Lebanon^ as that Kingly
Botanift has done.

We know there may be as much curiofity of contrivance, and excel-
lency of form in a very fmall Pocket-clock, that takes not up an Inch
fquare of room,as there may be in a Church-clock that fills a whole room $
And Lknow not whether all the contrivances and Mechanifins requifite
to a perfect Vegetable, may not be crowded into an exceedingly lefs
room then this of Mofs, as I have heard of a ftriking Watch fo fmall,
that it ferv'd for a Pendant in a Ladies ear 5 and I have already given
you the defcription of a Plant growing on Rofe leaves, that is abundant-
ly fmalier then Mofs 5 infomuch, that neer 1000. of them would hardly
make the bignefs of one fingle Plant of Mofs. And by comparing the
bulk of Mofs, with the bulk of the biggeft kind of Vegetable we meet
with in Story (of which kind we find in fome hotter climates, as Ci/ine,
and Brajilc0 the ftock or body of fome Trees to be twenty foot in Dia-
meter, whereas the body or ftem of Mofs, for the moft part, is not above
one fixtieth part of an Inch) we fhall find that the bulk of the one
will exceed the bulk of the other, no lefs then 2985984 Millions,

ox

Micro graph! a. W$

QK 3985984000000, and fuppohng the produ&iotf oba Roftj leqf tobia .
aPlantyWcihallhave of thole India* Plants to exceed a projuftiqrxojf,
the fame Vegetable kingdom no lefs then jooo times, the fptnitf-rtufflnaf y
io prodigiouily various are the works, of the Creatoit,3nd fo Allrlutfieient
is he to perform what to man would ieem unpoftible, they being both
alike eafie to him, even as one day, and a thouiand years are to him as
one and the fame time.

I have taken notice of fuch an infinite variety of thofe fmalkr kindsof
vegetations, that fliould I have detedbed e\ ery one of them3tliey would
almofthavefill'da Volume.and provd bigg enough to have made a new
Herbal, fuch multitudes are there to be found in moift hot weather,
efpecially in the Summer time, on all kind of putrifying fubf lances, which,
whether they do more properly belong to the Clajfis of MuJIirows, or
Moulds, or MoJJes, I fhall not now difpute, there being fome that feem
more properly of one kind, others of another , their colours and
magnitudes being as much differing as their Figures and fubftances.

Nay, I have obferv'd,that putting iair Watei (whether Rain-water or
Pump-water, ur May-dcrv, or Snow-water, it >vas almoft all one) -I have
often obferv'd, I fay, that this Water would, with a little ftanding, tarnifh
and cover all about the fides of the Glafs that lay under water, with a
lovely green 5 but though I have often endeavour d todifcover with my
Microfcofe whether this green were like Mofs^or long ftriped Sea-weed,
or any other peculiar form, yet fo ill and imperfect are our M/crafiop^
thit I could not certainly difcriminate any.

Growing Trees alfo, and any kinds of Woods, Stones, Bones, &c. that
have been long expos d to the Air and Rain, will be all over cover d wuh
a greenilh fcurff, which will very much foul and green any kind of eloaths
that are rubb'd againft it 5 viewing this, I could not certainly peiceive
in many parts of it any determinate rbrm,though in many I could perceive
a Bed as 'twere of young Mois, but in other parts it look'd almoft like
green bu(hes,and very confus'd,but always of what ever irregular Figures
the parts appeard of, they were always green, and feem'd to be either
fome Vegetable, or to have foirie vegetating principle.

Obferv. XXII. Of common Sponges, and fever at other Spongie
fibrous bodies.

A Sponge is commonly reckon'd among the Zodpkps, or Plant Ani-
mals j and the texture of it,which the Microfcope difcovers, feems to
confirm it 5 for it is of a form whereof I never obferv'd any other Vege-
table, and indeed,it feems impoifible that any mould be of it, for it con-
fiftsofan infinite number of fmali fhort fibres^ or nervous parts, much of
the fame bignefs, curioufly jointed or contexd together tn the form
of a Net, as is more plainly manifeft by the little praught which I have

added

I%6 Ml CROGR AP HI A.

added, in the third Figure of the I X. Scheme, of a piece of it, which yon
may perceive reprefents a confus'd heap of the fibrous parts curioufly
jointed and implicated. The joints are, for the moft part, where three
fibres onely meet,for I have very feldom met with any that had four.

At thefe joints there is no one of the three that feems to be theftock
whereon the other grow, but each of the fibres are, for the moft part, of
an equal bignefs, and feem each of them to have an equal (hare in the
joint 5 the fibres are all of them much about the fame bignefs, notfmaller
towards the top of the Sponge, and bigger neerer the bottom or root, as
is ufuall in Plants, the length of each between the joints, is very irregu-
lar and different 5 the diftance between fome two joints, being ten or
twelve times more then between fome others.

Nor are the joints regular, and of an equitri agonal Figure , but.forthe
moft part, the three fibres lb meet, that they compofe three angles very
differing all of them from one another.

The mefties likewife, and holes of this reticulated body, are not left
various and irregular : fome bilateral, others trilateral, and quadrilateral
Figures nay, I have obferv d fome mefties to have 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. fides,
and fome to have onely one, Co exceeding various is the Lufus Nature* in
this body.

As to the outward appearance of this Vegetative body, they arefo
ufuall every where, that I need not defcribe them, conflfting of a fbft
and porous fubftance, reprefenting a Lock, fometimes a fleece of Wooll 5
but it has befides thele fmall microfcopical pores which lie between the
fibres, a multitude of round pores or holes, which, from the top of it,
pierce into the body, and fometimes go quite through to the bottom.

I have obferv'd many of thefe Sponges, to have included likewife in
the midft of their fibrous contextures, pretty large friable ftones, which
muft either have been inclos'd whil'ft this Vegetable was in formation,or
generated in thofe places after it was perfectly ftiap'd. The later of which
feems the more improbable, becaufe I did not find that any of thefe ftony
fubftances were perforated with the fibres of the Sponge.

I have never feen nor been enform'd of the true manner of the grow-
ing of Sponges on the Rock ^whether they are found to increafe from little
to great,like Vegetables,that is, part after part, or like Animals, all parts
equally growing together, or whether they be matrices or feed-baggsof
any kind of Fifties, or fome kind of watry Infect 3 or whether they are at
any times more foft and tender, or of another nature and texture,which
things, if I knew, I ftiould much defire to be informed of: but from a
curfory view that I at firft made with my Micro/cope, and fome other
trials,I fuppofed it to be fome Animal fubftance caft out, and faftned up-
on the Rocks in the form of a froth, cr congeries of bubbles, like that
which I have often obferv'd on Rofemary, and other Plants (wherein
is included a little Infeft) that all the little films which divide thefe
bubbles one from another, did prefently,almoft after the fubftance began
to grow a little harder,break,and leave onely the thread behind, which
might be, as 'twere, the angle or thread between the bubbles, that the'

great

MlCROGRAPHlA. Ig7

great holes or pores obfervnble in thefe Sponges were made by the eru-
ption of the included Heterogeneous fubitance (whether air, or fomc
other body, for many other fluid bodies will do the fame thing) which
breaking out of the lefler, were collected into very large bubbles, and
fo might make their way out of the Sponge, and in their paflage might
leave a round cavity 5 and if it were large,might carry up with it the ad-
jacent bubbles, which may be perceiva at the outfide of the Sponge, if
it befirit throughly wetted, and fuifer'd to plump it felf into its natural
form, or be then wrung dry, and fuffer'd to expand it felf again, which it
will freely do whil'ftmoilt : for when it has thus plump'd it felf into its
natural (hape and dimenfions, 'tis obvious enough that the mouths of the
Jarger holes have a kind of lip or rifing round about them, but the other
imaller pores have little or none. It may further be found, that each of
thefe great pores has many other fmall pores below, that are united unto
it, and help to conftitute it, almoft like ib many rivulets or fmall ftreams
that contribute to the maintenance of a large River. Nor from this
Hypothecs would it have been difficult to explicate, how thofe little
branches of Coral, fmal Stones, shells, and the like, come to be included
by thefe frothy bodies : But this inded was but a conjecture 5 and upon
a more accurate enquiry into the form of it with the Microfcope, it feems
not to be the true origine of them 5 for whereas Sponges have onely
three arms which join together at each knot, if they had been generated
from bubbles they muft have had four.

But that they are Animal Subftances, the Chymical examination of
them feems to manifefr, they affording a volatil Salt and fpirit,like Harts-
Horn, as does alfo their great ftrength and toughnefs, and their fmell
when burn'd in the Fire or a Candle, which has a kind of flefhy fent,not
much unlike to hair. And having fince examin'd feveral Authors con-
cerning them,among others,T find this account given by Bellonius, in the
X I. Chap, of his 2d Book, De Aquatilibus, Spongi£ recent es, fays he, a ficck
longe diverfe,fcopulis aqua marin£ ad duos vel tres cubit os,nonnun quam qua-
tuor tantum digitos immerfis, ut fungi arboribus adherent, for dido quodatii
fucco aut mucofapotius fanie ref£rt£,ufque adeofetida^ut vel eminm naufeam
excitet. continetur autem ik cavernk, qua* inanes in fleck & lotis Spongik
cernimus : Tutris pulmonk modo nigr& confticiuntur, veriim qu£ infublimi
aqua nafcuntur multo magis opaca nigredine fuffufe funt. Vivere quidem
Spongias adharendo Ariftoteles cenjet : abfolute vero minime : fenjumque
aliquem habere, vel eo argumento (inquii) credantur, quod difficil/ime ab-
J}rahantur,niji clanculum agatur:Atq-^ ad avulforis accefjum ita contrahantur,
ut cas evetere difficile fit, quod idem etiam faciunt quoties flatus tempefta-
tifque urgent. Puto autem illk fuccum fordidum quern Jupra [diximus car-
nis loco a natura attributum fuijje : atque meatibus latioribus tan-
quam inteflinis aut inter anek uti. C£terum pars ea qu£ Spongi£ cautibus
adharent eft tanquam folii petiolus, a quo veluti collum quoddam gracile in-
cipit : quod deinde in latitudinem difjufum capitk globum facit. Recentibus
nihil eft fiftulofum, h£fitantque tanquam radicibus. Superne omnes propemo-
dum meatus concreti latent : inferne verb quaterni aut quini patent, per quo*

V eas

138

MlCROGRAPHIA.

cos figere exifiimatmis. From which Defcription, they feem to be a kind
of Plant- Animal that adheres to a Rock, and thefe fmall fibres or threads
which we have defcribed, feem to have been the Veflels which ('tis very
probable) were very much bigger whil'ft the Interfiitia were fill'd (a*
he affirms) with a mucous,pulpy or flefhy fubftance 3 but upon the drying
were fhrunk into the bignefs they now appear.

The texture of it is fuch, that I have not yet met with any other body
in the world that has the like, but onely one of a larger fort of Sponge
(which is prefcrv'd in the Mufeum Harveanum belonging to the moft
Uluftrious and moft learned Society of the Thyficiansoi London) which is
ofahorney, or rather of a petrify d fubftance. And of this indeed, the
texture and make is exactly the fame with common Sponges, but onely
that both the holes and the fibres, or texture of it is exceedingly much
bigger,for fbme of the holes were above an Inch and half over, and the
fibres and texture of it was bigg enough to be diftinguilhed eafily with
ones eye, but conlpicuoufly with an ordinary fingle Mkrofcope. And thefe
indeed, feem'd to have been the habitation of fome Animal 3 and ex-
amining Arijiotle, I find a very confonant account hereunto, namely, that
he had known a certain little Animal, call'd Pinnothera, like a Spider, to
f>e bred in thofecaverns of a Sponge,from within which,by opening and
clofing thofe holes, he infhares and catches the little Fifties 3 and in ano-
ther place he fays, That'tis very confidently reported, that there arc cer-
tain Moths or Worms that refide in the cavities of a Sponge,and are there
nourifhed : Notwithftanding all which Hiftories,I think it well worth the
enquiring into the Hiftory and nature of a Sponge, it feeming to promife
(bme information of the VefTels in Animal Fubftances, which (by reafon
of the folidity of the interferted flefti that is not eafily remov'd, without
deftroying alio thofe interfpers'd Veflels ) are hitherto undifcover'd 3
whereas here in a Sponge,the Parenchymal fecms,is but a kind of mucous
gelly, which is very eafily and clcerly wafh'd away.

The reafon that makes me imagine, that there may probably be fbme
fuch texture in Animal fubftances, is, that examining the texture of the
filaments of tann'd Leather, I find it to be much of the fame nature and
ftrength of a Sponge 3 and with my Microfiope^ I have obferv'd many luch
joints and knobs, as I have defcribed in Sponges, the fibres aho in the hol-
low of feveral forts of Bones, after the Marrow has been remov'd, I have
found fomewhat torefemble this texture, though, I confels, I never yet
found any texture exactly the fame, nor any for curiofity comparable
to it.

The filaments of it are much fmaller then thole of Silk, and through
the Mkrofiope appear very neer as tranfparent^ nay, fbme parts of them
I have obferv'd much more.

Having examin'd alfo feveral kinds of Mufhroms, I finde their texture
to be fomewhat of this kind, that is, to confift of an infinite company of
fmall filaments, every way contex'd and woven together, fb as to make a
kind of cloth, and more particularly, examining a piece of Touch-wood
(which is a kind o(Jem-ear9 or Mufiirom, growing herein England alio,

on

MlCROGRAPHlAi

on fcveral forts of Trees, fuch as Elders, Maples, Willows, &c. and is
commonly call'd by the name of Spunky but that we meet with to be
iold in Shops, is brought from beyond Seas) I found it to be made of an
exceeding, delicate texture: For the fubftance of it feels, and looks to
the naked eye,and may be frrctch'd any way , exactly like a very fine piece
of Chamois Leather, orwafhd Leather, but it is of fomewhat a browner
hew, and nothing neer fo ftrong^ but examining it with my Microfcope^
I found it of fomewhat another make then any kind of Leather 5 for
whereas both chamois , and all other kinds of Leather I have yet view'd,
confift of an infinite company of filaments, fomewhat like bufhes inter-
woven one within another, that is,of bigger parts or items, as it were, and
fmaller branchings that grow'out of them 5 or like a heap of Ropes ends,
where each of the larger Ropes by degrees feen; to fpjit or untwh% into
many Imallcr Cords, and each of thofe Cords into fmaller Lines, and
thofe Lines into Threads, &c. and thefe ftrangely intangled, or inter-
woven one within another r The texture of this Touch-wood feems
more like that of a Lock or a Fleece of Wool ., for it con lifts of an infinite
number of fmall filaments, all of them,asfarr as I could perceive, of the
fame bignefs like thofe of a Sponge, but that the filaments of this were
not a twentieth part of the bignefs of thofe of a Sponge } and I could not
fo plainly perceive their joints, or their manner of interweaving, though,
asfarrasl was able to difcern with that Microfcopel had, I fuppofeitto
have fome kind of refemblance, but the joints are nothing neer fo thick ^
nor without much trouble vifible.

The filaments I could plainly enough perceive to be even,round,cylin-
drical,tranfparent bodies,and to crofs each other every way, that is, there
were not more feem'd to lie horizontally then perpendicularly and thwart-4
way, fo that it is fomewhat difficult to conceive how they fhould grow
in that manner. By tearing off a fmall piece of it, and looking on the
ragged edge, I could among feveral o£ thofe fibres perceive fmall joints,
that is, one of thofe hairs fplit into two, each of the fame bignefs with the
other out of which they feem'd to grow, but having not lately had an
opportunity of examining their manner of growth, I cannot positively afc
firm any thing of them.

But to proceed. The fwelling of Sponges upon wetting, and the rifing
of the Water in it above the furface of the Water that it touches, are
both from the fame caufe, of which an account is already given in the
, fixthObfervation.

The fubftance of them indeed, has fo many excellent properties,fcarce
to be met with in any other body in the world, that I have often won*
dered that fo little ufe is made of it, and thofe onely vile and fordid $
certainly^ if it were well confider'd, it would afford much greater con*
veniencies.

That ufe which the Divers are faid to make of it , feems , if true,
very ftrange, but having made trial of it my felf, by dipping a fmall piece
of it in very good Sallet-oyl,and putting it in my mOuth,and then keep*
ing my mouth and nofe under water,I could not find any fuch thing 3 for t

V 2 was

I4O MlCROGRAPHl A.

was as foon out of breath,as if I had had no Sponge,nor could I fetch my
breath without taking in water at my mouth 5 but I am very apt to
think, that were there a contrivance whereby the expir'd air might be
forc'd to pafs through a wet or oyly Sponge before it were again infpir'd,
it might much cleanfe, and ftrain away from the Air divers fuliginous
and other noifome fteams, and the dipping of it in certain liquors might,
perhaps, fo renew that property in the Air which it lofes in the Lungs,by
being breath'd, that one fquare foot of Air might laft a man for refpirati-
on much longer, perhaps,then ten will now ferve him of common Air.

Obferv. XXIII. Of the curious texture of "Sea-weeds.

FOr curiofity and beauty, I have not among all the Plants or Vege-
tables I have yet obferv d,feen any one comparable to this Sea-weed
I have here defcrib'd, of which I am able to fay very little more then what
is reprefented by the fccond Figure of the ninth Scheme : Namely, that
it is a Plant which grows upon the Rocks under the water, and increales
and Ipreads it felf into a great tuft, which is not onely handfomely
branch'd into feveral leaves, but the whole furface of the Plant is cover a
over with a moft curious kind of carv'd work, which confifts of a tex-
ture much refembling a Honey-comb 5 for the whole furface on both fides
is cover'd over with a multitude of very fmall holes,being no bigger then
fo many holes made with the point of a fmall Pinn, and rang'd in the
neateft and moft delicate order imaginable, they being plac'd in the man-
ner of a guincnnx^ or very much like the rows of the eyes of a Fly, the
rows or orders being very regular, which way foever they are obferv <i :
what the texture was, as it appear'd through a pretty bigg Magnifying
Microfcope^ I have here adjoin'd in the firft Figure of the 14. Scheme.
which round Area A B C D reprefents a part of the furface about one
eighth part of an Inch in Diameter : Thofe little holes, which to the eye
look'd round, likefo many little fpots, here appear'd very regularly
fhap'd holes, reprefenting almoft the fhape of the fole of a round toed
(hoe, the hinder part of which, is, as it were, trod on or cover'd by the
toe of that next below it^thefe holes feem'd wall'd about with a very thin
and tranfparent fubftance, looking of a pale ftraw-colour \ from the edge
of which, againft the middle of each hole, were fprouted out four fmall
tranfparent ftraw-colour'd Thorns, which feem'd to protect and cover
thole cavities, from either fide two 5 neer the root of this Plant, were
fprouted out feveral ftnall branches of a kind of baftard Coralline^ curi-
oufly branch'd, though (mall.

And to confirm this, having lately the opportunity of viewing the
large Plant (if I may fo call it) of a Sponge petrify W, of which I smade
mention in the laft Obfervation, I found, that each of the Branchesxar
Figures of it, did, by the range of its pores, exhibit juft fucb a texture,

the

i

MiCROGRAP H I A* |£|

the rows of pores crofiing one another, much after the manner as the
rows of eye* do which are deicribd in the 26.Sc/jewc : Cvralline alio, an4
feveral forts of white Cortl^ I have with a Mtcrojcope obtcrv'd very cu-
rioufly lhap'd. And I doubt not, but that he that fhall obferve tlielc
feveral kinds of Plants that grow upon Rocks, which the Sea fome-
times overflows, and thofe heaps of others which are vomited out of it up-
on the fhore, may find multitudes of little Plants, and other bodics,which
like this will atiord very beautifull objects for the Mtcrofcopc 3 and this
Specimenhtxe is adjoin'd onely to excite their curiofitics who have op-
portunity of obferving to examine and collect what they find worthy
their notice } for the Sea, among terrefrrial bodies, is alfp a prolific!^
mother, and aiiords as many Inflances of ftontaneoits generations as ei-
ther the Air or Earth.

Obferv. XXIV. Of the furfaces of Rofemary, andother teaves0

T His which is delineated within the circle of the fecond Figure of the
14. Scheme, is a fmall part of the back or Uflder fide of a leaf of
Rofemary, which I did not therefore make choice of, becaufe it had any
thing peculiar which was not obfervqble with a Micr&fcope in feveral
other Plants, but becaufe it exhibits at one view,

Firft, a fmooth and fhining furface, namely, A B: which is a part of the
upper fide of the leaf, that by a kind of hem or doubling of the leaf ap-
pears on this fide. There are multitudes of leaves, whefe furfaces are
like this fmooth, and as it were quilted, which look like a curious quilted
bagg of green Silk, or like a Bladder, or fome fuch pliable transparent
fubftance, full fluffed out with a green juice or liquor § the furface of
Rue, or Herbgrafs, is polifh'd, and all over indented, or pitted, like the
Silk-worm s Egg,which I fhall anondefcribe h the fmooth furfaces of other
Plants are otherwife quilted, Nature in this, as it were, exprelling her
Needle-work, or imbroidery.

Next a downy or bufhy (iirface, fuch as is all the under fide alrnofT,
appearing through the Microfcope much like a thicket of bufhes^ and with
this kind of Down or Hair the leaves and ftalks of multitudes of Vege-
tables are covered $ and there feerns to be as great a variety in the fhape,
bulk, and manner of the growing of thefe fecundary Plants, as I may call
them (they being, as it were, a Plant growing out of a Plant, orfome-
what like the hairs of Animals) as there is to be found amongft final!
fhrubs that compote bufhes $ but for the moft part, they confift of fmali
tranfparent parts, fbme of which grow in the fhape of fmall Needles or
Bodkins,ason the Thiftle,Cowag-ecod and Nettle $ others in the form of
Cat's claws?as in Cliders. the beards of Barley, the edges of feveral forts
of Grafs and Reeds,€^f.inother,asColtsfoot,Rofe-cafnpion, Aps, Poplar,
Willow, and almoft all other downy Plants, they grow in the form of
bulhes very muchdiverfify'd in each particular Plant, That which I have

before

\

.2 MlCROGRAHPIA.

before in the 1 9. Obfervation noted on Rofe-leavcs, is of a quite differ-
ing kind, and ieems indeed a real Vegetable, diftind from the leaf.

Thirdly, among thefe fmall bufhesare obfervablc an infinite company
of {mall round Balls, exadly Globular, and very much refembling Pearls,
namely, CCCC, of thefe there maybe multitudes obferv'd in Sage,
and feveral other Plants, which I fuppofe was the reafon why Athanaftus
Kirchcr fuppofed them to be all cover'd with Spiders Eggs, or young
Spiders, which indeed is nothing elfe but fome kind of gummous exfu-
dation,which is always much of the fame bignefs. At firft fight of thefe,I
confefs', I im jgin'd that they might have been fome kind of matrices Jot
nouriftiing receptacles for fome fmall Infed, juft as I have found Oak-
apples, and multitudes of fuch other large excrefcencies on the leaves
and other parts of Trees and fhrubs to be forFlyes, and divers other In-
feds, but obferving them to be there all the year, and fcarce at all to
change their magnitude, that conjedure feem'd not fo probable. But
whatever be the ufe of it, it affords a very pleafant objed through the
Microfcope, and may, perhaps, upon further examination, prove very
luciferous.

Obferv. XXV. Of the Ringing points and juice of Nettles, and
fome other venomous Plants.

A Nettle is a Plant fo well known to every one,as to what the appear-
ance of it is to the naked eye,that it needs no defcription^and there
are very few that have not felt as well as feen it 5 and therefore it will be
no news to tell that a gentle and flight touch of the fkin by a Nettle,does
oftentime, notonely create very fenfible and acute pain, much like that
of a burnorfcald,but often alfo very angry and hard fwellings and inca-
rnations of the parts, fuch as will prefently rife, and continue fwoln di-
vers hours. Thefe obfervations, I fay, are common enough } but how the
pain is fo fuddenly created, and by what means continued, augmented
for a time, and afterwards diminifh'd, and at length quite exftinguiuYd,
has not, that I know, been explain d by any. I

And here we muft have recourfe to our Mcrofeope, and that will, if
almoft any part of the Plant be looked on, (hew us the whole furface of
it very thick fet with turn-Pikes, or fharp Needles, of the fliape of thofe
reprefented in the 1 5. Scheme and firft Figure by A B, which are vifible
alfo to the naked eye 3 each of which confifesof two parts very diftind
for (hape.and differing alfo in quality from one another. For the part^ A,
is fhaped'very much like a round Bodkin,from B tapering till it end in a
very (harp pointy it is of a fubftance very hard and ftiff, exceedingly
tranfparent and cleer, and, as I by many trials certainly found, is hollow
from top to bottom.

This I found by this Experiment, I had a very convenient Micro-

fcffpe

M I C R OG R A P H 1 A; I4

fcopt with a fingleGlafs which drew shout half an Inch.this I had faftned
into a little frame, almoft like a pair of Spectacles, which I placed before
mine eyes, and fo holding the leaf of a Nettle at a convenient diftancc
from my eye, I did fiift,with the thrufting of feveral of thefc briftles into
my (kinj perceive that prefently after I had thruft them in I felt the burn-
ing pain begin 5 next I obferv d in divers of them, that upon thrufting
my ringer againft their tops, the Bodkin (if I may fo call it) did not in
the leaft bend, but I could perceive moving up and down within it a cer-
tain liquor, which upon thrufting the Bodkin againft its bafis, or bagg B,
I could perceive to rife Towards the top, and upon taking away my hand,
I could fee it again fubfide, and (brink into the bagg $ this I did very
often, and faw this Thtinomtnon as plain as I could ever fee a parcel of
water afcend and defcend ina pipe of Glafs. But the bafis underneath thefe
Bodkins on which they were fair, were made of a more pliable fubftance,
and looked almoft like a little ba£g of green Leather, or rather refem-
bled the fhapeand furface of a wilde Cucumber, or cucumeris ajinini,
and I could plainly perceive them to be certain little baggs, bladdcrs,or
receptacles full of water, or as I ghels, the liquor of the Plant, which was
poifonous, and thole fmall Bodkins were but the Syringe-pipes, or Gly-
fter-pipes, which firft made way into the fkin, and then ferved to convey-
that poifonous juice,upon the prefling of thofe little baggs, into the in-
terior and fenfible parts of the (kin, which being fo difcharg'd, does cor-
rode, or, as it were, burn that part of the (kin it touches 5 and this pain
will fometimes laft very long, according as the impreflion is made deeper
or ftronger.

The other parts of the leaf or furface of the Nettle, have very little
considerable, but what is common tomoft of thefe kinds of Plants, as the
ruggednels or indenting, and hairinels, and other roughneftes of the fur-
face or out-fide of the Plant, of which I may lay more in another place.
As I (hall likewifeof certain little pretty cleer Balls or Apples which I
have obferved to ftick to the fides of thefe leaves, both on the upper and
under fide, very much like the finall Apples which I have often oblerv'd
to grow on the leaves of an Oak caird Oal^apples which are nothing but
the Matrices of an Infect, as I elfewhere fliew.

The chief thing therefore is, how this Plant comes,by fo flight a touch,
to create fo great a pain^and the reafon of this lieems to be nothing elfe,but
the corrofive penetrant liquor containd in the fmall baggs or bladders,
upon which grow out thole fliarp Syringe-pipes, as I before noted 5 and
very confonant to this, is the reafon of the pain created by the fting of a
Bee, Wafp, &c. as I elfewhere ftiew : For by the Dart, which is likewile a
pipe, is made a deep pailage into the fkin, and then by the anger of the
Fly, is his gaily poifonous liquor injected 5 which being admitted among
the fenfible parts, and lb mix'd with the humours or ftagnatmg juices of
that part, does create an Ebullition perhaps, or effervefcens^ as is ufually
obferv'd in the mingling of two differing chymical faline liquors, by
which means the' parts become fwell'd, hard, and very painfull j for
thereby the nervous and fenfible parts are not oneJy ftretcfrd and ftrain'd

beyond

[. MlCROGRAPHIA.

beyond their natural tone, but are alfo prick'd, perhaps, orcorroded by
the pungent and incongruous pores of the intruded liquor.

And this feems to be the reafon, why Aqua fortis, and other falwe li-
quors, if they come to touch the fenfitive parts, as in a cut of the flrin,
or the like, do fo violently and intollerably excruciate and torment the
Patient. And 'tis not unlikely, but the Inventors of that Diabolical pra-
ctice of poifoning the points of Arrows and Ponyards, might receive
their firfthint from fome fuch Inftance in natural contrivances, as this of
the Nettle : for the ground why fuch poifon'd weapons kill fo infallibly
as they do, feems no other then this of our Nettle's ftinging 5 for the Pon-
yard or Dart makes a paflage or entrance into the fenfitive or vital parts
of the body, whereby the contagious fubftance comes to be diflblv'd by,
and mix'd with the fluid parts or humours of the body,and by that means
{breads it felf by degrees into the whole liquid part of the body, in the
fame manner, as a few grains of Salt,put into a great quantity of Water,
will by degrees diffufe it felf over the whole.

And this I take to be the reafon of killing of Toads, Frogs, Efls, and
feveral Fifties, by ftrewing Salt on their backs (which Experiment was
(hewn to the Royal Society by a very ingenious Gentleman, and a worthy
Member of it) tor thofe creatures having always a continual exfiidation,
as it were,of(limy and watry parts,fweating out of the pores of their fkin,
the faline particles, by that means obtain a vehicle.^ which conveys them in-
to the internal and vital parts of the body.

This feems alfo to be the reafon why bathing in Mineral waters are
fuch foveraign remedies for multitudes of diftempers,efpecially chronical,
for the liquid 8c warm vehicles of the Mineral particles,which are known
to be in very considerable quantities in thofe healing baths,by the body's
long ftay in them, do by degrees fteep and infinuate themfelves into the
pores and parts of thefkin,and thereby thole Mineral particles have their
ways and paflages open'd to penetrate into the inner parts, and mingle
themfelves with thefiagnant juices of the feveral parts , befides,many of
thole ofFenfive parts which were united with thole jiagnant juices, and
which were contrary to the natural conftitution of the parts, and fo be-
come irkfome and painfull to the body,but could not be difcharged, be-
caufe Nature had made no provision for fuch accidental mifchiefs, are, by
means of this foaking,and filling the pores of thefkin with a liquor, af-
forded a paflage through that liquor that fills the pores into the am-
bient fluid, and thereby the body comes to be difcharged.

So that 'tis very evident,there may be a good as well as an evil applica-
tion of this Principle. And the ingenious Invention of that Excellent
perlbn, Doctor Wren, of injecting liquors into the veins of an Animal,
feems to be reducible to this head : I cannot ftay, nor is this a fit place, to
mention the leveral Experiments made of this kind by the moft incom-
parable Mr. Boyle^ the multitudes made by the lately mention'd Phyfician
Doctor Clar^ the Hiftory whereof, as he has been pleas'd to commu-
nicate to the Royal Society 0 fo he may perhaps be prevail'd with to make
publique himfelf : But I £hall rather hint, that certainly, if this Principle

were

/

* f

MlCROGRAPHlA.

were well confidcr'dsthere might, befides the further improving of Bath-
ing and Syringing into the veins, bethought on feveral I ways, whereby
fcveral obftinatedtftempers of a humane body,(uch astheGout,Drop(ic,
Stone, c£r. might be matter d, and expell'd 5 and good men might make
as good a ufc of it, as evil men have made a pervede and Diabolical.

And that the filling of the pores of the (kin with (ome fluid Vehicle^ is
of no fmall efficacy towards the preparing a pailage for (everal kinds of
penetrant juices, and other dillbluble bodies, to in/inuate them(elves
within the ikin, and into the (cnlitive parts of the body, may be, I think,
prov'd by an Infrance given us by BelJonim^ in the 26. Chapter of the
iccond Book of his Obfcrvations , which containing a very remarkable
Story I have here tranicrib'd : Cum Chamsleonk nigri radices (fays he)
apud Vagum quendam Livadochorio nuncupatum erui curaremus, plurimi
Gr£ci & Turcx fpe&atunt venerunt quid erueremus, eas vero fiujiulatim Je-
cabamus^ & filo trajkiebamus ut facility exftccari pojjent. lurca in eo ne-
got/o occupatos nos videntes, (imiliter eas radices tra8are ej> ficare volue-
runt : at cum fummus e/jet ijlus^ & omnes Judore n/aderentj quicunque
earn radicem tnanibus tr*cl aver ant fuderemque aljlerferant^ aut faciem di-
git is Jca/pferant, tantampruriginem iis lock quos attigcrant pojieafenjerunt^
tit aduri viderentur. Channeleonis enim nigri radix ea virtute poUet. ut cu-
ti appluata ipfam adeo inflammet, ut nec fquil/a^ nec urtica tilla centejimd
parte it a adurent : At prurigo non adeo celeriter Jeje prodit. Poji unam aut al*
teram porro horam3 (inguh variis faciei locis cutem adeo injiammatam ha-
bere ctepimus ut tot a fanguinea videretur, atque quo magis earn confricabd*
musjanto magis excttabatur prurigo. Fonti ajjidebamus fub platano^atque ini-
tio pro ludicro habebamm d> ridebamut t at tandem illi plurimum indignati
jiwt, & mfi afjeverafjemus mtnquatn expert os tali virtu te eamplantampol/ere^
baud dubte male nos multajjent. Attamen nojira excufatio fuit ab illk facili-
ty accept a j urn eodem incommodo nos ajjettos conjpicerent. Mirum fane quod
m tantillo radice tarn ingentem effiraciam nojiro malo expertifumm.

By which obfervation of his,it leems maniie(t,that their being all coyer 'd
with fweat who gather d and cut this root of the black Chameleon Thiftle,
was the great reafon why they fuffer'd that inconvenience, for it feems the
like circumftance had not been before that noted, nor do I find any men-
tion of fuch a property belonging to this Vegetable in any of the Hei -
bals I have at prefent by me.

I could give very many Obfervations which I have made of this kind,
whereby I have found that the beft way to get a body to i>e infinuated
into the fubftance or infenfible pores of another, is nrft, to find a fluid
vehicle that has fome congruity,both to the body to be infinuated,and to
the body into whofe pores you would have the other convey 'd. And in
this Principle J ies the great myfrery of (raining feveral forts of bodies, as
Marble, Woods, Bones, &c. and of Dying Silks, Cloaths, Wools, Fea-
thers, &c. But thefe being digreflions, I fhall proceed to :

Qbferv. X X V I. Of Qomgt^indthe itching operation of fome bodies,

'T'Hereis a certain Down of a Plant-,brought from the Eafl-lridies0ca\l'd
commonly, though very improperly, Cow-itch^ the reafon of which

X miftake

1^-6 MlCROGRAPHi A*

miftake ismanifefi: enough from the defcription of it,which Mr. Parkin/on
fetsdown in his Herbal, Tribe X I. Chap. 2. rhafiolusjiliqua hirfuta 5 The
hairy Kidney-bean, called in Zurratte where it grows , Couhage: We have had
(fays he) another of this kind brought us out of the Eaft-Indies, which being
planted, was in Jhew like the former, but came not to perfection, the unkindly
feafon not fuffering it to fiew the power 5 but of the Cods that were brought ,
fome were JmalIer,JI)orter, and rounder then the Garden kind^ others much
longer, and many growing together, 'as it were in cluflers, and cover d all over
with a brown Jhort hairinef,Jb fine, that if any of it be rubb'd, or fall on the
back^ of ones hand, or other tender parts of the skin, it will caufe a kind of
itching, but not firong, nor long induring, but pafjing quickjy away, without
either danger or harm 5 the Beans were fmaller then ordinary, and of a blacky
Jhining colour.

Having one of thefe Cods given me by a Sea-Captain, who had fre-
quented thofe parts, I found it to be a fmall Cod, about three Inches
long, much like a (hort Cod of French Beans ; which had fix Beans in it,
the whole furface of it was coverd over with a very thick and (hining
brown Down or Hair, which was very fine, and for its bignefs ftiff,
taking fome of this Down, and rubbing it on the back of my hand, 1
found very little or no trouble, only I was fenfible that feveral of thefe
little downy parts with rubbing did penetrate, and were funk, or (tuck
pretty deep into my fkin. After I had thus rubb'd it for a pretty while,
I felt very little or no pain, in (b much that I doubted, whether it were
the true Couhage 5 but whil'ft I was confidering, I found the Down begin
to make my hand itch, and in fome places to fmart again, much like the
(ringing of a Flea or Gnat, and this continued a pretty while, fo that by
degrees I found my (kin to be fwell'd with little red puftules, and to
look as if it had been itchie. But fuffering it without rubbing or Scratch-
ing, the itching tickling pain quickly grew languid, and within an hour
I felt nothing at all, and the little protuberancies were vanifti'd.

The caufe of which odd Phenomenon, I foppofe to be much the feme
with that of the (ringing of a Nettle, for by the Microfcope, I difcover'd
this Down to confift of a multitude of (mall and (lender conical bodies,
much refembling Needles or Bodkins, fuch as are reprefented by A B.
CD. E F. of the firft Figure of the XVI. Scheme 5 that their ends A A A,
were very (harp, and the (iibftance of them (tiff and hard, much like the
fubftance of feveral kinds of Thorns and crooks growing on Trees. And
though they appear d very clcer and tranfparent, yet I could not per-
ceive whether they were hollow or not , but to me they appear d
like folid tranfparent bodies, without any cavity in them 5 whether,
though they might not be a kind of Cane, filfd with fome tranfpa-
rent liquor which was hardned (becaufe the Cod which I had was very
dry) I was not able to examine.

Now, being (uch (tiff, (harp bodies, it is eafie to conceive, how with
rubbing they might eafily be thruft into the tender parts of the skin,and
there, by reafon of their exceeding finenefs and drinefs, not create any
confiderable trouble or pain, till by remaining in thofe places moiftned
with the humours of the body, fome cauftick part (ticking on them, or

redding

Ml GROG R A PHI Ai I4

refiding within them might be diflolv d and mix'd with the ambient juices
of that place, and thereby thofe.fibres and tender parts adjoyning be-
come affected, and as it were corroded by it 5 whence, while that acti-
on lafts, the pains created are pretty (harp and pungent, though fmall,
which is the efiential property of an itching one.

That the pain alio caufed by the ftinging of a Flea, a Gnat, a Flie, a
Wafp,and the like, proceeds much from the very fame caufc, I elfewhere
in their proper places endeavour to manifeft. The ftinging alfo of (hred
Horf-hair, which in meriment is often ftrew'd between the (heets of a Bed^
teems to proceed from the fame caufe.

Obfcrv. X X V ] I. Of the Beard of a mlde Oat, and the ufe thai
may be made of it for exhibiting always to the Eye the temperature
of the Air? as todrinefl and moiflum

THis Beard of a wild Oat, is a body of a very curious ftruc~hire,though
to the naked Eye it appears very (light, and inconfiderable, it being
only a (mall black or brown Beard or Briftle,which grows out of the fide
of the inner Husk that covers the Grain of a wild 0<tf jthe whole length of
it5when put in Water, (b that it may extend it felf to its full length,is not
above an Inch and a half,andfor the moft part (bmewhat (horter,but when
the Grain is ripe, and very dry, which is ufualy in the Moneths of Jufyj
and Auguft, this Beard is bent (otnewhat below the middle, namcly,aDout
t from the bottom of it, almoft to a right Angle, and the under part of
it is wreath'd lik a With 5 the fubftance ef it is very brittle when dry, and
it will very eafily be broken from the husk on which it grows;

If you take one of thefe Grains, and wet the Beard in Water,^ou will
prefently fee the (mall bended top to turn and move round, as if it were
lenfible} and by degrees, if it be continued wet enough, the joint or knee
will (heighten it felf 5 and if it be fuffer'd to dry again, it will by degrees
move round another way, and at length bend again into its former
pofture.

If it be vicw'd with an ordinary fingle Micirofcope, it 'will appear like
a (mall Wreath'd Sprig, with two clefts } and if wet as before, and
then look'd on with this Aficrafi&pe, it will appear to unwreath it lelf^
and by degrees,to (heighten its knee, and the two clefts will become
ftreight, and almoft on oppofite (ides of the (mall cylindrical body.

If it be continued to be look'd a little longer with a Aficrofeope, it
will within a little while begin to wreath it lelf again, and loon after
return to its former pofture^ bending it felf again neer the middle, into
a kind of knee or angle.

Several of tho(e bodies I examin'd with larger JMkrofeopes, and there
found theiri much of the make ofthofe two long wreath'd cylinders de-
lineated in the (econd Figure of the 1 5. Scheme, which two cylinders re-

X 2 preferiS

148 Micrograph! a.

prefcnt the wreathed part broken into two pieces,whcreof the end A B is
to be fuppos'd to have joind to the end C D, fo that E A C F does repre-
fent the whole wreath e! part of the Beard, and E G a fmall piece of the
upper part of the Beard which is beyond the knee, which as I had not
room to infert, fo was it not very considerable, either for its fbrm,or any
known property } but the under or wreathed part is notable for both :
As to its form, itappear'd, if it were look'd on fide-ways, almoftlikea
Willow, or a fmall tapering rod of Hazel, the lower or bigger half of
which onely, is twifted round feveral times,in fome three, in others more,
in others lefs, according to the bignefs and maturity of the Grain on
which it grew, and according to the drinefs and moifture of the ambient
Air, as I fliall (hew more at large by and by.

The whole outward Superficies of this Cylindrical body is curioufly
adorned or fluted with little channels, and interjacent ridges, or little
protuberances between them, which run the whole length of the Beard,
and are ftreight where the Beard is not twifted,and wreath'd where it is,
juft after the fame manner : each of thofe fides is befet pretty thick with
fmall Brifles or Thorns, fomewhat in form refembling that of Forcupines
Quills, fuch as a aaaa in the Figure 5 all whofe points are directed like
(b many Turn-pikes towards the fmall end or top of the Beard, which is
thereafon, why, if you endeavour to draw the Beard between your fin-
gers the contrary way, you will find it to flick, and grate, as it were,
againfl: the (kin.

The proportion of thefe fmall conical bodies a aaaa to that whereon
they grow, the Figure will Efficiently (hew, as alfo their manner of grow^
ing,their thicknefs,and neernefs to each other, as, that towards the root
or bottom of the Beard, they are more thin, and much fhorter,infomucrj
that there is ufually left between the top of the one, and the bottom of
that next above it, more then the length of one of them, and that to-
wards the top of the Beard they grow more thick and clofe (though
there be fewer ridges) fb that the root, and almoft half the upper are
hid by the tops of thofe next below them.

I could not perceive any tranfverfe pores, unlefs the whole wreath'd
part were feparated and clcft,in thofe little channels,by the wreathing in-
to fo many little ftrings as there were ridges, which was very difficult to
determine $ but there were in the wreathed part two very confpicuous
channels or clefts, which were continued from the bottom F to the elr
bow E H, or all along the part which was wreath'd, which feem'd to di-
vide the wreath'd Cylinder into two parts, a bigger and a lefs 5 the bigger
was that which was at the convex fide of the knee, namely, on the fide A,
and was wreath'd by OOOOO5 this, as it feem'd the broader, fo
did it alfo the longer, the other P P P P P, which was ufually purs cl or
wrinckled in the bending of the knee,as about E, feem'd both the fliorter
and narrower, fo that at firfl: I thought the wreathing and unwreathing
of the Beard might have been caus'd by the flirinking or fwelling of that
part % but upon further examination^ found that the clefts, ft K, L L,werc
ftuft up with a kind of Spongie fubftance, which, for the mol t part, was

very

Micrograph! a. i

very confpicuous nccr the knee, as in the cleft K K, when the Beard was
dry 5 upon the difcovery of which. I began to think, that it was upon the
fwelling of this porous pith upon the accefs of moifture Or water that the
Beard, being made longer in the midft^wasftreightned-iand by theflirink-
ing or fubliding of the parts of that Spongie fubftance together, when
the water or moifture was exhal'd or dried, the pith or middle parts
growing fhorter, the whole became twifted.

But this I cannot be pofitive in, for upon cutting the wreath'd part in
many places tranfverlly, I was not fo well fatisfy'd with thefliape and
manner of the pores of the pith } for looking on thefe tranfvcrfe Sections
with a very good Alicrofcope, I found that the ends of thofe tranf-
verfe Sections appear'd much of the manner of the third Figure of the
15. Scheme ABCFE, and the middle or pith CC, feem'd very full of
pores indeed, but all of them feem'd to run the long-ways.

1 his Figure plainly enough (hews in what manner thofe clefts, K and L
divided the wreath'd Cylinder into two unequal parts, and alfoofwhat
kind of fubftance the whole body confifts 5 for by cutting the fame Beard
in many places, with tranfverfe Sections, I found much the fame ap-
pearance with this exprefs'd 3 fo that thofe pores (eem to run., as in moft
other fuch Cany bodies, the whole length of it.

The clefts of this body KK, and LL, feem'd (as is alio exprefs'd in
the Figure) to wind very oddly in the inner part of the wreath j and
in fome parts of them, they feem'd (ruffed, as it wefe,with that Spongie
fubftance, which I juft now defcribed.

This fo oddly conftituted Vegetable fubftance, is firft (that I have
met with) taken notice of by Eaptifia Porta, in his Natural Magic^ as a
thing known to children and Juglers, and it has beencall'd by fome of
thofe laft named perfons, the better to cover their cheat, theLeggof all
Arabian Spider^ or the Legg of an inchanted Egyptian Fiji t, and has been
ufed by them to make a fmall Index, Crofi, or the like, to move round
upon the wetting of it with a drop of Water, and muttering certain
words.

But the ule that has been made of it, for the difcovery of the various
conftitutions of the Air, as to drineft and moiftnefs, is incomparably
beyond any other 3 for this it does to admiration : The manner of con-
triving it fo,as to perform this great effect, is onely thus :

Provide a good large Box of Ivory, about four Inches over, and of
what depth you (hall judge convenient (according to your intention
of making ufc of one, two5three,or more of thefe (mall Beards,ordered in
the manner which I (hall by and by defcribe)let all the fides of this Box be
turned of Bafket-work (which here in London iseafily enough procur'd)
full of holes,in the manner almoft of a Lettice, the bigger, or more the
holes are,the better,that fo the Air may have the more free paftage to the
inclofed Beard,and may the more eaftly pafs through the Inftrument ; it
will be better yet,thottgh not altogether fo handfom,if infteed of thd Baf-
ket-work on the fides of the Box^the bottom and top of the Box be join'd
together onely with three or four fmall Pillars,, afcer/ the manner repre-

fentecJ

I$0 Ml CROGRAP HIA.

fented in the 4.Figure of the 1 5. Scheme. Or,if you intend to make life of
many of thefc fmall Beards join d together, you may have a fmall long
Cafe of Ivory, whofe fides are turn'd of Bafket-work, full of holes, which
may be fcrew'd on to the underfide of a broad Plate of Ivory,on the other
fide of which is to be made the divided Ring or Circle, to which divifi-
ons the pointing of the Hand or Index, which is moved by the conjoin'd
Beard, may (hew all the Minute variations of the Air.

There may be multitudes of other ways for contriving this Imall Inftru-
ment, fo as to produce this efFecl:, which any one may, according to his
peculiar ufe,and the exigency of his prefent occafion, eafily enough con-
trive and take, on which I fhall not therefore infift. The whole manner of
making any one of them is thus : Having your Box or frame A A B B, fitly
adapted for the free paflage of the Air through it,in the midft of the bot-
tom B B B, you mufthave a very fmall hole C, into which the lower end of
the Beard is to be fixd,the upper end of which Beard a £,is to pafi through
a fmall hole of a Plate, or top A A, if you make ufc onely of a fingle one,
and on the top of it e3 is to be fix'd a fmall and very light Index fg, made
of a very thin lliver of a Reed or Cane 5 but if you make ufe of two or
more Beards, they muft be fix'd and bound together, either with a very-
fine piece of Silk, or with a very fmall touch of hard Wax, or Glcw, which
is better, and the Index fgs is to be fix'd on the top of the fecond,third,
or fourth in the lame manner as on the fingle one.

Now, becaufe that in every of thefc contrivances, the Index fg} will
with fbme temperatures of Air, move two, three, or more times round,
which without fome other contrivance then this,will be difficult to diftin-
guifh,therefore I thought of this Expedient : The Index or Handfg, be-
ing rais'd a pretty way above the furface of the Plate A A, fix in at a
little diftance from the middle of it a Imall Pin h, fo as almoft to touch
the furface of the Plate A A, and then in any convenient place of the
furface of the Plate,fix a fmall Pin, on which put on a fmall piece of Paper,
or thin Part-board, Vellom, or Parchment, made of a convenient cize,
and fhap'd in the manner of that in the Figure exprefs'd by i fo
that having a convenient number of teeth every turn or return of the
Pin hy may move this fmall indented Circle, a tooth forward or back-
wards, by which means the teeth of the Circle, being mark 'd, it will be
thereby very eafie to know certainly, how much variation any change
of weather will make upon the fmall wreath'd body. In the making of
this Secundary Circle of Vellom, or the like, great care is to be had, that
it be made exceeding light, and to move very eafily, for otherwife a fmall
variation will fpoil the whole operation. The Box may be made of Brafs,
Silver, Iron, or any other fubftance, if care be taken to make it open
enough, to let the Air have a fufficiently free accefs to the Beard. The
Index alio may be various ways contrived, fo as to fhew both the number
of the revolutions it makes, and the Minute divifions of each revolution.

I have made feveral trials and Inftrumcnts for difcovering the drinefs
and moifture of the Air with this little wreath'd body,and find it to vary
exceeding fenfibly with the leaft change in the conftitution of the Air, as

to

MlCROGHAPHl A*

todiinefs and moifture, fo that with one breathing upon it, I have made
it untwift a whole bout, and the Index or Hand has fhcw'd or pointed td
various divifions on the upper Face or Ring of the Inftrument, according
as it was carried neerer and neerer to the fire, or as the heat of the Sun
increafed upon it.

Other trials I have made with Gut«ftrings,but find them nothing nccr
fo fcnfible, though they alfo may be fo contriv'd as to exhibit the
changes of the Air, as to drihefs and moifrure. both by their ftrctching
and fhrinking in length, and alfo by their wreathing and unwreathing
themfelves 5 but thefe arc nothing neer fb cxad or fo tender,for their va-
rying property will in a little time change very much. But there are fe-
veral other Vegetable fiibftances that are much more fenfiblethen even
this Bcar*dof a wilde Oat-^ fuch I have found the Beard ofthefecdof
Mufk-grafs, or Geranium mofekatum, and thofe of other kinds of Cranes-
bil feeds, and the like. But always the fmaller the wreathing fubftance
be, the more fenfible is it of the mutations of the Air, a conjecture at
the reafbn of which I fhall by and by add.

The lower end of this wreath'd Cylinder being ftuck upright in a little
foft Wax, fo that the bended part or Index of it lay koriz&ntal, I have
obferv'd it always with moifture to unwreath it (elf frdm the Eaft (For
inftance)by the South to the Weft,and foby the North to the Eaft again,
moving with the Sun (as we commonly fay) and with heat and drouth
to re-twift, and wreath it felf the contrary way, namely, from the Eaft,
(for inftance) by the North to the Weft, and fo onwards.

The caufe of all which Thtnomena^ feems to be the differing texture
of the parts of thefe bodies, each of them (cfpecially the Beard of a wilde
Oat, and of Meskrgrafs feed J feeming to have two kind of lubftances,onci
that is very porous,loofe,and fpongie,into which the watry fteams of the
Air may be very eafily forced jWhich will be thereby fwelfd and extend-
ed in its dimenfions, juft as we may obferve all kind of Vegetable fub-
ftance upon fteeping in water to fwell and grow bigger and longer. And a
fecond that is more hard and clofe,into which the water can very little,or
not at all penetrate, this therefore retaining always very neer the fame
dimensions, and the other ftretching and fhrinking, according as there
is more or lefs moifture or water in its pores, by reafon of the make and
fhape of the parts, the whole body muft neceffarily unwreath and
wreath it felf.

And upon this Principle, it is very eafie to make feveral forts of con-
trivances that fhould thus wreath and unwreath themfelves, either by
heat and cold, or by drinefs and moifture, or by any greater or lefs force,
from whatever caufe it proceed, whether from gravity or weight, or
from wind which is motion of the Air, or from fome lpringing body,
or the like.

This, had I time, I fhould enlarge much more upon ; for it feems to me
to be the very firft footftep of Senfation, and Animate motion, the moft
plain,fimple,and obvious contrivance that Nature has made ufe of to pro-
duce a motion, next to that of Rarefaction and Condenfation by heat

and

1^2 Microgram pi a.

and cold. And were this Principle very well examind, I am very apt to
think, it would afford us a very great help to find out the Mechattifm
of the Mufcles, which indeed,as farr as I have hitherto been able to ex-
amine, feems to me not lb very perplex as one might imagine,efpecially
upon the examination which I made of the Mufclcs of Crab^Lobfiers 3znd
feveral forts of large Shell-fifh,and comparing my Obfervationson them,
with the circumftances I obferv'd in the mufcles of terreftrial Animals.

Now, as in thislnftance of the Beard of a wilde Oat, we lee there is
nothing elfe requifite to make it wreath and unwreath it felf, and to
{heighten and bend its knee, then onely a little breath of inoiftordry
Air, or a fmall atome almoft of water or liquor, and a little heat to make
it again evaporate 5 for, by holding this Beard, plac'd and fix'd as I be-
fore directed, neer a Fire, and dipping the tip of a fmall fhreo*of Paper
in well rectify 'd fpirit of Wine, and then touching the wreath'd Cylin-
drical part,you may perceive it to untwift it felf 5 and prefently again,up-
on the Avolation of the fpirit, by the great heat, it will re-twift it fel£
and thus will it move forward and backwards as oft as you repeat the
touching it with the fpirit of Wine 5 fo may, perhaps, the fhrinking and
relaxing of the mufcles be by the influx and evaporation of fome kind
of liquor or juice. But of this Enquiry I fhall add more elfewhere.

Obferv. XXVIII. Of the Seeds of 'Venus lookirig-glafi, or Corn
Violet.

FKom the Leaves, and Downs, and Beards of Plants, we come at laft to
the Seeds and here indeed feems to be the Cabinet of Nature,where-
in are laid up its Jewels. The providence of Nature about Vegetables,is in
no part manifefted more,then in the various contrivances about the feed,
nor indeed is there in any part of the Vegetable fb curious carvings, and
beautifull adornments, as about the feed 5 this in the larger forts of feeds
is moft evident to the eye ^ nor is it lefs manifeft through the Microfcope,
inthofe feeds whofc fhape and ftrufrure, by reafon of their fmalnefs, the
eye is hardly able to diftinguifh.

Of thefe there are multitudes, many of which I haveobferv'd through
a Micro/cope, and find, that they do, for the moft part, every one afford
exceeding pleafant and beautifull objects. For befides thofe that have
various kinds of carvd furfaces, there are other that have fmooth and
perfectly polifh'd furfaces, others a downy hairy furface:, fome are
cover'd onely with a fkin, others with a kind of fhell, others with both,
as is obfervable alfo in greater feeds.

Of thefe feeds I have onely defcribed four forts which may ferveas a
Specimen of what the inquifitive obfervers are likely to find among the
reft. The firft of thefe feeds which are defcribed in the 1 7. Scheme, are
thofe of Corn-Violets, the feed is very fmall, black, and fhining, and, to
the naked eye, looks almoft like a very fmall Flea -7 But through the

Microfcope

Schctruxvii.

MlCROGRAPHIA

Mic rofcope, it appears a large body, coVer'd with a tough thick and bright
reflecting fkin very irregularly flirunk and pitted, infomuch that itisal-
molt an impoflibility to find two of them wrinkled alike, fo great a va-
riety may there be even in this little feed.

This, though it appear'd one of the moft promifing feeds for beauty to
the naked eye,yet through the Microfcope it appear'd but a rude mifhapen
feed, which I therefore drew, that I might thereby manifeft how unable
we are by the naked eye to judge of beauteous or left curious microjeopi-
cal Obje&s 5 cutting fome of them in funder, I obferv'd them to be fill'd
with a greenifh yellow pulp, and to have a very thick hulk, in propor-
tion to the pulp.

Obferv. XXIX, Of the Seeds of Tyme.

f I Hefe pretty fruits here reprefented, in the 18. Scheme, are nothing
J elfe,but nine feveral feeds of Tyme 5 they are all of them in differ-
ing pofture,both as to the eye and the light 5 nor are they all of them ex-
actly of the fame fhape, there being a great variety both in the bulk and
figure of each feed 5 but they all agreed in this,that being look'd on with
a Microfcope, they each of them exactly refembled a Lemmon or Orange
dry'd 5 and this both in fhape and colour. Some of them are a little
rounder, of the fliape of an Orange, as A and B, they have each of
them a very confpicuous part by which they were join'd to their little
ftalk,and one of them had a little piece of ftalk remaining on 3 the oppo-
fitefide of the feed, you may perceive very plainly by the Figure,is very
copped and prominent, as is very ufual in Lemmons, which prominencies
are exprefs'd in D, E and F.

They feem'd each of them a little creas'd or wrihckled, but E was
very confpicuoully furrow>d,asif the inward make of this feed had been
fomewhat like that of a Lemmon alfo, but upon dividing feveral feeds
with a very fharp Pen-knife, and examining them afterward, I found
their make to be in nothing but bulk differing from that of Peas,that is,to
have a pretty thick coat,and all the reft an indifferent white pulp, which
feem'd very clofe , lb that it feems Nature does not very much alter her
method in the manner of inclofing and preferving the vital Principle in
the feed, in thefe very fmall grains^from that of Beans, Peas,

The Grain affords a very pretty Object for the Microfcope, namely, a
Difhof Lemmons plac'd in a very little room 5 (hould a Lemmon or Nut
be proportionably magnify d to what this feed of Tyme is,it would make
it appear as bigg as a large Hay-reek,and it would be no great wonder to
fee Homers Iliads, and Homer and all, cramm'd into fiich a Nut-fhell. We
teay perceive even in thefe fmall Grains, as well as in greater, how curi-
ous and carefull Nature is in preferving the feminal principle of Vege-
table bodies, in what delicate, ftrong and moft convenient Cabinets fhc

Y lays

1^4 MlGROGRAPHl A.

lays them and dotes them in a pulp for their fa fer prote&ion from out-
ward dangers, and for the iupply of convenient alimental juice, when
the heat of the Sun begins to animate and move thefe little Automatons
or Engines 5 as if fhe would,from the ornaments wherewith (he has deckt
thefe Cabinets, hint to us, that in them (he has laid up her Jewels
and Mafter-pieces. And this, if we are but diligent in obferving, we
fhall find her method throughout. There is no curiofity in the Elemental
kingdom, if I may fo call the bodies of Air, Water, Earth, that are com-
parable in form to thofe of Minerals, Air and Water having no format
all,unlefs a potentiality to beform'dinto GlobuJes$ and the clods and
parcels of Earth are all irregular, whereas in Minerals (he does begin to
Geometrize, and pra&ife, as 'twere, the firft principles of Mechanicks^
Ihaping them of plain regular figures, as triangles, Iquares, &c. and te-
traedrons, cubes, &c. But none of their forms are comparable to the
more compounded ones of Vegetables 5 For here fhe goes a ftep further,
forming them both of more complicated fhapes, and adding alfo multi-
tudes of curious Mechanick contrivances in their ftru&ure^for whereas in
Vegetables there was no determinate number of the leaves or branches,
nor no exactly certain figure of leaves, or flowers,or feeds, in Animals all
thole things are exactly defin d and determin'd 3 and where-ever there
is either an excefsor defect of thofe determinate parts or limbs,there has
been fome impediment that has fpoil'd the principle which was moft re-
gular : Here we fhall find, not onely moft curioufly compounded IhapeSj
but moft: ftupendious Mechanifins and contrivances, here the ornaments v
arc in the higheft perfection, nothing in all the Vegetable kingdom that
is comparable to the deckings of a Peacock 3 nay, to the curiofity of any
feather, as I elfewhere (hew 3 nor to that of the imalleft and moft deipi-
cable Fly. But I muft not ftay on thefe lpeculations, though perhaps it
were very well worth while for one that had leifure,to fee what Informa-
tion may be learn'd of the nature,or ufe,or virtues of bodies,by their feve-
ral forms and various excellencies and properties. Who knows but Adam
might from fome fuch contemplation, give names to all creatures? If at
leaft his names had any fignificancy in them of the creature's nature on
which he impos'd it 3 as many (upon what grounds I know not) have
fuppos'd : And who knows,but the Creator may,in thofe characters,have
written and engraven many of his moft myfterious defigns and counfels,
and given man a capacity, which, aflifted with diligence and induftry,
may be able to read and underftand them. But not to multiply my di-
greffion more then I can the time, I will proceed to the next, which is,

Obferv. XXX. Of the Seeds <f?op?j.

HPHe fmall feeds of Poppy, which are defcribed in the 19. Scheme^ both
^ for their (malnels, multiplicity and prettinels, as alfo for their ad-
mirable (bporifick quality, deierve to be taken notice of among the

other

MiCROGRAPHIA

other microscopical feeds of Vegetables : For firlf, though they grow in a
Cafe or Hive oftentimes bigger then one of thefe Pictures of the micro-
feopical appearance, yet are they for the moft part fo very little, that they
exceed not the bulkofalmall Nitt,bcing not above fz part of an Inch in
Diameter, whereas the Diameter of the Hive of them oftentimes exceeds
two Inches,fb that it is capable of containing neer two hundred thouland,
and foin all likelihood docs contain a vaft quantity, though perhaps not
that number. Next, for their prettinefs, they may be compar'd to any
microfcopical feed I have yet feen 5 for they are of a dark brownifh red
colour, curioufly Honey-comb'd all over with a very pretty variety of
Net- work, or a fmall kind of imbofmcnr of very orderly rais'd ridges,
the furface of them looking not unlike the infide of a Beevs ftomack. But
that which makes it moft conMderable of all, is, the medicinal virtues of
it, which are fuch as are not afforded us by any Mineral preparation 5 and
that is for the procuring of fleep, a thing as neceflary to the well-being
of a creature as his meat, and that which refrefhes both the voluntary
and rational faculties, which, whii'ft this affection has feis'd the body,are
for the moft part unmov'd, and at reft. And, methinks, Nature does
feem to hint fbme very notable virtue or excellency in this Plant from the
curiofity it has beftow'd upon it. Firft, in its flower, it is of the higheft
fcarlet-Dye, which is indeed the prime and chiefeft colour, and has been
in all Ages of the world moft highly efteem'd : Next, it has as much cu-
riofity fhew'd alio in the hufk or cafe of the feed, as any one Plant I have
yet met withall 5 and thirdly, the very feeds themfelves, the Microfcope
difcovers to be very curioufly fhap'd bodies, and laftly. Nature has
taken fuch abundant care for the propagation of it, that one (ingle feed
grown into a Plant, is capable of bringing fbme hundred thoufands of
feeds.

It were very worthy fbme able man's enquiry whether the intention of
Nature, as to the fecundary end of Animal and Vegetable fubftances
might not be found out by fbme fuch characters and notable impreffions
as thefe, or from divers other circumftances, as the figure, colour, place,
time of flourifhingj fpringing and fading, duration, tafte, fmell, &c. For
if foch there are (as an able Phyftcian upon good grounds has given me
caufe to believe) we might then, infteed of ftudying Herbals (where fb
little is deliver d of the virtues of a Plant, and lefs of truth) have re-
courfe to the Book of Nature it felf, and there find the moft natural,
ufefull, and moft effectual and fpecifick Medicines, of which we have
amongft Vegetables, two very noble Inftances to incourage fuch a hope,
the one of the Jejitite powder for the cure of intermitting Feavers^nd. the
other of the juice of Poppy for the curing the defeft of fleeping.

Obfcrv.

MlCROGRAPHlA.

2. That that part which was next the top, was bigger then that which
was neerer the root.

3. That they were all along from end to end tranfparent, though not
very cleer, the end next the root appearing like a black tranfparent piece
of Horn, the end next the top more brown, fomewhat like tranfparent
Horn.

4. That the root of the Hairs were pretty (mooth, tapering inwards,
almoft like a Parfnebf nor could I find that it had any filaments, or any
other vellels, fuch as the fibres of Plants.

5. That the top when fplit (which is common in long Hair) appear d
like the end of a ftick, beaten till it be all flitter 'd, there being not onely
two fplinters, but fometimes half a fcore and more.

6. That they were all, as farr as I was able to find, folid Cylindrical
bodies, not pervious, like a Cane or BulruQi 5 nor could I find that they
had any Pith, or diftinttion of Rind, or the like, fuch as I had obferv'd in
Horfe-hairs, the Briftlesofa Cat, the Indian Deer's Hair,dv.

Obfervations on fever al other forts of Hair.

For theBrifles of a Hogg, I found them to be firft a hard tranfparent
horny fubftance, without the leaft appearance of pores or holes in it 3 and
this I try'd with the greateft care I was able, cutting many of them with a
very (harp Razor, lb that they appear'd, even in the Glafc, to have a pret-
ty finooth furface, but fomewhat waved by the fawing to and fro of the;
Razor, as is vifible in the end of the Trifmatical body A of the fame
Figure, and then making trials with caufing the light to be caft on them
all the various ways I could think of, that was likely to make the pores-
appear, if there had been any, I was not able to difcover any.

Next, the Figure of the Brides was very various, neither perfectly
round, nor fliarp edgd, but Trifmatical^ with divers fides, and round
angles, as appears in the Figure A. The bending of them in any part
where they before appear'd cleer, would all flaw them, and make them
look white.

The0Muftacheos of a Cat (part of one of which is reprefented by the
Cbort Cylinder^* of the fame Figure) feem'd to have, all of them that I ob-
ferv'd,a large pith in the middle, like the pith of an Elder, whofe texture
was fo dole, that I was not able to difcover the leaft* fign of pores 5 and
thole parts which leem to be pores,as they appear'd in one pofition to the
light, in another I could find a manifeft reflectiom to be Caft from them.

This I inftance in,to hint that it is not fafe to conclude any thing to be;'
pofitively this or that, though it appear never fo plain and likely when
look'd on with a Microfiope in one pofture, before the lame beexamin'd
by placing it in feveral other pofitions.

And this I take to be the reafon why many have believed and aflerted
the Hairs of a man's head to be hollow, and like lb many fmall pipes per-
forated from end to end.

Now, though I grant that by an Analogh one may fuppofe them fo,J

and

1^8 MlCROGRAHPIA.

and from the Volonian difeafe one may believe them fuch,yetl think we
have not the leaft encouragement to either from the Microfcope, much le(s
pofitivcly to aflert them fuch. And perhaps the very eflence of the Flic *
Folonica. may be the hairs growing hollow, and of an unnatural con-
ftitution.

And as for the Analogie, though I am apt enough to think that the hairs
of feveral Animals may be perforated fomewhat like a Cane, or at leaft
have a kind of pith in them,firft,becaufe they feem as 'twere a kind of Ve-
getable growing on an Animal, which growing,they fay, remains a long
while after the Animal is dead, and therefore fhould like other Vege-
tables have a pith j and lecondly , becaufc Horns and Feathers, and Por-
cupine's Quils, and Cats Brifles, and the long hairs of Horfes,which come
very neer the nature of a mans hair,feem all of them to have a kind of pith,
and fomc of them to be porous,yet I think it not (in thefe cafes, where we
have fuch helps for the fenfe as the Microfcope affords) fafe concluding
or building on more then we fenfibly know, fince we may,with exami-
ning, find that Nature does in the make of the fame kind, of fubftance,
often vary her method in framing of it : Inftances enough to confirm this
we may find in the Horns of feveral creatures : as what a vaft difference
is there between the Horns of an Oxe, and thofc of fome forts of Staggs
as to their fhape ) and even in the hairs of feveral creatures, we find a
vaft difference , as the hair of a man's head feems, as I faid before, long,
Cylindrical and fometime a little Prifmatical, folid or impervious, and
very fmall the hair of an Indian Deer (apart of the middle of which is
defcribed in the third Figure of the fifth Scheme, marked with F) is big-
ger in compafs through all the middle of it5then the Brifle of an Hogg,but
the end of it is fmaller then the hair of any kind of Animal (as may be
feen by the Figure G) the whole belly of it, which is about two or three
Inches long, looks to the eye like a thread of courfe Canvafs, that has
been newly unwreath'd, it being all wav'd or bended to and fro, much
after that manner, but through the Microfcope, it appears all perforated
from fide to fide,and Spongie, like a fmall kind of fpongy Coral, which is
often found upon the Englijh fhores 3 but though I cut it tranfverfly, I
could not perceive that it had any pores that ran the long-way of the
hair : the long hairs of Horfes C C and D, feem Cylindrical and fomewhat
pithy 5 theBriflesof a Cat B, arc conical and pithy: the Quils of Por-
cupines and Hedghoggs, being cut tranfverfly. haveawhitifh pith, in the
manner of a Starr,or Spur-rowel : Piggs-hair (A) is fomewhat triagonal}
and feems to have neither pith nor pore : And other kinds of hair have
quite a differing ftructure and form. And therefore I think it no way-
agreeable to a true natural Hiftorian, to pretend to be fo fharp-fighted>
as to fee what a pre-conceiv'd Hypothecs tells them fhould be there.where
another man, though perhaps as feeing, but not foreftall'd, can difcover
no luch matter.

But to proceed , I obferv'd feveral kind of hairs that had been Dyed,
and found them to be a kind of horny Cylinder, being of much about the
tranfparency of a pretty cleer piece of Oxe horn 5 thefe appear 'd quite

through-

MlCROGRAPHi A. $|g

throughout 'ting'd with the colours they exhibited. And 'tis likely 5that
thofe hairs being boy I'd or fteep'd in thofe very hot ting'd liquors in the
Dye-fat, And the fubftance of the hair being much like that of an Oxu.
Horn, the penetrant liquor docs fo far mollifieand fbftcn the fubftance,
that it links into the very center of it, and fo the ting'd parts come to he
mix'd and united with the very body of the hair,and do not (as lome have
thought) only flick on upon the outward furface. And this,thc boiling of
Horn will make more probable 3 for we fliall find by that aclion, that the
water will inhnuate it felf to a pretty depth wif hjn the furface of it,,
efpecially if this penetrancy of the water be much helped by the Salts
that are ufuallv mix'd with the Dying licjuors. Now. whereas Silk may
be dyed or ting'd into all kind of colours without boiling or dipping in-
to hot liquors, Ighcfs the reafon to be two-fold : Firft, becaufe the fila-
ments, or fmall cylinders of Silk, are abundantly fmaller and finer, and lb
have a much lels depth to be penetrated then moft kind of hairs 3 and
next, becaufe the fubftance or matter of Silk, is much more like aGlew
then the fubftance of Hair is. And that i have reafon to luppofe :
Firft, becaufe when it is fpun or drawn out of the Worm, it is a perfect
glutinous fubftance, and very ealily fticks and cleaves to any adjacent
body, as I have feveral times obferved, both in Silk- worms and Spiders.
Next, becaufe that I find that water does eafily diftolve and mollifie the
fubftance again, which is evident from their manner of ordering thofe
bottoms or pods of the. Silk-worm before they are able to unwind them. It
is no great wonder therefore,if thofeDyes or ting'd liquors do very quick-
ly mollifie and tinge the furfaces of fo fmall and fo glutinous a body.
And we need not wonder that the colours appear fo lovely in the onej
and fb dull in the other, if we view but the ting'd cylinders of both
kinds with a good Microscope 3 for whereas the fubftance of Hair.at beft5is
but a dirty dufkifh white fomewhat tranfparent, the filaments of Silk have
a moft lovely tranfparency and cleernefs, the difference between thofe
two being not much lefs then that between a piece of Horn, and a piece
of Cryftal^ the one yielding a bright and vivid reflection from the con-
cave fide of the cylinder} that is, from the concave furface of the Air
that incompafles the back-part of the cylinder 5 the other yielding a duli
and perturb'd refle&ion from the feveral Heterogeneous parts that com-
pofe it. And this difference will be manif eft enough to the eye,if you get a
couple of fmall Cylinders, the fmaller of Cryftal Glafs,the other of Horn,
and then varnifhing them over very thinly with fome tranfparent colour,
which will reprefent to the naked eye much the fame kind of object which
is reprefented to it from the filaments of Silk and Hair by the help of the
Jldicrofcope. Now, fince the threads of Silk and S^ rge are made up of a
great number of thele filaments, we may henceforth ceafe to wonder at
the difference. From much the fame reafon proceeds the vivid and love-
ly colours of Feathers, wherein they very farr exceed the natural as well
as Artificial colours of hair.of which I fhall fay more jn its proper place.

The Teguments indeed of creatures are all of them adapted to thepe-
tuliar ufe and convenience of that Animal which they inwrap 5 and very

much

i6o

Mi CROGRAP HI A.

much alio for the ornament and beauty of it, as will be moft evident to
any one that (hall attentively confider the various kinds of cloathings
wherewith moft creatures are by Nature inverted and cover'd. Thus I
have obferved, that the hair or furr of thofe Northern white Bears that
inhabite the colder Regions, is exceeding thick and warm : the like have
I obferv'd of the hair of a Greenland Deer, which being brought alive to
London^, had the opportunity of viewing } its hair was fo exceeding thick,
long and foft, that I could hardly with my hand, grafp or take hold of
his fkin, and itfeem'd fo exceeding warm, as I had never met with any
before. And ns for the ornamentative ufe of them, it is moft evident in a
multitude of creatures,not onely for colour, as the Leopards, Cats^rvhein
Deer, &c. but for the Qiape, as in Horles manes, Cats beards,and feveral
other of the greater fort of terreftrial Animals, but is much more confpi-
cuous, in the Veftments of Fifties, Birds, Infects, of which Ifhall by and
by give fome Inftances.

As for the fkin, the Micro/cope difcovers as great a difference between
the texture of thofe feveral kinds of Animals, as it does between their
hairs $ but all that I have yet taken notice of, when tann'd or drefi'd, are
of a Spongie nature, and feem to be conftituted of an infinite company
offinall long fibres or hairs, which look not unlike aheap of Tow or
Okum 5 evefy of which fibres feem to have been fome part of a Mufcle,
and probably, whirftjthe Animal was alive, might have its diftinct functi-
on, and ferve for the contraction and relaxation of the (kin, and for the
ftretching and fhrinking of it this or that way.

And indeed, without fuch a kind of texture as this, which is very like
that of Spunky, it would feem very ftrange, how any body fo ftrong as the
(kin of an Animal ufoally is, and lo clofe as it feems, whil'ft the Animal is
living, ftiould be able to fufFer fo great an extenfion any ways, without at
all hurting or dilacerating any part of it. But,fince we are inform'd by the
Microfcopc^ that it confifts of a great many (mall filaments, which are im-
plicated, or intangled one within another, almoft no otherwife then the
hairs in a lock of Wool, or the flakes in a heap of Tow, though not alto-
gether fo loofe $ but the filaments are here and there twifted,as twere,or
mterwoven,and here and there they join and unite with one another,fo as
indeed the whole (kin feems to be but one piece,we need not much won-
der: And though thefe fibres appear not through zMicrofcopt^ exactly joint-
ed and contex'd,as in Sponge 3 yet,as I formerly hinted, lam apt to think,
that could we find fome way of discovering the texture of it, whil'ft it in-
verts the living Animator had fome very eafie way of feparating the pulp
or intercurrent juices, fuch as in all probability fill thofe Interflitia, with-
out dilacerating, brufing, or otherwife fpoiling the texture of it (as it
feems to be very much by the ways of tanning and drefling now us'd) we
might difoover a much more curious texture then I have hitherto been
able to find 5 pcrhaps,fomewhat like that of Sponges.

That of Chamoije Leather is indeed very much like that o£spnn^ fave
onely that the filaments feem nothing neer lb even and round, nor alto-
gether fo fmallj nor has it lb curious joints as spunk, has, fome of which I

have

Micrograph i a.

have lately difcover'd like thofe of a Sponge, and perhaps all thcie tlired
bodies may be of the fame kind of fubftance, though two of them indeed
are commonly accounted Vegetable ( which J whether they be fb or
no, I (hall not now difpute) But this items common to all three, that
they undergo a tanning or drefliug, whereby the inrerfpers'd juices arc
waited and wafh'd away before the texture of them can be difcover'd.

What their w ay is of drilling, or curing Sponges, Iconfefs, T cannot
learns but the way of drefting spttn^, is, by boiling it a good while in a
ftrong Lixivium, and then beating it very well 5 and the manner of dref-
ling Leather is fufficicntly known.

It were indeed extremely defirable, if fuch a way could be found
whereby the Parenchyma or fiefh of the Mulclesj and feveral other
parts of the bod.ymight be wafti'd, or wafted clean away,withoiit vitia-
ting the form of t\\Q fibrous parts or veOells of it, for hereby the texture
of thofe parts, by the help of a good Microfcope, might be moft accu-
rately found.

But to digrels no further, we may, from this difcovery of the Micro-
Jcope, plainly enough underftand how the Ikin, though it looks foclofe
as it does, comes to give a paflage to lb vaft a quantity of excrementitious
fubffances, as the diligent Sau&orius has excellently obferved it to do, in
his medicina jiatica 5 for it feems very probable, from the texture after
drefling,that there are an infinit of pores that every way pierce it,and that
thofe pores are onely fill'd with fome kind of juice, or fome very pulpy
foft fubftance, and thereby thefteamsmay almoft aseafily find a paflage
through fiich a fluid vehicle as the vaporous bubbles which are generated
at the bottom of a Kettle of hot water do find a paflage through that
fluid medhtm into the ambient Air.
Nor is the fkin of animals only thus pervious,but even thofe of vegetables
alfo feem to be the fame^for otherwife I cannot conceive why,if two fprigs
of Rolemary (for Inftance) be taken as exactly alike in all particulars as
can be, and the one be let with the bottom in a Glals of water, and the
other be fet juft without the Glafs,but in the Air onely, though you ftop
the lower end of that in the Air very carefully with Wax, yet fhall it
prefently almoft wither, whereas the other that feems to have a fupply
from the fob jacent water by its fmall pipes, or microfcopical pores, pre-
fcrves its greennefs for many days, and fbmetimes weeks.

Now5 this to me, feems not likely to proceed from any other caufe then
the avolation of the juice through the fkin$ for by the Wax,all thofe other
poresjof the ftem are very firmly and clofely ftop'd up. And from the more
orlefs poroufhefs of the fkins or rinds of Vegetables may, perhaps, be
fbmewhat of the reafon given, why they keep longer green, or fooner wi-
ther, for we may obferve by the bladdering and craking of the leaves of
Bays,Holly, Laurel, &c. that their fkins are very clofe, and do not fuffer
fo free a paflage through them of the included juices.

But of this, and of the Experiment of the Rofemary, I fhall elfewhere
more fully confider,it feeming to me an extreme luciferous Experiment,
liich as feems indeed very plainly to prove the Schematifm or ftrudture

Z of

Ml CROGRAP HIA.

of Vegetables altogether mechanical, and as neceflary, that (water and
warmth being apply'd to the bottom of the fprig of a Plant) feme of it
(hould be carried upwards into the Item, and thence diftnbuted mto the
leaves, as that the water of the Thames covering the bottom of the Mills
at the Bridge foot of London, and by the ebbing and flowing of it, paf-
fiing ftrongly by them, mould r/ave fome part of it convey oV to the
Cell ems above,and thence into feveral houfes and Cefterns up and down
the City.

Obfcrv. XXXIII. Scales 0/0 Soal, and other Fifies.

HAving hinted fomewhat of the fkin and covering of terreftrial Ani-
mals, I (hall next add an Obfervation I made on the fkin and Scales
of a seal, a fmall Filh, commonly enough known 5 and here m Fifties, as
well as other Animals, Nature follows its ufual method, framing all parts
fo as that they are both ufefull and ornamental m all its comporures,
mingling utile and dulce together^ and both thefe defigns it feems to
follow,though our unaflifted fenfes are not atye to peceive them : This is
not onely mfnifeft in the covering of this Filh only, but in multitudes of
others,which it would be too long to enumerate,witnef$ particularly that
fmall Sand Shell, which I mention d in the X I. Obfervation and infinite
other fmall Shells and Scales, divers of which I have view d. Thisilunl
view'd, was Head from a pretty large Soal, and then expanded and dry d
the infide of it, when dry, to the naked eye, look d very like a piece of
Canvafs,but the Mcrofcope difcover'd that texture to be nothing elie,but
the inner ends of thole curious Scolop'd Scales I, I, I, m the fecond F,gHre
of the XXI. 6* W, namely, the part of GGGG (of the larger repre-
fentation of a fmgle Scale, in the firft Figure of the fame Scheme) which
on the back fide, through an ordinary fingle Magnifying Glafs, lookd
not unlike the Tyles on an houfe.

The outfide of it, to the naked eye, exhibited nothing more ot orna-
ment, favethe ufual order of ranging the Scales into a triagonal fam,
onely the edges feem'd a little to mine, the finger being rubb d from the
tail-wards towards the head, the Scales feem'd to flay and raze it 5 But
through an ordinary Magnifying glafs, it exhibited a moft cunoufly
carved and adorned furface, fuch as is vifible in the fecond Figure, each
of thofe (formerly almoft imperceptible) Scales appearing much of the
fhape I, I, I, that is, they were round, and protuberant, and fomewhat
fhap'd like a Scolop, the whole Scale being creas d with cunoufly way d
and indented ridges,with proportionable furrows between5each of which
was terminated with a very (harp tranfparent bony fubfcance,which,hke
fo many fmall Turnpikes, feem'd to arm the edges. , r,rc .

The back part KKK was the ikin into which each of thele Scales
were very deeply fix'd, in the curious regular order, vifible in the fecond

Figure*

Micrograph! a.

Figure. The length and lhapeof the part of the Scale which was buried
by the fkin,is evidenced by the firft Figures which is the reprefentation of
one of them pluck'd out and view'cj, through a good Microfcope, namely,
the part L F G G F L, wherein is alio more plainly to be (ccn,the manner
of carving of the fcclopt part of every particular Scalc,how each ridge or
barrEEE is alternately hollowed or engraven, and how every gutter
between them is terminated with very tranfparent and hard pointed
fpikes, and how every other of thefc, as A A A A, are much longer then
the interjacent ones, D D D.

The texture or form alfo of the hidden part appears, namely, the
middle part, GGG, feems to conuit of a great number of (mall quills
or pipes, by which, perhaps, the whole may be nourilhed } and the (ide
paits FF confiftof a more fibrous texture, though indeed the whole
Scale feem'd to be of a very tough grilly fubff ance,like the larger Scales
of other Fillies.

The Scales of the fkin of a Dog-fifti (which isus'd by fuchas work in
Wood,for the fmoothing of their work,and confifts plainly enough to the
naked eye.of a great number of fmall horny points) through the Microfcope
appear'd each of them curioully ridg'd, and very neatly carved } and in-
deed, you can hardly look on the fcales of any Fifh, but you may difcover
abundance of curiofity and beautifying;, and not only in thefe Fifhes,but in
the (hells and crufts or armour of moft forts of Marine Animals fo inverted.

_ 1 — i 1 — | 1 — — — — - ,

Obfcrv. XXXI V. Of the Sting of a Bee.

JbrtK gniikn.x: yf^X >ooui '.. <r. jJBtn^ffn nr. {1 .<J3l bns t?.biKWni qoi idi

THe Sting of a Bee, delineated in the fecond Figure of the XVl.Schertte,
feems to be a weapon of offence, and is as great an Inftance, that
Nature did realy intend revenge as any, and that firft, becaufe there
feems to be no other ufe of it. Secondly, by reafon of its admirable (hape,
feeming to be purpofely (hap'd for that very end. Thirdly,from the vi-
rulency of the liquor it eje&s, and the lad effects and fymptoms that fol-
low it.

But whatever be the ufe of it,certain it is,that the ftru&ure of it is very
admirable 5 what it appears to the naked eye, I need not defcribe, the
thing being known almoft to every one5but it appears through the Micro-
fiope, to confift of two parts, the one a (heath, without^a chape or top,
(hap'd almoft like the Holfter of a Piftol, beginning at d3 and ending
at a, this (heath I could moft plainly perceive to be hollow, and to con-
tain in it, both a Sword or Dart, and the poifonous liquor that caufes the
pain. The (heath or cafe feem d to have feveral joints or fettings together,
marked by/ ghik^lntno, it was arm'd moreover neer the top, with fe-
veral crooks or forks ( /> 7 r/>) on one fide3 and ( p q r ft u) on the other,
each of which feem'd like fo many Thorns growing on a briar, or rather
Jikefo many Cat's Claws 5 for the crooks themfelves feem'd to be little
(harp transparent points or claws, growing out of little protuberancies on

Z 2 the

Ml CROGRAHP I A.

the fide of the (heath, which, by obferving the Figure diligently, is eafic
enough to beperceiv'd ^ and from feveral particulars, I fuppofe the Ani-
mal has a power of difplaying them, and (hutting them in again as it
pleafes, as a Git does its claws, or as an Adder or Viper can its teeth
or fangs.

The other part of the Sting was the Sword, as 1 may fo call it, which
is fheath'd, as it were,in it, the top of which a b appears quite through at
thefmallerend, juft as if the chape of the (heath of a Sword were loft,
and the end of it appear'd beyond the Scabbard 5 the end of this Dart("*)
was very (harp, and it was arm cl likewife with the like Tenterhooks or
claws with thofe of the (heath, fuch as ( v xy} xy % z.) thefe crooks, I am
very apt to think, can be clos'd up alfo, or laid flat to the fides of the
Sword when it is drawn into the Scabbard,as I have feveral times obfeiVd
it to be, and can be (pred again or extended when ever the Animal
pleafes.

The consideration of which'very pretty ftru£rure,has hinted to me,that
certainly the ufeof thefe claws feems to be very considerable, as to the
main end of this Inftrument, for the drawing in, and holding the fting in
the flefli for the point being very (harp, the top of the Sting or Dagger
(a b) is very eafily thruft into an Animal's body,which being once entred,
the Bee, by endeavouring to pull it into the (heath, draws (by reafon of
the crooks ( v xy ) and ( xy % z ) which lay hold of the (kin on either
fide) the top of the (heath (tfrv*) into the (kin after it, and the crooks
f, sJ and >*, being entred, when the Bee endeavours to thruft out the
top of the fting out of the (heath again, they lay hold of the (kin on ei-
ther fide, and fo not onely keep the (heath from Hiding back, but helps
the top inwards, and thus, by an alternate and fucceflive retracting and
emitting of the Sting in and out of the (heath, the little enraged creature
by degrees makes his revengfull weapon pierce the tougheft and thickeft
Hides of his enemies, in fo much that fome few of thefe ftout and refo-
lute foldiers with thefe little engines, do often put to flight a huge mafty
Bear, one of their deadly enemies, and thereby (hew the world how
much more considerable in Warr a few (kilfull Engineers and refolutc
(bldiers politickly order'd, that know how to manage fiich engines, are,
then a vaft unweildy rude force, that confides in, and afts onely by, its
ftrength. But (to proceed) that he thus gets in his Sting into the (kin,
I conjecture, becaufe, when I have obferv'd this creature living, I have
found it to move the Sting thus, to and fro, and thereby alfo, perhaps,
does, as 'twere, pump or force out the poilbnous liquor, and make it
hang at the end of the (heath about b in a drop. The crooks, I fuppofe
alfo to be the cau(e why thefe angry creatures, haftily removing them-
felves from their revenge, do often leave thefe weapons behind them,
fheath'd, as 'twere, in the fie(h, and, by that means, caufe the painfull
(ymptoms to be greater,and more lafting^which are very probably caus'd,
partly by the piercing and tearing of the (kin by the Sting, but chiefly
by the corrofive and poifonous liquor that is by this Syringe-pipe con-
vey'd among the fenfitive parts thereof and thereby more eaiily gnaws

MlCROGRAPHlA.

and corrodes thofe tender fibres: As I have (hewed in the defcription
of a Nettle and of Cowhagc.

Obferv. XXXV. Of the contexture and flapecf the particles of
Feathers.

Examining feveral forts of Feathers, I took notice of thefe particulars
in all forts of wing-Feathers, efpecially in thofe which ferv'd for the
beating of the air in the action of flying.

That the outward furface of the Quill and Stem was of a very hard^fl,
and horny fubftance, which is obvious enough, and that the part above
the Quill was fill d with a very white and light pith, and,with the Micro-
feope, I found this pith to be nothing elfe, but a kind of natural congeries
of lmall bubbles^he films of which feem to be of the fame fubftance with
that of the Quill, that is, of a ftifFtranfparent horny fubftance.

Which particular feems to me,very worthy a more ferious confederations
F or here we may obferve Nature,as 'twere,put to its fhjfts, to make a fub-
ftance,which (hall be both light enough,and very ftiff and ftrong3withour.
varying from its own eftablifh'd principles, which we may obferve to be
fuch, that very ftrong bodies are for the moft part very heavie aho, 3
ftrength of the parts ufually requiring a denfity, and a denfity a gravity 5
and therefore fhould Nature have made a body fb broad and fo ftrong as
a Feather j almoft, any other way then what it has taken, the gravity of it
muft neceilarily have many times exceeded this } for this pith feem6 to be
likefo many ftops or croft pieces in a long optical tube, which do very-
much contribute to the ftrength of the whole, the pores of which were
fuch, as that they feem'd not to have any communication with one ano-
ther, as I have elfewhere hinted.

But the Mechanifm of Nature is ufually fo excellent, that one and the
fame fubftance is adapted to ferve for many ends. For the chief ufe of
this, indeed, feems to be for the fupply of nourifhment to the downy or
feathery part of the ftem 5 for 'tis obvious enough in all forts of Feathers,
that 'tis plac'd juft under the roots of the branches that grow out of ei-
ther fide of the quill or ftalk, and is exactly fhap'd according to the rank-
ing of thofe branches, coming no lower into the quill, then juft: the be-
ginning of the downy branches, and growing onely on the under fide of
of the quill where thofe branches do fo. Now, in a ripe Feather (as one
may call it") it feems difficult to conceive how the Snccm nntritins fhould
be convey 'd to this pith } for it cannot, I think, be well imagin'd to pafs
through the fubftance of the quill, fince, having examin'd it with the
greateft diligence I was able, I could not find the leaft appearance of
pores } but he that (hall well examine an unripe or pinn'd Feather, will
plainly enough perceive the Veflel for the conveyance of it to be the thin
filmy pith (as tiscalfd) which pafles through the middle of the quill.
As for the make and contexture of the Down it felf, it is indeed very

rare

MlCROGRAPHIA.

rare and admirable, and fuch as I can hardly believe,that the like is to be
difcover'd in any other body in the world $ for there is hardly a large
Feather in the wing of a BirdJbut contains neer a million of diftinct parts,
and every one of them fhapd in a molt regular & admirable form,adapt-
ed to a particular Defign : For examining a middle ciz'd Goofe-quill, I
eafily enough found with my naked eye,that the main ftem of it contain'd
about 300. longer and more Downy branchings upon one fide, and as
many on the other of more ftiff but fomewhat (horter branchings. Many
of thefe long and downy branchings, examining with an ordinary Mi-
crofcope, I found divers of them to contain neer 1 200. finall leaves (as I
may call them, fuch as EF of the firft Figure of the 23. Scheme) and as
many ftalks 5 on the other fide, fuch as I K of the fame Figure, each of
the leaves or branchings, E F, feem'd to be divided into about fixteen or
eighteen fmall joints, as may be feen plainly enough in the Figure, out of
molt of which there feem to grow fmall long fibres, fuch as are exprels'd
in the Figure, each of them very proportionably fliap'd according to its
pofition, or plac'd on the ftalk E F 5 thofe on the under fide of it, name-
ly J5 2s 3s 4? 5s 65 79 85 9, &c. being much longer then thofe directly op-
pofite to them on the upper j and divers of them, fuch as 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
&c. were terminated with fmall crooks, much refembling thofe finall
crooks,which are vifible enough to the naked eye, in the feed-buttons of
Bur-docks. The ftalks likewife, I K on the other fide, feem'd divided into
neer as many fmall knotted )oints,but without any appearance of firings
or crooks,each of them about the middle K,feem'd divided into two parts
by a kind of fork, one fide of which, namely, K L, was extended neer
the length of KI, the other, M, was very fhort.

The tranfrerfe Sections of the Items of thefe branchings, manifefted
the fiiape or figure of it to be much like I N O E, which conlifted of a
horny (kin or covering, and a white feemingly frothy pith, much like the
make of the main ftem of a Feather.

Theufe ofthisftrange kind of forays indeed more admirable then all
the reft, and fuch as deferves to be much more ferioully examin d and
confider'd, then I have hitherto found time or ability to do s for certain-
ly, it may very much inftruct us in the nature of the Air, efpeciaHy as to
fome properties of it.

The ftems of the Downy branches I N O E, being rang'd in the order
vifible enough to the naked eye, at the diftancc of I F, or fomewhat
more, the collateral ftalks and leaves (if I may fo call thofe bodies I new-
ly deferibed) are fo rang'd, that the leaves or hairy ftalks of the one fide
lie at top, or are incumbent on the ftalks of the other, and crofs cach> *
other, much after the manner exprefs'd in the fecond Figure of the
23. Scheme, by which means every of thofe little hooked fibres of the
leaved ftalk get between the naked ftalks, and the ftalks being full of
knots, and a prety way dif-join'c^ fo as that the fibres can eafily get be-
tween them, the two parts are fo clofely and admirably woven together,
that it is able to impede,for the greateft part, the tranlcurfion of the Air 5
and though they are fo exceeding fmall, as that the thickneis of one of

thefe

Micrograph! Ai

thefe ftalks amounts not to a 500. part of an Inch, yet do they compofe
fb ftrong a texture, ar, notwithstanding the exceeding quick and violent
beating of them againlt the Air, by the ftrength of the Birds wing, they
finnlttxhold together. And it argues an admirable providence of Nature
in the contrivance and fabrick of them 5 for their texture is fuch, that
though by any external injury the parts of them are violently dif joyn'dj
fo as that the leaves and (talks touch not one another, and confequently
feveralof thefe rents would impede the Bird's flying ; yet, for the molt
part, of themfelves they readily re-join and re-contex ttoemfelves5and are
«a£ly by the Birds ftroking the F eather, or drawing it through its Bill, all
of them fettled and woven into their former and natural pofture j for
there are fuch an infinite company of thofe (mall fibres in the under fide
of the leaves, and mofc of them have fuch little crooks at their ends,that
they readily catch and hold the ftalks they touch.

From which frrange contexture,it ieems rational to fiippole that there
is a certain kind of mefli or hole fo fmall, that the Air will not very eafily
pals through it, as I hinted alfo in the fixth Oblervation about fmall Glafs
Canes, for otherwife it feems probable, that TMature would have drawn
over fome kind of thin film which Ihould have covered all thole almoft
fquare mefhes or holes, there leeming through the Microfcope to be more
then half of thefurface of the Feather which is open and vifibly pervi-
ous 5 which conjecture will yet leem more probable from the texture of
thebrufhie wings of the Tinea argentea, or white Feather wing'd moth,
which I (hall anone delcribe. But Nature, that knows belt its own laws,
and the feveral properties of bodies,knpws alfo belt how to adapt and fi£
them to her deligned ends,and whofo would know thofe properties, muft
endeavour to trace Nature in its working, and to fee what courfe Che
oblerves. And this I fuppofe will be no inconfiderable advantage which
the Schematisms and Structures of Animate bodies will afford the dili-
gent enquirer, namely, moft fure and excellent inftrucf ions, both as to
the practical part of Mechanic's and to the Theory and knowledge of the
nature of the bodies and motions.

Obferv. XXXVI. Of Pcacoks, Ducks, and other Feathers of
changeable colours*

'T'He parts of the Feathers of this glorious Bird appear, through the
Microfcope, no lefs gaudy then do the whole Feathers 5 for, as to the
naked eye 'tis evident that the Item or quill of each Feather in the tail
fends out multitudes of Lateral branches, fuch as A B in the third Figure
of the 23. Scheme reprefents a fmall part of about & part of an Inch long5
and each of the lateral branches emit multitudes of little fprigs, threads
or hairs on either fide of them, fuch as C D, C D, C D3 fo each of thofe
threads in the Microjcope appears a large long body.confifting of a multi-
tude

MlCROGR AP Hi A.

tude of bright reflecting parts, whofe Figure 'tis no eafie matter to de-
termine, as he that examines it (hall find} tor every new pofition of it to
the light makes it perfectly feem of another form and (hape,and nothing
what it appear'd a little before 5 nay, it appear'd very diffetiqg oft-
times from ib feemingly inconsiderable a circumftance, that the inter-
pofing of ones hand between the light and it,makes a very great change,
and the opening or (hutting a Cafement and the like, very much diverfi-
fies the appearance. And though, by examining the form of it very many
ways, which would be tedious here to enumerate, I fuppofe I have dit-
cover'd the true Figure of it, yet oftentimes, upon looking on it in ano-
ther pofture, I have almoft thought my former obfervations deficient,
though indeed, upon further examination, I have found even thofe alfo
to confirm them.

Thefe threads therefore I find to be a congeries of fmall Lamiti£ or
plates, as e e e e e, &c. each of them (hap'd much like this of a b c dy in
the fourth Figur e,the part a c being a ridge, prominency, orftcm, and
b and d the corners of two fmall thin Plates that grow unto the final!
italkin the middle.fo that they make a kind of little feathery each of thefe
Plates lie one clofe to another,almoft like a company of doping ridge or
gutter Tyles$ they grow on each fide of the (talk oppofite to one another,
by two and two, from top to bottom, in the manner exprefe'd in the
fifth Figure, the tops of the lower covering the roots of the next above
them } the under fide of each of thefe laminated bodies, is of a very dark
and opacous fubftance, and fufTers very few Rays to be tra jected, but re-
flects them all toward that fide from whence they come, much like the
foil of a Looking-glafs 5 but their upper fides feem to me to confift of
a multitude of thin plated bodies, which are exceeding thin, and lie ve-
ry clofe together, and thereby, like mother of Pearl fhells, do not one^
ly reflect a very brifk light, but tinge that light in a molt curious man-
ner ^ and by means of various pofitions, in refpect of the light, they re-
flect back now one colour , and then another , and thofe moft vi-
vidly.

Now, that thefe colours are oueXyfantaflicalones^ that is, fuchas arife
immediately from the refractions of the light, I found by this, that water
wetting thefe colour'd parts,deftroy'd their colours,which feem'd to pro-
ceed from the alteration of the reflection and refraction. Now, though
I was not able to fee thole hairs at all tranlparent by a common light, yet
by looking on them againft the Sun, I found them to be ting'd with a
darkifh red colour, nothing a-kin to the curious and lovely greens and
blues they exhibited.

What the reafon of colour feems to be in fuch thin plated bodies', I
have elfewhere (hewn. But how water caft upon thofe threads deftroys
their colours, I fuppofe to be perform'd thus 3 The water falling upon
thele plated bodies from its having a greater congruity to Feathers then
the Air,infinuates it felf between thofe Plates,and ib extrudes theftrong
reflecting Air, whence both thefe parts grow more tranfparent,as the Mi-
crafiepe informs, and colourlefs alio, at belt retaining a very faint and

dull

MlCROGRAPHIA*

dull colour. But this wet being wafted away by the continual evapora-
tions and fteams that pais through them from the Peacock, whil'ft that
Bird is yet alive, the colours again appear in their former hitter, them*
terjiitia of theje Hues being fill'd with the ftrohgly reflecting Air.

The beauteous and vivid colours of the Feathers of this Bird, bein^
found to proceed from the curious and exceeding rmalncls and fineneis
of the reflecting partv^ve have here the reafon given us of all thofe gau-
deries in the apparel of other Birds alfo, and how they come to exceed
the colours of all other kinds of Animals, befides Infects 5 for fince(as we
here.and e Me where alfo ihew) the vividnefs of a colour, depends upon
the finenels and tranfparency of the reflecting and refracting parts 5 and
fince our Microfiepe difcovers to us, that the component parts of feathers
are luch, and that the hairs of Animals are otherwife 3 and fince we find
alfo by the Experiment of that Noble and moft Excellent Perfon I former-
ly named % that the difference between Silk and Flax, as to its colour, is
nothing elfe (for Flax redue'd to a very great finenels of parts, both
white and colour'd, appears as white and as vivid as any Silk, butlofcs
that brightnefs and its Silken afpect as foon as it is twitted into thread,by
reafon that the component parts, though very Imall and fine, are yet pli-
able flakes, and not cylinders, and thence,by twitting, become united in-
to one opacous body, whereas the threads of Silk and Feathers retain
their luftre, by preferving their cylindrical form intire without mix-
ings fo that each reflected and refracted beam that compofes tbeglols
of Silk, preferves its own property of modulating the light intire) 5 And
fince we find the fame confirm'd by many other Experiments ellewhere
mentioned, I think we may fafely conclude this for an Axiome, that
wherefoever we meet with tranfparent bodies, fpun out into very fine
parts, either cleer, or . any ways ting'd, the colours refulting from fuch a
competition muft neceflarily be very glorious, vivid, and cleer, like thofe
of Silk and Feathers. This may perhaps hint fome ufefull way of making
other bodies, befides Silk, be fufceptible of bright tinctures, but of this
onely by the by%

The changeable colour'd Feathers alfo of Ducks, and feveral other
Birds* I have found by examination with my Microfcope, to proceed from
much the fame caufes and textures.

Obferv. XXXVIL Of the Feet of Flies, and feveral other In-
fers.

THe foot of a Fly (delineated in thefirft Figure of the 23. Scheme,
which reprefents three joints, the two Tallons, and the two Pattens
in a flat pofture 3 and in the fecond Figure of the fame Scheme^ whieh re-
prefents onely one joint, the Tallons and Pattens in another pofture) is
of a moft admirable and curious contrivance, for by this the Flies are in-
abled to walk againft the fides of Glafs, perpendicularly upwards, and to

A a contain*

MlCROGR AP H I A.

contain themfclvcs in that pofturc as long as they pleafe$nay5to walk and
fufpend themfelves againft the under furface of many bodies5asthe ceiling
of a room, or the like, and this with as great a feeming facility and firm-
neft, as if they were a kind of Antipodes , and had a tendency upwards, as
we are fure they have the contrary, which they alio evidently difcover,
in that they cannot make themfelves fo light, as to ftick or fufpend them-
felves on the under furface of a Gla(s well polifh'd and cleans'd 5 their
fufpenfi on therefore is wholly to be afcrib'd to fome Mechanical contri-
vance in their feet j which, what it is, we {hall in brief explain, by (hew-
ing, that its Mechanifm confifts principally in two parts, that is, firft its
two Claws, or Tallons, and fecondly, two Palms, Pattens, or Soles.

The two Tallons are very large, in proportion to the foot, and hand-
(bmly fliap'd in the manner defcrib d in the Figures, by A B, and A C,
the bigger part of them from A to d d, is all hairy, or brifled, but to-
ward the top, at C and B fmooth, the tops or points, which feem very
(harp turning downwards and inwards, are each of themmov'd on a joint
at A, by which the Fly is able to open or (hut them at pleafure, (b that
the points B and C being entered in any pores, and the Fly endeavouring
to (nut them,the Claws not onely draw one againft another,and lb faften
each other, but they draw the whole foot, G G A D D forward, fo that
on a (oft footing, the tenters or points GGGG, (whereof a Fly has about
ten in each foot, to wit,two in every joint) run into the pores,if they find
any, or at leaft make their way } and this is fenfible to the naked eye, in
the feet of a Chafer, which, if he be fuffer'd to creep over the hand, or
any other part of the (kin of ones body, does make his fteps as fenfible to
the touch as the fight.

But this contrivance,as it often fails the Chafer, when he walks on hard
and clofc bodies, fo would italfoour Fly, though he be a much leflcr,
and nimbler creature, and therefore Nature hasfurai(h'd his foot with
another addit anient much more curious and admirable, and that is, with
a couple of Palms, Pattens or Soles D D, the ftructure of which is this:

From the bottom or under part of the laft joint of his foot, K, arife
two fmall thin plated horny (ubftances, each confifting of two flat pieces,
D D, which feem to be flexible,like the covers of a Book, about F F, by
which means,the plains of the two fides E E,ldo not always lie in the fame
plain, but may be fomctimes (hut clofer, and fo each of them may take a
little hold themfelves on a body$ but that is not all,for the under fides of
thefe Soles are all befet with (mall brides, or tenters, like the Wire teeth
of a Card ufed for working Wool, the points of all which tend for-
wards, hence the two Tallons drawing the feet forwards, as I before
hinted, and thefe being applied to the furface of the body with all the
points looking the contrary way, that is, forwards and outwards, if there
be any irregularity or yielding in the (urface of the body, the Fly fu-
fpends it (elf very firmly and eafily,without the accefc or need of any fuch
Sponges fill'd with an imaginary gluten, as many have, for want of good
Glafles, perhaps, or a troublefome and diligent examination, (iippos'd.
Now, that the Fly is able to walk on Gla(s, proceeds partly from fome

ruggedneft

MlCROGKAPHlA.

ruggednelsof thefurfnce: and chicly from, a kind of tarnifh, or dirty
fmoaky fubftance, which adheres to the furfoce of that very hare) body 5
and though the pointed p.n tsc.\nnot penetrate the fubftnneeofGJafkyct
may they find pores enough in the tarnifh, or at leaftmakc them.

This- Structure Ifomcwhat the more diligently furvey'd, becaufel
could not well comprehend, how, if there were fuch a glutinous matter
ir* tr»fe Jii]^c»feVb Sponges, as moft (thafiharoe dbifejrw'cj t&atQbjpjii Li>a
Micro/cope) have hitherto believ'd,how, I fay, the FJy could foreadHy un-
glew and loofen its feet : and, becaufc I have not found any other crea-^
ture to have a contrivance any ways like it 5 and chiefly, that we might
not be caftupon unintelligible explications of the th^nomena of Nature,
at leaft others then the true ones, where our fenjes were able to furnifh
us with an intelligible', rat ionall and* true one.

Somewhat a like contrivance to this of Flics (hall we find in moft other
Animals, fuch as all kinds of Flics and cafc-wing'd creatures 5 nay, in a
Flea, an Animal abundantly fmaller then this Fly* Other creatures, as
Mites, the Land-Crab, &c. have onely one fmall very fharp Tallon
at the end of each of their legs, which all drawing towards the center or
middle of their body, inablethefe exceeding light bodies tofufpend and
faften themfelves to almoft any furface.

Which how they are able to do, will not feem ftrange, if we confide^
firft, how little body there is in one of thefe creatures compar'd to their
fuperficies, or outfide,their thicknefs, perhaps, oftentimes,not amounting
to the hundredth part of an Inch : Next, the ftrength and agility of thefe
creatures compar'd to their bulk, being, proportionable to their bull^
perhaps, an hundred times ftrongcrthen an Horfeor Man. And thirdly,
if we confider that Nature does always appropriate the inftruments, fb
as they are the mod: fit and convenient to perform their offices, and the
moft fimple and plain that poflibly can be 5 this we may fee further veri-
fy'dalfb in the foot of aLoufe which is very much differing from thofel
have been defcribing, but more convenient and neceflary for the plaee
of its habitation, each of his leggs being footed with a couple of fmaJF
claws which he can open orfhutat pleafure, fhap'd almoft like the clawsr
of aLobfter or Crab,but with appropriated contrivances for his peculiar
ufe, which being to move its body to and fro upon the hairs of the crea-
ture it inhabits, Nature has furniih d one of its claws with joints, almoft
like the joints of a man s fingers, fb as thereby it is able to encompafs or
grafp a hair as firmly as a man can a ftick or rope^

Nor, is there a lefs admirable and wonderfull Mechanifm in the foot
of a Spider, whereby he is able to fpin, weave, and climb, or run on his
curious ftranfparent clew, of which I fhall fay more in the defcription of
that Animal.

And to conclude, we fhall in all things find, that Nature does not
onely work Mechanically, but by fuch excellent and moft compendi-
ous, as well as ftupendious contrivances, that it were impoflible for all
the reafbn in the world to find out any contrivance to do the fame thing
that fhould have more convenient properties. And ean any be fo fottifh,

A a 2 as

Micrograph i a.

as to think all thofe things the productions of chance? Certainly, ci-
ther their Ratiocination muft be extremely depraved,or they did never
attentively coniidcr and contemplate the Works of the Al-mighty.

Obferv. XXXVIII. Of the Strutture and motion tf the Wings.
of Flics.

THe Wings of all kinds of Infects , are , for the moft part , very
beautifull Objects, and afford no lefs pleafing an Object to the mind
to (peculate upon,then to the eye to behold. This of the blue Fly, among
the reft, wants not its peculiar ornaments and contrivances it grows
out of the 7horaxy or middle part of the body of a Fly, and is feated a
little beyond the center of gravity in the body towards the head, but
that Exccntricly is curioufly balanc'd } firft, by the expanded Area ofthe
wings which lies all more backwards then the root, by the motion of
them,whereby the center of their vibration is much more backwards to-
wards the tail of the Fly then the root of the wing is. What the vibra-
tive motion ofthe wings is, and after what manner they are moved, I
have endeavoured by many trials to find o*t : And for the firft manner
of their motion, I endeavoured to oblerve feveral of thofe kindoffmall
Ipinning Flies, which will naturally fufpend themf^lves, as it were, pois'd
and fteady in one place of the air, without rifing or falling, or moving
forwards or backwards for by looking down on thofe, I could by a kind
of faint ftiadow, perceive the utmoft extremes of the vibrative moti-
on of their wings, which Ihadow, whifft they fo endeavoured to iufpend
themfelves, was not very long, but when they endeavourd to flie fbr-
wards,it was fomewhat longer 5 ncxt,I triedait,by fixing the leggs of a Fly
upon the top ofthe ftalk of a feather, with Glew, Wax, &c. and then
making it endeavour to flie away 5 for being thereby able to view it in
any pofture, I collected that the motion of the wing was after this man-
ner. 1 he extreme limits of the vibrations were ufually fomewhat about
the length of the body diftant from one another, oftentimes fhorter,and
fometimes alfo longer 5 that the formoft limit was ufually a little above
theback,and the hinder fbm what beneath the belly 5 bet ween which two
limits, if one may ghefs by the found, the wing feem'd to be mov'd for-
wards and backwards with an equal velocity : And if one may (from the
fhadow or faint reprelentation the wings afforded, and from theconfide-
ration of the nature of the thing) ghels at the pofture or manner
of the wings moving betweeen them, it feem'd to be this ; The wing
being fuppos'd placed in the upmoft limit, feems to be put lb that the
plain of it lies almoft horizontals but onely the forepart does dip a little,
or is fomewhat more depreft j in this pofition is the wing vibrated
or mov'd to the lower limit, being almoft arrived at the lower li-
mit , the hinder part of the wing moving fomewhat fafter then the

former,

MiCROGRAPHlA.

former, the Area of the wing begins to dip behind, and in that pofture
leems it to be mov'd to the upper limit back again, and thence back
again in the firft pofture,the former part of the Area, dipping again,as it is
moved downwards by means of the quicker motion of the main ftem
which terminates or edges the forepart of the wing. And thefe vibrati-
ons or motions to and fro between the two limits feem fo fwift, that 'tis
very probable (from the found it affords, if it becompar'd with the vi-
bration of a mufical ftring3 tun'd unifon to it) it makes many hundreds,
if not fome thoufands of vibrations in a fecond minute of time. And, if
we may be allow'd to ghels by the found, the wing of a Bee is yet more
fwift, for the tone is much more acute, and that, in all likelihood, pro-
ceeds from the exceeding fwift beating of the air by the fmall wing.
And it feems the more likely too, becaufe the wing of a Bee is lefs in pro -
portion to its body,then the other wing to the body of a Fly 5 lb that for
ought I know, it may be one of the quickeft vibrating spontaneous moti-
ons of any in the world } and though perhaps there may be many Flies in
other places that afford a yet more (hrill noife with their wings., yet 'tis
moft probable that the quickeft vibxdtmgjpofitaneous motion is to be
found in the wing of fome creature. Now, if we confider the exceeding
quicknefs of thefe Animal fpirits that muft caule thefe motions, we cannot
chufe but admire the exceeding vividnefs of the governing faculty or
Anima of the Infec>, which is able to dilpofe and regulate fo the the mo-
tive faculties, as to caufe every peculiar organ, not onely to move or a&
fo quick, but to do it alio fo regularly.

Whil'ft I was examining and considering the curious Mechamfm of the
wings, I obfervd that under the wings of moft kind of Flies, Bees, &c.
there wereplac'd certain pendulums or extended drops (as I may fo call
them from their refembling motion and figure) for they much refembled.
a long hanging drop of fome tranfparent vifeous liquor 5 and I obferved
them conftantly to move juft before the wings of the Fly began to move,
fo that at the firft fight I could not but ghels, that there was fome excel-
lent ufe, as to the regulation of the motion of the wing, and did phancy,
that it might be fomething like the handle of a Cock, which by vibra-
ting to and fro,might,as 'twere.open and fhut the Cock,and thereby give
a paflage to the determinate influences into the Mufeles 5 after war.ds,up-
on fome other trials,I fuppos'd that they might be for fomeufe in refpira-
tion, which for manyreafonsl fuppofe thofe Animals to ufe, and, me
thought, it was not very improbable, but that they might have conve-
nient paflages under the wings for the emitting, atleaft,of the air, if not
admitting, as in the gills of Fifties is moft evident 5 or, perhaps, this Ten-
dulum might be fomewhat like the ftaff to a Pump, whereby thele crea-
tures might exercife their Analogus lungs, and not only draw in, but force
out,the air they live by : but thefe were but con)ecl:urcs,and upon further
examination feem'd kls probable.

The fabrick of the wing,as it appears through a moderately magnify-
ing Mjcrofcopefecms to be a body confifting of two parts5as is vifible in the
^.Figure of the 2^.Scben/e^znd by the i.Figure of the iG.Scheme^ the one is

a quilly

Ml CROCRAHP I A.

a quilly or finny fubftance,con(ifting of fevcral long,flender and varroufly
bended quills or wires, fomething refemblmg the veins of leaves}, rhefe
are, as tvvere,the finm or quills which ftiffen the whole Area, and keep
the other part diftended, which is a very thin tranfparent fkin or mem-
brane varioufly folded, and platted, but not very regularly,, and is be-
fides exceeding thickly beftuck with innumerable fmall brifles, which
are oncly perceptible by the bigger magnifying Microfcope, and not
with that neither, but with a very convenient augmentation of fky-
light projected on the Object with a burning Glafs, as I have elfewhere
fhew d, or by looking through it againft the light.

In ft eed of theie fmall hairs, in feveral other Flies, there are infinite of
fmall Feathers, which cover both the under and upper fides of this thiri
film as in almoft all the forts of Butterflies and Moths: and thofe (mall parts
are not onely fhap'd very much like the feathers of Birds, but like thofe
variegated with all the variety of curious bright and vivid colours ima-
ginable 5 and thofe feathers are likewife fo admirably and delicately
rang'd,as to compofe very fine fkmrifhings and ornamental paintings,like
Turk^e and Terfian Carpets,but of far more furpafling beauty, as is evident
enough to the naked eye, in the painted wings of Butterflies, but much
more through an ordinary Microfcope.

Intermingled likewife with thefe hairs, may be perceived multitudes
of little pitSj or black fpots,in the exended membrane, which feem to be
the root of the hairs that grow on the other fide 5 thefe two bodies feem
dilpers'd over the whole furface of the wing.

The hairs are beft perceiv'd, by looking through it againft the light,
or, by laying the wing upon a very white piece of Paper, in a conve-
nient light , for thereby every little hair moft manifeftly appears 5 a
Specimen f of which you may obferve drawn in the fourth Figure of
the 23. Scheme, A B, CD, EF whereof reprefent fome parts of the
bone9 or quills of the wing, each of which you may perceive to be
cover dj over with a multitude of lcales, or brifles , the former A B,
is the biggeft ftem of all the wing, and may be properly enough call'd
the cut-air, it being that which terminates and ftifFens the formoft edge
of the wing 5 the fore-edge of this is arm'd with a multitude of little
brifles, or Tenter-hooks, in fome ftanding regular and in order, in
others not 5 all the points of which are directed from the body to-
wards the tip of the wing*, nor is this edge onely thus fring'd , but
even all the whole edge of the wing is cover'd with a fmall Fringe,
confifting of fbort and more (lender brifles.

Thii Subject, had I time, would afford excellent matter for the con-
templation of the nature of wings and of flying} but,becaufelmay,
perhaps, get a more convenient time to profecute that (peculation, and
recollect feveral Obfervations that I have made of that particular. I (hall
at prefcnt proceed to

Cbfcrv.

MlGROGRAPHlA*

Obfcrv. XXXIX. Of the Eyes and Head of a Grey drone-Fly^

and of fever al other creatures*

I took a large grey Drom-l ly^ that had a large head, but a frriall and
(lender body in proportion to it,and cutting off its head, I fix'd it with
the forepart or face upwards upon my Object Plate .(this 1 made choice
of rather then the headofa great blue Fly, becaufe my enquiry being novv
about the eyes,I found this Fly to have. Hilt the, biggeftclu Iters of eyes
in proportion to his head, ofany (mall kind ot Fly that I have yet feen, it
being fomcwhat inclining towards the make of the large Dragon-Flies.
Next, becaufe there is a greater variety in the knobs or balls of each
clufter,then is ofany fmall Fiy) Then examining it according to my ulual
manner, by varying the degrees of light, and altering itspofition to each
kinde of light, I drew that reprefentation of it which is delineated in
the 24. Scheme^ and found thele things to be as plain and evident, as
notable and pleafant.

Firjl, that the greateft part of the face,nay,of the head,was nothing elfe
but two large and protuberant bunches,or^m«/we//f parts,A B C D E A,the
furface of each of which was all coverd over, or (hap'd into a multitude
of finall Hemijpheresrfhc d in a/r/.7^Wcrder,thatbeing the clofeftand
moft compacted, and in that order, rang'd over the whole furface of the
eye in very lovely rowsj^etween each of which, as is neceflary, were left
Jong and regular trenches, the bottoms of every of which, were perfectly
intire and not at all perforated or drill'd through, which I moft certainly
was aflured of, by the regularly reflected Image of certain Objects which
I movd to and fro between the head and the light. And by examining
the Cornea or outward fkin, after I had ltript it off from the feveral fub-4
ftances that lay within it,and by looking both upon the infide andagainft
the light.

Next, that of thole multitudes of Hemifpkcres, there were obfervable
two degrees of bignefs, the half of them that were lowcrmoft,and look'd
toward the ground or their own leggs, namely, CD E, CDE being a
pretty deal {mailer then the other, namely, A B C E, A B C E, that look'd
upward, and fide-ways^or foreright,and backward, which variety I have
not found in any other fmall Fly.

Thirdly , that every one of thele Hemiffheres^s they feem'd to be pret-
ty neer the true fhape of a Henjijphere, fo was the furface exceeding
fmooth and regular, reflecting as exact, regular, and perfect an Image of
any Object from the furface of them, as a fmall Ball of Quick-filver of
that bignefs would do, but nothing neer fo vivid, the reflection from theie
being very languid, much like the reflection from the outfide of Water,
Glafs, Cryftal, &c. In fo much that in each of thefe Hemifiheres, I have
been able todilcover a Land-fcape of thole things which lay before my

window,

Ml CROGRAP HI A.

window, one thing of which was a large Tree, whofe trunk and top I
could plainly difcover, as I could alfo the parts of my window, and my
hand and fingers, if I held it between the Window and the Object} a
fraall draught of nineteen of which, as theyappear'd in the bigger Mag-
nifying-glafs to reflect the Image of the two windows of my Chamber,
arc delineated in the third Figure of the 23. Sc heme,.

Fourthly, that thefe rows were fb difpos'd, that there was no quarter
vifible from his head that there was not fome of thefe Hemijpheres directed
againft fo that a Fly may be truly faid to have an eye every way, and to
be really circumfpett. And it was further obfervable, that that way where
the trunk of his body did hinder his profpect backward, thefe protube-
rances were elevated, as it were, above the plain of his fhoulders and
back, fb that he was able to fee backwards alfo over his back.

Fifthly, in living Flies, I have obferv'd, that when any (mall mote or
duft, which Hies up and down the air, chances to light upon any part of
thefe knobs, as it isfure to flick firmly to it and not fall, though through
the Microfcopc it appears like a large (tone or ftick (which one would ad-
mire,efpecially fince it is no ways probable that there is any wet or gluti-
nous matter upon thefe Hemijpheres ,but I hope I fhall render the reafon in
another place) fo the Fly prefently makes ufe of his two fore-feet in ftead
of eye-lids, with which , as with two Brooms or Brufhes, they being
all beftuck with Brifles, he often fweeps or brufhes off what ever hinders
the profpect of any of his Hemijpheres, and then, to free his leggs from
that dirt,he rubs them one againft another .the pointed Brifles or Tenters
of which looking both oneway, the rubbing of them to and fro one
againft another, does cleanfe them in the fame manner as I have cblerv'd
thofe that Card Wool, to cleanfe their Cards, by placing their Cards, fb
as the teeth of both look the fame way,and then rubbing them one againft
another. In the very fame manner do they brufh and cleanfe their bodies
and wings, as 1 fhall by and by fhew , other creatures have other contri-
vances for the cleanfing and cleering their eyes.

Sixthly, that the number of the Pearls or Hemijpheres in the clufters
of this Fly, wasneer 14000. which I judged by numbering certain rows
of them feveral ways, and cafting up the whole content , accounting
each clufter to contain about feven thoufand Pearls, three thoufand
of which were of a cize, and confequently the rows not fo thick, and
the foure thoufand I accounted to be the number of the fmaller Pearls
next the feet and probofck. Other Animals I obferv'd to have yet a
greater number, as the Dragon-Fly or Adderbolt : And others to have a
much lefs company, as an Ant, &c. and feveral other fmall Flies and
Infects.

Seventhly, that the order of thefe eies or Hemijpheres was altogether curi-
ous and admirable,they being plac'd inallkind of Flies,and aerial animals,
inamoft curious and regular ordination of triangular rows, in which or-
der they are rang'd the neereft together that pofiibly they can, and con-
fequently leave the leaft pits or trenches between them. But in shrimps%
Crarvfflhes} LobJiers5 and fuch kinds of Cruflaceons water Animals, I have

yet

MlC ROGRAPH 1A.

yet obferv'd them rang'd in a quadrangular order, the rows cutting each
other at right angles,\vhich as it admits of a lefs number of Pearls in equal
furfaces 5 lb have thole creatures a recompence made them, by having
their eyes a little movable in their heads, which the other altogether
Want. So infinitely wife and provident do we find all the Difpenfations in
Nature, that certainly Epicurus^ and his followers, muft very little have
confider'd them, who afcrib'd thofe things to the production of chance,
that wil.to a more attentive confiderer,appear the products of the higheft
Wildom and Providence.

Upon the Anatomy or Difiection of the Head, I obferv'd thefe par-
ticulars :

Firfr, that this outward fkin, like the Cornea of the eyes of the greater
Animals, was both flexible and tranfparent, and feem'd, through the Mi-
crofcope^ perfectly to refemble the very fubftance of the Cornea of a man s
eye 5 for having cut out the clufter, and remov'd the dark and mucous
fturTthat is fubjacent to it, I could fee it tranfparent like a thin piece of
(kin, having as many cavities in the infide of it, and rang'd in the fame
order as it had protuberances on the outfide,and this propriety ,1 found the
fame in all the Animals that had it, whether Flies or Shell-Fifh.

Secondly, I found that all Animals that I have obferv'd with thofe kind
of eyes, have within this Cornea^ a certain cleer liquor or juice, thoughjn
a very little quantity, and,

I obferv'd thirdly, that within that cleer liquor, they had a kind of
dark mucous lining, which was all fpread round within the cavity ofthe
clufter, and feem'd very neer adjoining to it, the colour of which, in
fome Flies,was grey 5 in others, blacky in others red } in others,of a rnix'd
colour ; in others,fpotted 5 and that the whole clufters, when look'd or*
whit'ft the Animal was living, or but newly kill'd, appear 'd of the fame
colour that this coat (as I may lb call it) appcar'd of, when that outward
fkin, or Cornea^vas remov'd.

Fourthly, that the reft of the capacity of the clufters was in fome, as
in Dragon Flies, &c. hollow, or empty 3 in others fill'd with lome kind
of fubftance ; in blue Flies,with a reddifh mufculous fubftance, with fibres
tending from the center or bottom outwards } and divers other, with va-
rious and differing kinds offubftances.

That this curious contrivance is the organ of fight to all thofe various
Crudaceous Animals, which are furnifh'd with it, I think we need not
doubt, if weconfider but the feveral congruities it has with the eyes of
greater creatures.

As firft, that it is furnifh'd with a Cornea^wkh a tranfparent humour ,and
with a uvea or retina^ that the Figure of each of the fmall Hemispheres are
very Spherical^ exactly polifh'd, and moft vivid, lively and plump,when
the Animal is living,as in greater Animals,and in like manner dull,flaccid,
and irregular, or fhrunk,when the Animal is dead.

Next, that thofe creatures that are furnifh'd with it, have no
other organs that have any refemblance to the known eyes of other
creatures,

B b Thirdly,

MlCROGR AP H I A.

Thirdly ,that thofe which they call the eyes of Crabs,Lobfters,Shrimps,
and the like, and are really fb, are Hemifpker'd, almoft in the fame man-
ner as thefe of Flies are. And that they really are fo, I have very often
try 'd, by cutting off thefe little movable knobs, and putting the creature
again into the water, that it would fwim to and fro, and move up and
down as well as before, but would often hit it felf againft the rocks or
{tones, and though I put my hand juft before its head, it would not at
all ftart or fly back till I touch'd it, whereas whil'ft thofe were remain-
ing, it would ftart back,and avoid my hand or a ftick at a good diftance
before it touch'd it. And if in crujlaceous Sea-animals, then it feems very
probable alfo,that thefe knobs are the eyes in cruJlaceovs\nfe£ts3 which are
alfb of the fame kind, onely in a higher and more active Element j this the
conformity or congruity of many other parts common to either of them,
will ftrongly argue,their crujlaceous armour,their number of leggs,which
are fix, befide the two great claws, which anfwer to the wings in Infects ,
and in all kind of Spiders, as alfb in many other Infects that want wings5
wefhall find the compleat number of them, and not onely the number,
but the very ftiape, figure, joints, and claws of Lobfters and Crabs, as is
evident in Scorpions and Spiders, as is vifible in the fecond Figure of the
3 l.Scheme^ncX in the little Mite- worm, which I call a Land-crab,defcrib cl
in the fecond Figure of the 33. Scheniejuut in their manner of generation
being oviparous, &c. And it were very worthy obfervation, whether
there be not fome kinds of transformation and metamorphofis in the (e-
veral ftates of crujlaceous water-animals, as there is in feveral forts of In-
fects } for if fuch could be met with,the progrefs of the variations would
be much more confpicuous in thofe larger Animals, then they can be in
any kind of Infects our colder Climate affords.

Thefe being their eyes, it affords us a very pretty Speculation to con-
template their manner of vifion, which, as it is very differing from that of
bi ocular Animals, fo is it not lefs admirable.

That each of thefe Pearls or Hemifpheres is a perfect eye, I think we
need not doubt, if we confider onely the outfide or figure of any one of
them, for they being each of them cover'd with a tranfparent protube-
rant Cornea^ and containing a liquor within them, refembling the watry
or glaflie humours of the eye, muft neceflarily refract all the parallel
Rays that fall on them out of the air, into a point not farr diftant within
them, where (in all probability) the Retina of the eye is placed,and that
opacous, dark, and mucous inward coat that (I formerly fhew'd) I found
to fubtend the concave part of the clufter is very likely to be that /»-
tticle or coat, it appearing through the Microfcope to be plac'd a little
more than a Diameter of thofe Pearls below or within the tunica cornea.
And if fo, then is there in all probability, a little Picture or Image of the
objects without, painted or made at the bottom of the Retina againft
every one of thofe Pearls, fo that there are as many impreflions on the
Retina or opacous fkin, as there are Pearls or Hemifpheres on the clufter.
But becaufe it is impollible for any protuberant furface whatfoever, whe*
ther fphtrial or other, fo to refract the Rays that come from farr remote

lateral

MlCROGRAPHIA*

lateral points of any Object as to colled them again,and unite them each
in a diftinct point5and that onely thofe Rays which come from fome point
that lies in the Axk of the Figure produc'd 9 are fo accurately re-
fracted to one and the dime point again, and that the /d/e™/Rays,thefur-
ther they are remov'd, the more imperfect, is their refracted confluence 5
It follows therefore, that onely the Picture of thofe parts of the external
objects that lie in, or neer, the Axk of each Hen/ifphcre, are difcernably
painted or made on the Retina of each Hentifphere, and that therefore
each of them can diftinctlyfenfate or fee onely thofe parts which are very
neer perpendicularly oppos'd to it, or lie in or neer its optick Axis.
Now, though there may be by each of thefe eye-pearls,a reprefentation
to the Animal of a whole Hcmijphere in the fame manner as in a man s eye
there is a picture orfenfation in the Retina of all the objects lying almoft
in an Hemifphcre 5 yet, as in a man's eye alfo, there are but lbme very-
few points which liyng in, or neer, the optick Axk are diftinctly difc
cern'd: So there may be multitudes of Pictures made of an Object in
the feveral Pearls, and yet but one, or fome very few that are diftinct 5
The reprefentation of any object that is made in any other Pearl, but that
which is directly,or very neer directlyjOppos'd^eing altogether confus'd
and unable to produce a diftinct vifion.

So that we fee, that though it has pleas'd the All-wife Creator, to in-
due this creature with fuch multitudes of eyes, yet has he not indued it
with the faculty of feeing more then another creature } for whereas this
cannot move his head,at leaft can move itvery little, without moving his
whole body \,bi ocular creatures can in an inftant (or the twinkling of an
eye^ which, being very quick, is vulgarly ufed in the lame fignification)
move their eyes fo as to direct the optick Axk to any point j nor is it
probable, that they are able to fee attentively at one time more then one
Phyfical point 5 for though there be a diftinct Image made in every eye,
yet 'tis very likely,that the obferving faculty is only imploy'd about fome
one object for which they have moft concern.

Now, as we accurately diftinguifti the fite or pofition of an Object
by the motion of the Mufcles of the eye requifite to put the optick Line
in a direct pofition,and confufedly by the pofition of the imperfect Picture
of the object at the bottom of the eye , fo are thefe crujlaceous creatures
able to judge confufedly of the pofition of objects by the Picture or im-
prellion made at the bottom of the oppofite Pearl, and diftinctly by the:
removal of the attentive or obferving faculty, from one Pearl to ariothera
but what this faculty is,as it requires another place, fo a much deeper Ipe*
culation. Now,becaufeit were impoffible,even with this multitude of eye-
balls,^ fee any object diftinct(for as I hinted before5onely thofe parts that
lay in^or veryneer,the optick Lines could be fo)the Infinitely wife Creator
has not left the creature without a power of moving the head a little in
Aerial crujlaceous animals,and the very eyes alfo in crujlaceous Sea-animals}
fo that by thefe means they are inabled to direct fome optick line or other
againft any object,and by that means they have the vifive faculty as com*-
pleat as any Animal that, can move its eyes.

B b 2 Diftances

l80 MlCROGRAPHIA.

Diftances of Objects alio, 'tis very likely they diftinguifhj partly by
the confonant imprcffions made in fome two convenient Pearls, one in
each clufter $ for, according as thofe congruous impreflions affect, two
Pearls neerer approachd to each other, the neerer is the Object, and
the farther they are diftant, the more diftant is the Objecl: : partly alfo
by the alteration of each Pearl, requifite to make the Senfation or Picture
perfect for 'tis impoflible that the Pictures of two Objects, vnriouily
diftant, can be perfectly painted, or made on the fame Retina or bottom
of the eye not altered, as will be very evident to any one that (hall atten-
tively confider the nature of refraction. Now, whether this alteration
may be in the Figure of the Cornea jx\ the motion of acceft or receft of the
Retina towards the Cornea, or in the alteration of a cruftaline humour, if
fuch there be, I pretend not to determine } though I think we need not
doubt, but that there may be as much curiofity of contrivance and ftru-
cture in every one of thefe Pearls, as in the eye of a Whale or Elephant,
and^thelalmighty 's Fiat could as eafily caufe the exiftence of the one as
the other 5 and as one day and a thoufand years are the fame with him,fo
may one eye and ten thoufand.

This we may be fure of, that the filaments or fenfative parts of the
Retina muft be molt exceedingly curious and minute, fince the whole
Picture it felf is fuch 3 what muft needs the component parts be of that
Retina which diftinguiflies the part of an object's Picture that muft be
many millions of millions left then that in a man's eye ? And how exceed-
ing curious and fubtile muft the component parts of the medium that
conveys light be, when we find the inftrument made for its reception or
refraction to be fo exceedingly (mall } we may,I think, from this fpecula-
tion be fufliciently difeouraged from hoping to difcover by any optick or
other inftrument the determinate bulk of the parts of the medium that
conveys the pulfe of light, fince we find that there is not left accurate-
neft (hewn in the Figure/ and polifti of thofe exceedingly minute lenti-
cular furfaces, then in thofe more large and confpicuous furfaces of our
own eyes. And yet can I not doubt, but that there is a determinate bulk
of thofe parts, fince I find them unable to enter between the parts of
Mercury, which being in motion, muft neceflarily have pores, as I (hall
el fe where (hew, and here pafs by, as being a digreflion.

As concerning the horns F F, the feelers or fmellers, G G, the Pro-
bafcis H H, and I, the hairs and brifles, K K, I (hall indeavour to de-
fcribe in the 42. obfervation.

Obfcrv. XL. Of the Teeth (faSmti.

I Have little more to add of the Teeth of a Snail, befides the Picture
of it, which is reprefented in the firft Figure of the 25. Scheme, fave
that his bended body, A B C D E F, which feem'd faftiioned very much
like a row of finall teeth, orderly plac'd in the Gums, and looks as if it

were

4

MlCROGRAPHlA.

were divided into fcvcral fmaller and greater black teeth., was nothing
but one fmal I bended hard bone., which was plac'd in the upper jaw of the
mouth of a Houfe-Snail, with which I obfcrvd this very Snail to feed on
the leaves of a Rofe-tree, and to bite out pretty large and half round
bits, not unlike the Figure of a ( C ) nor very much differing from it in
bignels, the upper part A B C D of this bone, I found to be much whiter,
and to grow out of the upper chap of the Snail. G G G,and not to be any
thing neer fo much creasd as the lower and blacker part of it H 1 1 H K K H
which was exactly fhap'd like teeth, the bone growing thinner, or taper-
ing to an edge towards K K K. It feem'd to have nine teeth, or prominent
parts I K, I K, IF, &c. which were join'd together by the thinner inter-
pos'd parts of the bone. The Animal to which thefe teeth belong, is a
very anomalous creature, and feems of a kind quite diftinct from any
other terreftrial Animal or Infect, the Anatomy whereof exceedingly dif-
fering from what has been hitherto given of it I fhould have inferted,but
that it will be more proper in another place. I have never met with any
kind of Animal whofe teeth are all join'd in one, lave onely that I lately
obferv'd, that all the teeth of a Rhinoccrot, which grow on either fide
of its mouth, are join'd into one large bone, the weight of one of which
I found to be neer eleven pound Haverdupois. So that it feems one of
the biggeft fort of terreftrial Animals, as well as one of the fmallefr,
has his teeth thus fhap'd.

Obferv. X LI. Of the Eggs of Silk-worms,^ other hfetts.

THe Eggs of Silk-worms(one of which I have defcrib'd in the fecond
Figure of 25. Scheme) afford a pretty Object for a Microfcope that
magnifies very much, efpecially if it be bright weather, and the light of a
window be caft or collected on it by a deep Convex-gla^ or Water-ball.
For then the whole furface of the Shell may be perceiv'd all cover'd over
with exceeding fmall pits or cavities withinterpofed edges, almoft in the
manner of the furface of a Poppy-feed ,but that thefe holes are not an hun-
dredth part fcarceof their bignefs 5 the Shell,when the young ones were
hatch'd (which I found an eafie thing to do, if the Eggs were kept in a
warm place) appear d no thicker in proportion to its bulk,then that of
an Hen's or Goos's Egg is to its bulk,and all the Shell appear'd very white
(which feem'd to proceed from its tranfparency) whence all thole pit-
tings did almoft vanifh, fb that they could not, without much difficulty,
be difcern'd,the infide of the Shell feem'd to be lin'd alfo with a kind of
thin film,not unlike (keeping the proportion to its Shell)that with which
the fhell of an Hen-egg is lin'd § and the fhell it felf feem'd like common
Egg-fhells, very brittle, and crack 'd. In divers other of thefe Eggs I
could plainly enough, through the fhell, perceive the fmall Infect lie
coyled round the edges of the fhell. The fhape of the Egg it felf, the
Figure pretty well reprefents ("though by default of the Graver it doe*

MiCROGRAPHIA

not appear fo rounded, and lying above the Paper, a? it were,as it ought
to do) that is, it was for the moll part pretty oval end-ways, fomewhat
like an Egg,but the other way it was a little flatted on two opponte fides.
Divers of thefe Eggs, as is common to moft others, I found to be bar-
ren, or addle, for they never afforded any young ones. And thofe I
ufually found much whiter then the other that were prolifick. The
Eggs of other kinds of Oviparous Infects I have found to be perfectly
round every way,like fo many Globules,of this fort I have obferv'd fome
forts of Spiders Eg^s } and chancing the laft Summer to inclofe a very
large and curiouOy painted Butterfly in a Box, intending to examine its
gaudery with my Micro/cope, I found within a day or two after I inclos'd
her, almoft all the inner furface of the Box cover'd over with an infinite
of exactly round Eggs, which were ftuck very faft to the fides of it, and
in fo exactly regular and clofe an order, that made me call to mind my
Hypothecs , which I had formerly thought on for the making out of all the
regular Figures of Salt. which I have elfewhere hinted 3 for here I found
all of them rang'd into a moft exact triagonal order, much after the man-
ner as the Hemijpheres are place on the eye of a Fly j all which Eggs I
found after a little time to be hatch'd, and out of them to come a multi-
tude of fmall Worms, very much refembling young Silk-worms, leaving
all their thin hollow (hells behind them, (ticking on the Box in their trt*
agonal pofture } thefe I found with the Microfcope to have much fuch a,
fubltance as the Silk-worms Eggs, but could not perceive them pitted.
And indeed, there is as great a variety in the fhape of the Eggs of Ovi-
parous Infects as among thofe of Birds.

Of thefe Eggs, a large and iufty Fly will at one tide lay neer four or
five hundred, fothat the increafe of thefe kind of Infects muft needs be
very prodigious, were they not prey'd on by multitudes of Birds, and de-
ftroy'd by Frofts and Rains 3 and hence 'tis thofe hotter Climates between
the Tropick* areinfefted with fuch multitudes of Locufts, and fuch other
Vermine.

, 1 1 : — „ — .

-nv.X rut -Jon si&^fdiMtarh liaU lud.b^l-^qcfo*! a'io so&tuit ^h ioidfiofiin

Obfcrv. XL 1 1. Of a blue Fly.

.. • iirir: fa I da . ) b tbton

/ [fif ( r" (BtfiW

T His kind of Fly,whereofa Microfcopical Picture is delineated in the
firft Figure of the 26. Scheme, is a very beautifull creature, and has
many things about it very notable 3 divers of which I have already partly
defcrib'd, namely, the feet, wings, eyes, and head, in the preceding
Obfervations.

And though the head before defcrib'd be that of a grey Drone-Flyy
yet for the main it is very agreeable to this. The things wherein they
differ moft, will be eafily enough found by the following particulars :

Firft, the clufters of eyes of this Fly, are very much fmallcr then thofe
of the Dron-Fty) in proportion to the head.

And

Micrograph! a*

And next, all the eyes of each clufter feem'd much of the fame bigne/s
one with another, not differing as the other, but rang'd in the fame/r>-
agonul order.

Thirdly, between thefe two clufters, there was a fcaly prominent
front B, which was arm'd and adorn'd with large tapering (harp black
brilles, which growing out in rows on either fide, were fo bent toward
each other neer the top, as to make a kind of arched arbour of Brides,
which almoft cover'd the former /rwtf.

Fourthly, at the end of this Arch, about the middle of the face, on a
prominent part C, grew two fmall oblong bodies, D D, which through
a Af/crofcopc look'd not unlike the Pendants in Lillies, thefe feem'd to be
jointed on to two fmall parts at C, each of which feem'd again jointed
into the front.

Fifthly, out of the upper part and outfides of thefe horns (as I may
call them, from the Figure they are of, in the 24. Scheme, where they
are marked with F F) there grows a fingle feather, or brufhy Bride, E E*
fomewhat of the fame kind with the tufts'of a Gnat, which 1 have before
defciibed.

What the ufe of thefe kind of horned and tufted bodies fliould be, I
cannot well imagine,unlefs they ferve for imelling or hearing,though how
they are adapted for either, it feems very difficult to defcribe they are
in almoft every feveral kind of Flies of fo various a fhape^ though certain-
ly they are fome very edential part of the head, and have fome very
notable office afTign'd them by Nature, fincein all Infe&s they are to be
found in one or other form.

Sixthly, at the under part of the face F F, were feveral of the former
fort of bended Brides 5 and below all, the mouth, out of the middle of
which, grew the probofck G H I, which,by means of feveral joints,where-
of it feem'd to confift, the Fly was able to move to and fro, and thruft it
in and out as it pleas'd 5 the end of this hollow body (which was all over
cover'd with fmall fliort hairs or brides) was, as 'twere, bent at H, and
the outer or formoft fide of the bended part H I, dit, as it were, into
two chaps, H I, H I, all the outfide of which where cover'd with hairs,
and pretty large brides 3 thefe he could, like two chaps, very readily
open and (hut, and when he feem'd to fuck any thing from the furface of
a body, he would fpread abroad thofe chaps, and apply the hollow part
of them very clofe to it.

From either fide of the Probofcis, within the mouth, grew two other
finall horns, or fingers, K K, which were hairy, but fmall in this Figure 3
but of another (hape, and bigger in proportion, in the 24. Scheme^ where
they are marked with G G, which two indeed feem'd a kind of fmellers,
but whether fo or not, I cannot pofitively determine.

The Thorax or middle part of this Fly, wascas'd, both above and be-
neath, with a very firm cruft of armour, the upper part more round, and
covered over with long conical brides,all whofe ends pointed backwards,
out of the hinder and under part of this grew out in a clufter fix leggs,
three of which are apparent in the FigUre,the other three were hid by the,

MlCROGRAHPlA.

body plac'd in that poiture. The Icggs were all much of the fame make,
being all of them cover'd with a ftrong hairy fcale or (heljuft like the legs
of a Crabb or Lobfter,and the contrivance of the joints feem'd much the
fame } each legg feem'd made up of eight parts, i, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, &, tp
the eighth or laft of which, grew the foles and claws, described before
in the 38. Obfervation.

Out of the upper part of this trunck grew the two wings, which I men-
tion d in the 38. Obfervation, confifting of a film, extended on certain
fmall (riff wires or bones : thefe in a blue Fly, were much longer then
the body, but in other kind of Flies they are of very differing propor-
tions to the body. Thefe films,in many Flies,werefo thin,that,Iikefevefal
other plated bodies (mention'd in the ninth Obfervation) they afforded
all varieties of fantaftical or tranfient colours (the reafon of which I have
here endeavoured to explain) they leem'dto receive their nourifhment
from the ftalks or wires, which feem'd to be hollow, and neer the upper
part of the wing LL feveral of them feem'd jointed, the fhape of which
will fufliciently appear by the black lines in the fecond Figure of the
26. Scheme, which is a delineation of one of thofe wings expanded di-
rectly to the eyes.

All the hinder part of its body is cover'd with a molt curious blue Ali-
ning armour,looking exactly like a polifh'd piece of fteel brought to that
blue colour by annealing, all which armour is very thick befiuck with
abundance of tapering brifles, ruch as grow on its back, as is vifible
enough by the Figure.

Nor was the infide of this creature lefs beautifull then its outfide, for
cutting off a part of the belly, and then viewing it, to fee if I could dis-
cover any Veflels, iuch as are to be found in a greater Animals, and even
in Snails exceeding manifeftly,I found,much beyond my expectation,that
there were abundance of branchings of Milk-white veflels,no lefs curious
then the branchings of veins and arteries in bigger terreftrial Animals,in
one of which,I found two notable branches, joining their two main frocks,
as it were, into one common dnttus 3 now, to what veins or arteries thefe
Veflells were analogue, whether to the vena porta, or the meferait\ vef
fells, or the like, or indeed, whether they were veins and arteries, or vaft
laBea, properly lb called, lam not hitherto able to determine, having
not yet made fufficient enquiry 3 but in all particulars, there feems not to
be any thing lefs of curious contrivance in thefe Infects, then in thofe*
larger terreftrial Animals, for I had never feen any more curious branch-
ings of Vellells, then thofe I obferv'd in two 01 three of thefe Flies thus
opened.

It is a creature active and nimble, fo as there are very few creatures
like it, whether bigger or fmaller, in fo much, that it will fcape and
avoid a fmall body, though coming on it exceeding fwiftly, and if it fees
any thing approaching it, which it fears, it prefently fquats down, as it
were,that it may be the more ready for its rife.

Nor is it lefs hardy in the Winter, then active in the Summer, indui ing
all the Frofts, and {urviving till the next Summer, notwithstanding the

bitter

MiCROGRAPHIA

bitter cold of our Climate 5 nay, this creature will indure to be frozen,
and yet not be deftroy'd,for I have taken one of them out of the Snow
whereon it has been frozen almoft white, with the Ice about it, and yet
by thawing it gently by the warmth of a fire, it has quickly reviv'd and
flown about.

This kind of Fly feems by the (teams or tafte of fermenting and
putrifying meat (which it often kiiles,as'twere, with itsprobofiis as it trips
over it) to be ftimulated or excited to eject its Eggs or Seed on it, per-
haps, from the fame reafon as Dogs,Cats,and many other brute creatures
are excited to their particular lufts, by the fmellof their females, when
by Nature prepared for generation 5 the males feeming by thofe kind
of (mells, or other incitations, to be as much neceflitated thereto, as
Aqua Regis ftrongly impregnated with a folution of Gold,is forced to pre-
cipitate it by the affufion of fpirit of Vrine^ oralblution of Salt of
Tartar.

One of thefe put in fpirit otwine, was very quickly feemingly kill'd,
and both its eys and mouth began to look very red, but upon the taking
of it out, and fufFeringit to lie three or four hours, and heating it with
the Sun beams caft through a Burning-glals, it again reviv'd, feeming, as
it were, to have been all the intermediate time, but dead drunk, and af-
ter certain hours to grow frefti again and lbber.

Obferv. XL HI. Of the Water-InfeftflrGnat.

T His little creature, defcribed in the firft Figure of the 27. Scheme,
wasafmall (baled or crufted Animal, which I have often obferv'd.
to be generated in Rain-water 5 1 have alfo obferv'd it both in Pond and
River-water. It is fuppos'd by fome, to deduce its firft original from the
putrifadtion of Rain-water, in which,if it have ftood any time open to the
air, you (hall feldom mifs,all the Summer long, of ftore of them frifking
too and fro.

Tis a creature, wholly differing in (hape from any I ever obferv'd 3 nor
is its motion lefsftrange : It has a very large head, in proportion to its
body, all covered with a (hell, like other tejlaceous Animals, but it dif-
fers in this, that it has, up and down feveral parts of it, feveral tufts of
hairs, or brides, plac'd in the order exprefs'd in the Figure 5 It has two
horns,whichfeem'd almoft like the horns of an Oxe,inverted,and, as neer
as I could ghefs,were hollow,with tufts of brifles,likewife at the top;t.he(e
horns they could move eafily this or that way,and might, perchance, be
their noftrils. It has a pretty large mouth, which feem'd contriv'd much
like thofe of Crabs and Lobfters,by which, I have often obferv'd them to
feed on water, or fome imperceptible nutritive fubftancein it.

I could perceive, through the tranfparent (hell, while the Animal fur-
viv'd, feveral motions in the head, thorax, and belly, very diftin&Jy,

C c of

MlCROGRAPHIA.

of differing kinds which I may, perhaps, elfewhere endeavour more .ac-
curately to examine, and to fhew of how great benefit the ufeof a Mi-
rrofcope may be for thedifcovery ofNature'scourfein the operations per-
form'd in Animal bodies, by which we have the opportunity of obferving
her through thefe delicate and pellucid teguments of the bodies of Infeds
acting according to her ufual courfe and way, undifturbed, whereas,
when we endeavour to pry into her fecrets by breaking open the doors
upon her, and difledring and mangling creatures whil'ft there is life yet
within them, we find her indeed at work, but put into fuch diforder by
the violence offer'd, as it may eafily be imagin'd,how differing a thing we
fliould find,if we could, as we»can with a Microfcopejn thefefmaller crea-
tures, quietly peep in at the windows, without frighting her out of her
ufual byas.

The form of the whole creature, as it appear'd in the Microscope, may,
without troubling you with more defcriptions, be plainly enough per-
ceiv'd by the Scheme, the hinder part or belly confifting of eight feveral
jointed parts, namely, ABCDEFGH, of the firft Figure, from the
mid ft of each of which.on either (ide. iflued out three or four fmall brifles
or hairs, 1, 1, 1, 1,1, the tail was divided into two parts of very differing
make ^ one of them, namely, K, having many tufts of hair or brifles, which
feem'd to ierve both for the finns and tail, for the Oars and Ruder of this
little creature, wherewith it was able, by frifking and bending its body
nimbly to andfro,to move himfelf any whither.and to fkull and fteer him-
felfas he pleas'd^the other part, L, feem'd to be^s 'twere,the ninth divifi-
on of his belly,and had many fingle brifles on either fide. From the end V3
of which, through the whole belly, there Was a kind of Gut of a darker
colour, M M Mj wherein, by certain Fcrijlaltic ^motions there was a kind
of black fubftance mov'd upwards and downwards through it from the
orbicular part of it, N,(which feem'd the Ventricle,ox ftomach)to the tail
V,and fo back again, whichperiftaltic/i motion I have obferv'dalfo in a
Louie, a Gnat, and feveral other kinds of tranfparent body'd Flies. The
Thorax or cheft of this creature OOOO, was thick and fhort, and pret-
ty tranlparent, for through it I could fee the white heart (which is the
colour alfo of thebloudin thefe, and mod other Infects) to beat, and
feveral other kind of motions. It was beftuck and adorn'd up and down
with feveral tufts of brifles, fuch as are pointed out by P, P, P, P, the
head Q_was likewife beftuck with feveral of thofe tufts, SSS} it was
broad and fhort, had two black eyes, T T, which I could not perceive at
all pearl'd, as they afterwards appear'd. and two fmall horns, R R, fuch
as I formerly delcrib'd.

Both its motion and reft is very ftrange, and pleafant, and differing
from thofe of moft other creatures I have obferv'd , for, where it ceafes
from moving its body, the tail of it feeming much lighter then the reft
of itsbody,and a little lighter then the water it fwims in, prcfently boys
it up to the top of the water, where it hangs fufpended with the head al-
ways downward } and like our Antipodes, if they do' by a frifk get be-
low that fuperficies, they prefently afcend again unto it, if they ceafe

moving,

MlC ROGR A P H i Ac

moving, until they tread, as it were, under that fupcrficies with their
tails j the hanging of thefe in this pofture, put me in mind of a cer-
tain creature I have feen in London^ that was brought out of Ameru
which would very firmly fufpend it (elf by the tail, with the head down-
wards,and was faid to Ueep in that pofture, with her young ones in her
falfe belly, which is a Purfe, provided by Nature for the production,
nutrition, and prefervation of her young ones, which is defcribed by Tift
in the 24. Chapter of the fifth Book of his Natural Hiftory of Brafil.

The motion of it was with the tail forwards,drawing its felf backwards,
by the frifking to and fro of that tuft which grew out of one of the
frumps of its tail. It had another motion,which was more futable to that
of other creatures, and that is, with the head forward for by the moving
ofhis chaps ("if I may lb call the parts of his mouth) it was able to move
it felf downwards very gently towards the bottom, and dkl5as twere,eat
up its way through the water.

But that which was moft obfervable in this creature, was, its Meta-
morphofis or change^for having kept feveral of thefe Animals in a Glafs of
Rain-water,in which they were produced, I found,after about a fortnight
or three weeks keeping, that feveral of themtiew away in Gnats,leaving
their hunks behind them in the water floating under the furface, the
place where thefe Animals were wont to refide, whil'ft they were in-
habitants of the water : this made me more diligently to watch them, to
fee if I could find them at the time of their transformation ^ and not long
after, I obferv'd feveral of them to be changed into an unufual fhape,
wholly differing from that they were of before, their head and body be-
ing grown much bigger and deeper, but not broader, and their belly, or
hinder part fmaller, and coyl'd, about this great body much of the fafbi-
on reprefented by the prick'd line in the fecond Figure of the 27. Scheme^
the head and horns now (warn uppermoft, and the whole bulk of the bo-
dy feem'd to be grown much lighter } for when by my frighting of it, it
would by frifking out of its tail (in the manner exprefs'd in the Figure
by B C) fink it felf below the furface towards the bottom 5 the body
would more fwiftly re-afcend, then when it was in its former fhape.

I ftill marked its progrefs from time to time,and found its body ftill to
grow bigger and bigger, "Nature, as it were, fitting and accoutring it
for the lighter Element, of which it was now going to be an inhabitant 5
fbr,by obferving one of thefe with my Micro/cope, I found the eyes of it
to be altogether differing from what they feem'd before^ appearing now
all over pearfd or knobb'd, like the eyes of Gnats, as is vifible in
the (econg Figure by A. At length, I (aw part of this creature to fwim
above, and part beneath the furface of the water, below which though
it would quickly plunge it felf if I by any means frighted it,and prefently
re-afcend into its former pofture, after a little longer expectation, I
found that the head and body of a Gnat,began to appear and ftand cleer
above the furface, and by degrees it drew, out its leggs, firft the two for-
moft,then the other,at length its whole body perfect and entire appear'd
out of the hufk (which it left in the water) (landing on its leggs upon

Cc 2 the

MlCROGRAPHIA.

the top of the water, and by degrees it began to move, and after flew
about the Glafs a perfect Gnat.

I have been the more particular, and large in the relation of the tranfc
formation of divers of thefe little Animals which I obferv'd, becaufe I
have not found that any Authour has obferv'd the like 5 and becaufe the
thing it felf is fb ftrange and heterogeneous from the ufual progrefs of
other Animals, that I judge it may not onely be pleafant, but very
ufefull and neccflary towards the compleating of Natural Hiftory.

There is indeed in f/'/tf, a very odd Hiftory, which this relation may
make the more probabie 5 and that is in the 2. Chapter of the 4. Book of
his Natural Hiftory of Brajil, where he foysjorro prater tot documentafer-
t Hit at is circa vegetabilia &JenJitiva marina tellttris amula0accidit & il/ud,
quod pancis a Paranambucenfi milliaribm fiifeatoris uncum citra intentionem
contingat infigi vadis petrojis^ loco pifcisjpongiajoraUa^aliafque arbufculas
marinas capi. Inter h<ec inujitata forma prodit Jpongiofo arbufculafefquipedis
longitudinis0 Irevioribns radicibus, lapideis nitens vadis , & rupibus infixa,
erigiturque in corpus Jpongiofem molle oblongitm rotundum turbinatum: intus
miris cancel/is & alveis fabricatum, extus ant cm tenaci glutine injiar Apum
propolis undique vejlitum^ ojiio fatis patulo & profundo in Jummitate rcli£fo9
jicut ex altera iconum probe depitla videre licet (fee the third and fourth
Figures of the 27. Scheme.) It a ut Apiarium m annum vere dixeris , primo
enim intuitu t Mare ad Terr am delatum3vermiculis fcatebat caruleis parvis,
qui mox a calore Jolis inMuJcas0vel Apespotius}eaJq^ exiguas & nigras tranf-
formebantur, circumvolantefque evanejcebantsita ut de eorum mellijicatione
nihil certi confpici datum fuer it , cum tamen carofa materia propolis Apum-
que cella manifejle apparerent^atque ipfa mellis qualifcunque Jubjiantia procul-
dubio urinatoribus patebit, ubi curiojtus inquijiverint hac apiariai eaque in
natali folo& falo diverjis temporibus penitius lujirarint.

Which Hiftory contains things fufhciently ftrange to be confider'd, as
whether the hulk were a Plant, growing at the bottom of the Sea before,
of it ielfj out of whofe putrifa&ion might be generated thefe ftrange kind
of Magots £ or whether the feed of certain Bees, finking to the bottom,
might there naturally form it felf that vegetable hive, and take root 3
or, whether it might not be placed there by fome diving Fly 5 or,
whether it might not be fome peculiar propriety of that Plant,whereby
it might ripen or form its vegetable juice into an Animal fubftance 3 or,
whether it may not be of the nature of a Sponge, or rather a Sponge of
the nature of this, according to fome of thofe relations andfeon jectures I
formerly made of that body, is a matter very difficult to be determined.
But indeed,in this defcription,the Excellent Fife has not been fufficiently
particular in the letting down the whole procefs, as it were to be wifh'd :
There are indeed very odd progrefles in the production of feveral kinds
of Infects, which are not lefs inftructive then pleafant, feveral of which,
the diligent Goedartius has carefully obferv'd and recorded, but among
all his Obfervations, he has none like this, though that of the Hemerobius
be fbmewhat of this kind, which is added as an Appendix by Johannes
Me/.

I have

MlCROCRAPHIA. l89

I have, for my own particular, befides leveral of thole mention 'd by
him, obferv'd divers other circumirances,perhaps, not much taken notice
o£ though very common, which do indeed afford us a very coercive argu-
ment to admire the goodnefs and providence of the infinitely wife Crea*
tor in hismoft excellent contrivances and difpenfations.Ihave obferv'd,at
leveral times of the Summer,that many of the leaves of divers Plants have
been (potted, or, as it were fcabbed, and looking on the underfides of
thofe of them that have been but a litte irregular, I have pcrceiv'd them
to befprinkled with divers forts of little Eggs,which letting alone,I have
found by degrees to grow bigger, and become little Worms with leggs,
but ftill to keep their former places,and thofe places of the leaves,of their!
own accords, to be grown very protuberant upwards, and very hollow,
and arched underneath, whereby thofe young creatures are, as it were,
ihelter'd and houfed from external injury } divers leaves I have oblerv'd
to grow and fwell fo fair, as at length perfectly to inclofe the Animal,
which, by other obfer'vations I have made, I ghels to contain it, and be-
come, as it were a womb to it, fo long, till it be fit and prepar'd to be
tranflated into another ftate, at what time, like (what they fay of) Vi-
pers, they gnaw their way through the womb that bred them 5 divers of
thele kinds I have met with upon Gooflberry leaves. Role-tree leaves,
Willow leaves, and many other kinds.

There are often to be found upon Rofe-trees and Brier bufhes, little ? - ft/Sty*** ytl\-,u
red tufts,which are certain knobs or excf efcencies,growing out from the jtft>tsh->\
Rind, or barks of thofe kinds of Plants, they are cover'd with ftrange ^'V'^*
kinds ofthreads or red hairs, which feel very loft, and look not unplea- ^'*\9 *i * t,loj'
fantly. Inmoftof thefe, if it hasno hole ink, you fhall find certain little <"./'}' 0''
Worms, which I fuppofe to be the caufes of their production , forwhen 1 'l moJ c° |
that Worm has eat its way through, they, having performed what they ,\ ^j.^nP "° '
were defign'd by Nature to do, by degrees die and wither away. ' 4** \ £'„„Q a (L

Now,the manner of their production,I fuppofe to be thus 3 that the Al- ;,( Vc 1 °a
wile Creator has as well implanted in every creature a faculty of know- ,. , eu no a c//R
ing what place is convenient for the hatching, nutrition, and prefervati- & * */ f$ '
on oftheir Eggs and of-fprings.whereby they are ftimulated and directed w <"'"*\(':, '**
to convenient places, which becom, as 'twere the wombs that perform '" ' " » i '7 *'[
thofe offices : Ashehasalfo fuited and adapted a property to thofe ^^1i,,w",a!>
places wherby they grow and inclofe thofe feeds, and having incloled . 01 ' ' x3li$ %
them, provide a convenient nourilhment for them, but as foonas they °J ™"( H
have done the office of a womb, they die and wither. [ ? J ' ^ "jfe*

The progrels of inclofure I have often obferv'd in leaves, which in , 'T,,?,,> Pta^, <;
thole places where thofe feeds have been caft, have by degrees fwell'd ** 3 U . n ©1
and inclos'd them, fo perfectly round, as not to leave any perceptible
paflage out.

From this lame caule, I fuppofe that Galls, Oak-apples, and feveral
other productions of that kind, upon the branches and leaves of Trees,
have their original j for if you open any of them, when almoftripe, you
(hall find a little Worm in them. Thus, if you open never lb many dry
Galls, you fhall find either a hole whereby the Worm has eat its paflage

out,

rU-
ii CM II

MlCROGR AP H I A.

out, or if you find no paflage, you may,by breaking or cutting the Gall,
find in the middle of it a fmall cavity, and in it a fmall body, which does
plainly enough yet retain a fhape, to manifeft it once to have been a
Worm, though it dy'd by a too early fepa ration from the Oak on which
it grew,its navel-ftring,as 'twere,being broken off from the leaf or branch
by which the Globular body that invelop'd it, received its nourifhment
from the Oak.

And indeed,if we confider the great care of the Creator in the difpen-
lations of his providences for the propagation and increafe of the race,not
onely of all kind of Animals, but even of Vegetables, we cannot chufe
but admire and adore him for his Excellencies, but we fhall leave off to
admire the creature, or to wonder at the ftrange kind of a&ing in feveral
Animals, which feem to favour lb much of reafon 5 it feeming to me molt
manifeft,that thofe are but actings according to their ftru&ures, and fuch
operations as fuch bodies, fo compos 'd, muft neceflarily, when there are
fuch and fuch circumftances concurring, perform : thus,whenwe find Flies
fwarming3about any piece of flefh that does begin a little to ferment jBut-
terflies about Colworts,and feveral other leaves, which will ferve to hatch
and nourifh their young $ Gnats, and feveral other Flies about the Wa-
ters, and marifhy places,or any other creatures, feeking and placing their
Seeds in convenient repofitories, we may, if we attentively confider and
examine it, find that there are circumftances fufficient^upon the fuppofals
of the excellent contrivance of their machine,to excite and force them to
aft after fuch or fuch a manner 5 thofe fleams that rife from thefe feveral
places may, perhaps, fet feveral parts of thefe little Animals at work,even
as in the contrivance of killing a Fox or Wolf with a Gun, the moving
of a ftring, is the death of the Animal 5 for the Beaft, by moving the flefh
that is laid to entrap him, pulls the ftring which moves the trigger, and
that lets go the Cock which on the fteel ftrikes certain fparks of fire
which kindle the powder in the pann, and that prefently flies into the
barrel, where the powder catching fire rarifies and drives out the bullet
which kills the Animal 3 in all which actions, there is nothing of intention
or ratiocination to be afcrib'd either to the Animal or Engine, but all to
the ingenioufhels of the contriver.

But to return to the more immediate confideration of our Gnat :
We have in it an Inftance, not ufual or common,iof a very flange amphi-
bious creature, that being a creature that inhabits the Air, does yet pro-
duce a creature, that for fbme time lives in the water as a Fifh, though
afterward (which is as ftrange) it becomes an inhabitant of the Air, like
its Sire,in the form of a Fly. And this, me thinks, does prompt me to pro-
pofe certain conjectures, as Queries, having not yet had fufficient oppor-
tunity and leifure to anfwer them my felt from my own Experiments
or Obfervations.

And the firft is, Whether all thofe things that we fuppofe to be bred
from corruption and putrifaftion, may not be rationally fuppos'd to have
their origination as natural as thefe Gnats , who, tis very probable,
were firft dropt into this Water, in the form of Eggs. Thofe Seeds or

Egg*

M I C R O G R A P H 1 A. I;

Eggs muft certainly be very fmall, which fo final 1 a creature as a Gnat
yields, and therefore we need not wonder that we find not the Eggs
thcmfelves, fome of the younger of them, which I have obferv'd, having
not exceeded a tenth part of the bulk they have afterwards come to 5 and
next,I have oblerved fome of thofe little ones which muft have been gene-
rated after the Water was inclofed in the Bottle, and therefore mbft pro-
bably from Eggs, whereas thole creatures have beenfuppos'd to be bred
of the corruption of the Water, there being not formerly known any
probable way how they (hould be generated.

A fecond is, whether thefe Eggs are immediately dropt into the Water
by the Gnats themfelves, or, mediately, are brought down by the falling
rain i> for it leems not very improbable,but that thole fmall feeds of Gnats
may (being, perhaps, of io light a nature, and having fo great a propor-
tion of furface to fo fmall a bulk of body) be ejected into the Air, and
fo, perhaps, carried for a good while too and fro in it, till by the falling
drops of Rain it be wafli'd out of it.

A third is, whether multitudes of thofe other little creatures that are
found to inhabit the Water for fome time, do not, at certain times, take
wing and fly into the Air, others dive and hide themfelves in the Earth,
and fo contribute to the increafe both of the one and the other Element.

Pojlfcript.

A good while fince the Writing of this Defcription, I was prefenred by
Doctor Peter Bal/} an ingenious Member of the Royal Society ,with a little
Paper of Nuts, which he told me was fenthim from a Brother of his out
of the Countrey,from Mamhead in Devonjlme.^ fome of them were loofe,
having been, as I fuppofe, broken off, others were ftill growing fait on
upon the fides of a Itick, which feem'd by the bark, pliablenefs of it, and
by certain firings that grew out of it, to be fome piece of the root of
a Tree 3 they were all of them dry'd, and a little lhrivell'd, others more
round, of a brown colour 5 their fhape was much like a Figg, but very
much fmaller,fome being about the bignefs of a Bay-berry ^others,and the
biggeft, of a Hazel-Nut. Some of thefe that had no hole in them, I care-
fully opened with my Knife, and found in them a good large round white
Maggot, almoft as bigg as a fmall Pea, which feem'd ftiap'd like other
Maggots, but (horter. I could not find them to move, though I ghefs'd
them to be alive, becaufe upon pricking them witha Pinn, there would \f-
fue out a great deal of white mucous matter, which feem'd to be from a vo-
luntary contraction of their (kin their hufk or matrix confifted of three
Coats,like the barks of Trees, the outermoft being more rough and fpon-
gie, and the thickeft, the middlemoft more clofe. hard, white, and thin,
the innermoft very thin,feeming almoft like the fkin within an Egg's fhell.
The two outermoft had root in the branch or ftick, but the innermoft
had no ftem or procefs, but was onely a fkin that cover 'd the cavity of
the Nut. All the Nuts that had no holes eaten in them, I found to con-
tain thefe Maggots, but all that had holes, I found empty, the Maggots,

it

MlCROGRAHP I A.

it feems5 having eaten their way through, taken wings and flown away,
as this following account (which I received in writing from the fame per-
lon, as it was fent him by his Brother) manifefts. In a moorifl) blacky
Peaty mouldy with fome fmall veins of whitijl) yellow Sands, upon occafion
of digging a hole two or three foot deep, at the head of a Pond or Pool, to
fit d Tree in, at that depth, were found, about the end of October 1663. in
thofe very veins of Sand, thofe Buttons or Nuts, Jinking to a little loofe
fiick^, that is, not belonging to any live Tree, and fome of them alfo free by
themjelves.

Four or five of which being then opend, fome were found to contvin
live Infe&s come to perfeBion, mofl like to flying Ants, if not the fame 5 in
others, Infects, yet imperfett, having but the head and wings form d, the reft
remaining a foft white pulpy Jubjiance.

Now,as this furnifhes us with one odd Hiftory more,very agreeable to
what I before hinted., ib I doubt not, but were men diligent obfervers,
they might meet with multitudes of the fame kind, both in the Earth and
in the Water, and in the Air, on Trees, Plants, and other Vegetables, all
places and things being,as it weve.animarum plena. And I have often,with
wonder and pleafure,in the Spring and Summer-time, look'd clofe to,and
diligently on, common Garden mould, and in a very fmall parcel of it,
found fuch multitudes and diverfities of little reptilesfome in hulks,others
onely creepers, many wing'd, and ready for the Air 5 divers hulks or ha-
bitations left behind empty. Now, if the Earth of our cold Climate be lb
fertile of animate bodies, what may we think of the fat Earth of hotter
Climates ? Certainly,the Sun may there, by its activity, caufe as great a
parcel of Earth to fly on wings in the Air, as it does of Water in fleams
and vapours. And what fwarms muft we fuppofe to be fent out of thofe
plentifull inundations of water which are poured down by the (luces of
Rain in fuch vaft quantities ? So that we need not much wonder at thole
innumerable clouds of Locufts with which Africa, and other hot coun-
tries are fo peftred, fince in thofe places are found all the convenient
caufes of their production, namely, genitors, or Parents, concurrent re-
ceptacles or matrixes,and a Efficient degree of natural heat and moifture.

I was going to annex a little draught of the Figure of thofe Nuts fent
out of Devonfhire , but chancing to examine Mr. Parkinfons Herbal
for fomething elfe, and particularly about Galls and Oak-apples, I found
among no left then 24. feveral kinds ofexcrefcencies of the Oak, which I
doubt not,but upon examination,will be all found to be the matrixes of
fb many feveral kinds of Infects , I having obferv'd many of them my felf
to be fo,among 24/feveral kinds, I fay,I found one delcribed and Figur'd
directly like that which I had by me,the Scheme is there to be feen,the de-
fcription, becaufe but fhort, I have here ad join'd Theatri Botanici trib.\6.
Chap. 2. There grow cth at the roots of old Oaks in the Spring-time, and
femetimes alfo in the very heat of Summer, a peculiar kjnd of Mufhrom or
Excrefcence, call'd Uva Qutxcmz,jwelling out of the Earth, many growing
one clofe unto another , of the fafhion of a Grape , and therefore took^
the name } the Oak-Grape, and is of a Purplijh colour on the eutjide,

MiCROGRAPHIA

and white within like Mil^ and in the end of Summer bcconieth hard
and woody. Whether this be the very fame kind, I cannot affirm, but
both the Picture and Defcription come very neer to that 1 have,
but that he Teems not to take notice of the hollowncft or Worm, for
which 'tis moft obfervable. And therefore 'tis very likely, if men
did but take notice, they might find very many differing Species of thefe
Nuts, Ovaries^ or Matrixes , and all of them to have much the fame
defignation and office. And I have very lately found feveral kinds of Ex-
crefcencies on 1 rees and Shrubs, which having endured the Winter, up-
on opening them, I found moft of them to contain little Worms, but
dead, thofe things that contain'd them being wither'd and dry.

Obferv. XL IV. Of the tufted or Br ufb -horn d Gmu

THis little creature was one of thofe multitudes that fill our Engii/b
air all the time that warm weather lafts, and is exactly of the fhape
of that I obferv'd to be generated and hatch'd out of thofe little Infects
that wriggle up and down in Rain-water. But,though many were of this
form, yet I obferv'd others to be of quite 'other kinds 5 nor were all
of this or the ether kind generated out of Water Infects 5 for* whereas I
obferv'd that thofe that proceeded from thofe Infects were at their full
growth, I have alfo found multitudes of the fame fhape,but muchfmaller
and tenderer feeming to be very young ones, creep up and down upon
the leaves of Trees, and flying up and down infmall clufters, in places
very remote from water, and this Spring, I obferv'd one day, when the
Wind was very calm, and the afternoon very fair, and pretty warm,
though it had for a long time been very cold weather, and the wind con-
tinued ftill in the Eaft, feveral fmall fwarms of them playing to and fro
in little clouds in the Sun, each of" which were not a tenth part of the
bignefs of one of thefe I here have delineated, though very much of the
fame fhape, which makes me ghefs., that each of thefe fwarms might be
the of-fpring of one onely Gnat, which had been hoorded up in fbme fafe
repository all this Winter by fome provident Parent, and were now, by
the warmth of the Spring-air, hatch'd into little Flies.

And indeed, fb various, and feemingly irregular are the generations or
productions of Infects, that he that fhall carefully and diligently obferve
the feveral methods of Nature therein, will have infinitely caufe further
toadmire'the wifdom and providence of the Creator 5 for not onely the
fame kind of creature may be produe'd from feveral kinds of ways, but
the very fame creature may produce feveral kinds : For,as divers Watches
may be made out of feveral materials, which may yet have all the fame
appearance,and move after the fame manner,that is,fhew the hour equally
true, the one as the other, and out of the fame kind of matter, like
Watches,may be wrought differing ways} and,as one and the fame Watch

D d may,

1^4 Micrograph i a.

may, by being divcrfly agitated, or mov'd,by this or that agent, or after
this or that manner, produce a quite contrary effect : So may it be with
thefe moft curious Engines of Weft's bodies-, the All-wife God of Nature,
may have lb ordered and difpofed the little Automatons, that when nou-
rished, adted, or enlivened by this caufe, they produce one kind of effect,
or animate lhape, when by another they adt quite another way, and ano-
ther Animal is produe'd. So may he fo order feveral materials, as to
make them,by feveral kinds of methods, produce fimilar Automatons.

But to come to the Defcription of this Infecl:,as it appears through a AH-
crofcope^oi which a reprefentation is made in the 28.Sc heme. Its head A, is
exceeding fmall, in proportion to its body, confifting of two clutters of
pearl d eyes B B, on each fide of its head, whole pearls or eye-balls are
curioufly rang'd like thofe of other Flies s between thefe,in the forehead,
of it, there are plac'd upon two fmall black balls, C C, two long jointed
horns, tapering towards the top, much refembling the long horns of
Lobfters, each of whofe (terns or quills, D D, were brifled or brufhed
with multitudes of fmall ftiff hairs, illuing out every way from the feve-
ral joints, like the firings or (proutings of the herb Horfe-tail, which is
oft obferv'd to grow among Corn, and for the whole lhape, it does very
much refemble thofe brujhy Vegetables 5 befides thefe, there are two other
jointed and brilled horns, or feelers, E E, in the forepart of the head, and
a probofcis, F, underneath,which in fome Gnats are very long, (freight
hollow pipes, by which thefe creatures are able to drill and penetrate
the (kin, andjthence, through thofe pipes fuck fo much bloud as to (tuff
their bellies fo full till they be ready to burft.

This fmall head,with its appurtenances,is faftned on by a (hort neck,G,
to the middle ofthe thorax^ which is large, and leems caled with a ftrong
black (hel,H I K, out of the under part of which, iflue fix long and (lender
legs, L L L L L L, fhap'd juft like the legs of Flies, but fpun or drawn out
longer and flenderer,which could not be expreis'd in the Figurc,becaufe
of their great length 5 and from the upper part, two oblong, but (lender
tranfparent wings, M M, fhaped fomewhat like thofe of a Fly,underneath
each of which, as I have obferv'd alfo in divers forts of Flies, and other
kinds of Gnats, was placed a fmall' body, N} much refembling a drop
of fome tranfparent glutinous fubftance, hardned or cool'd, ask wasal-
moft ready to fall, for it has a round knob at the end, which by degrees
grows (lenderer into a fmall ftem.and neer the infertion under the wing,
this ftem again grows bigger ; thefe little Vendulums^s I may fo call them,
the litle creature vibrates to and fro very quick when it moves its wings,
and I have fometimes obferv'd it to move them alfo, whilTt the wing lay
(till, but always . their motion feem'd to further the motion of the wing
ready to follow 5 of what ufe they are, as to the moving of the wing, or
other wife, I have not now time to examine.

Its belly was large,as it is ufually in all Infects, and extended into nine
lengths or partitions, each of which was cover'd with round armed rings
or (hells fix of which, O P QR. S T were tranfparent, and divers kinds
of Perifialticl^ motions might be very eafily perceiv'd, whil'ft the Animal

was

Micrograph! a.

Was alive, but efpecially a fmalJ cleer white part V, fecmed to beat like
the heart of a larger Animal. The laft three di vifios, W X Y, were co-
ver d with black and opacous (hells. To conclude, take this creature
altogether, and for beauty and curious contrivances, it may be compared
with the largeft Animal upon the Earth. Nor doth the Alwife Creator
feern to have fliewn lefs care and providence in the fabrick of it, then in
thole which feem moft confiderable.

Obferv . X L V. Of the great Belly d Gnat or female Gnat*

THe fecond Gnat , delineated in the twenty ninth Scheme, is of a
very differing fliape from the former^but yet of this fort alfoj found
Feveral of the Gnats, that were generated out of the Water Infect : the
wings of this, were much larger then thofe of the other, and the belly
much bigger, fhorterand of an other fliape 5 and, from feVeral particu-
Jars, I gheft it to be the Female Gnat, and the former to be the Male.

The thorax of this, was much like that of the other,having a very ftrong
and ridged back-piece, which went alfb on either fide of its leggsj about
the wings there were leveral joynted pieces of Armor, which feem'd cu-
1 ioul Jy and conveniently contriv'd, for the promoting and ftrengthning
the motion of the wings:its head was much differing from the other,being
much bigger and neater fhap'd, and the horns that grew out between his
eyes on two little balls, were of a very differing fliape from the tufts of
the other Gnat, thefe having but a few knots or joynts, and each of
thofe but a few, and thofe Abort and ftrong, brilles. The formoft horns
or feelers, were like thofe of the former Gnat.

One of thefe Gnats I have fufter d to pierce the fkin of my hand, with
itsprobofcis, and thence to draw out as much blood as to fill its belly
as full as it could hold , making it appear very red and tranfparent 5 and
this without any further pain, then whil ft it was finking in its probofcis^ as
it is alfo in the flinging of Fleas : a good argument, that thefe creatures
do not wound the fkin, and fuck the blood out of enmity and revenge,
but for meer neceflity, and to fatisfy their hunger. By what means this
creature is able to fuck, welhall fhew in another place.

WMUiaWMft if) \lr, io vire ±0.?. i:..s .'-'di .-J; // >iob i' i

Obferv. XL VI. Of the white feathermngd Moth or Tinea
Argentea.

THis white long wing'd Moth, which is delineated in the ^o.Scheme^
afforded a lovely objedt both to the naked Eye,and through a Mi-
crofcepe : to the Eye it appeard a fmall Milk white Fly with four white

D d 2 Wings

MlCROGR AP H I A.

Wings , the two formoft (bmewhat longer then the two hindermoft, and
the two fhorter about half an Inch long, each of which four Wings feem'd
to confift of two fmall long Feathers, very curioufly tufted, or haired on
each fide, with purely white, and exceedingly fine and fmall Haires, pro-
portion'd to the ftalks or ftems, out of which they grew, much like the
tufts of a long wing-feather of fome Bird, and their ftalks or ftems were,
like thofe, bended backwards and downwards, as may be plainly feen by
the draughts of them in the Figure.

Obferving one of thefe in my Microfcopt^ found,in the firft place, that
all the Body ,Legs, Horns and the Stalks of the Wings, were covered over
with various kinds of curious white Feathers, which did, with handling
or touching, eafily rubb off and fly about, in fo much that looking on my
Fingers, with which T had handled this Moth, and perceiving on them lit-
tle white fpecks, I found by my Microfcope^ that they were feveral of the
fmall Feathers of this little creature, that ftuck up and down in the rn-
gojities of my Skin.

Next, I found that underneath thefe Feathers, the pretty Infecl: was co-
vered all over with a crufted Shell, like other of thofe Animals, but with
one much thinner and tenderer.

Thirdly, I found, as in Birds alfo is notable, it had differing and ap-
propriate kinds of Feathers, that covered feveral parts of its body.

Fourrhly, furveying the parts of its body, with a more accurate and
better Magnifying Microfcope^ I found that the tufts or haires of its Wings
were nothing elfe but a congeries, or thick fet clufter of fmall vimina or
twiggs] refembling a fmall twigg of Birch, ftript or whitned, with which
Bruihes are ufually made, to beat out or brufh off the duft from Cloth
and Hangings. Every one of the twiggs or branches that compofed the
Brufh of the Feathers, appeared in this bigger Magnifying Clals (of which
E F which reprefents ■£? part of an Inch, is the fcale, as G is of the lefler,
which is only f) like the figure D. The Feathers alfo that covered a
part of his Body, and were interfperfed among the brufh of his Wings, I
found,in the bigger Magnifying Glafs, of the fthape A, confifting of aftalk
or ftem in the middle, andafeeming tuftednefs or brufhy part on each
fide. The Feathers that cover d moft part of his Body and the ftalk of
his wings, were,in the fame Microfcope, much of the figure B, appearing of
the fhape of a fmall Feather, and feemed tufted : thofe which covered
the Horns and fmall parts of the Leggs, through the fame Microfcope, ap-
pear d of the fhape C. Whether the tufts of any or all of thefe fmall
Feathers, confifted of fuch component particles as the Feathers of Birds,
I much doubt, becaufe I find that Nature does not alwaies keep, or ppe-
rate after the fame method , in fmaller and bigger creatures. And
of this, we have particular Inftances in the Wings of feveral creatures.
For whereas, in Birds of all kinds , it compofes each of the Feathers of
which its Wing confifts, of fuch an exceeding curious and moft admirable
and ftupendious texture, as I elfe where fhew, in the Obfervations on a
Feather 5 we find it to alter its method quite, in the fabrick of the Wings
of thefe minute creatures, compofing lbme of thin extended membranes

or

■Mi

CROGRAPHl A*

or (kins, fuch as the Wings of Dragon-flys 3 in others, thofe (kins are all
over-grown, or pretty thick beftuck, with (hort fatrifles, as in Flefti-tiies 5
in others, thofe dimes are covered, both on the upper and under fide,
with fmall Feathers, plac'd almoftlike the tyles on a Houfe, and are
curioufly rang'd and adorn 'd with mo(t lively colours, as is ob-
fervable in Butter-flies, and feveral kinds of Moths 5 In others, inftead of
their films, Nature has provided nothing, but a matter of half a (core
ftalks(if I well remember the number; for I have not lately met with any
ofthefeflys,anddid not,when Ifirftobferv'd them, take fufficient notice
of divers particulars.) and each of theft (talks, with a few (ingle branch-
ings on each fide, refembling much tin branched back-bone of a Herring
or the like Fi(h, or a thin hair'd Peacocks feather, the top or the eye
being broken off With a few of thefe on either iidt\ which it was able to
(hut up or expand at pleamre, much like a Fann, or rather, like the po-
ltureof the feathers in a wing, which !y ail one under another, when
(hut, and by the fide of each other, when expanded) this pretty little
grey Moth (for fuch was the creature I obferv'd, thus wing'd) could ve-
ry nimbly, and as it feem'd very eafily move its corphfek , through the
Air,from place to place. Other Infe&s have their wings cas'd, or covered
over, with certain hollow fliel Is, (hap'd almoft like thofe hollow Trayes
jn which Butchers carry meat, whofe hollow fides being turn'd down-
wards, do not only fecure their folded wings from injury of the earth
in which imoft of thofe creatures refide, but . whilft they % fervesasa
help to fuftain and bear them up. And thefe are observable in Scartbees
and a multitude of other terreftrial crujiaceovs Metis 5 in whith1 we may
yet further obfei ve a particular providence of Nature.

Now in all thefe kinds of wings, we obferve this particular, as a thing
moft worthy remark; that where ever a wing confifts of difcontinued
parts, the Pores or intcrflitia between thofe paits are very feldom either
much bigger,or much fmaller, then thefe which we here find between the
particlesof thefe brufhes, fo that it (hould feern to intimate, that the
parts of the Air are fuch, that they will not eafily Or readily, if at all baft
through thefe Pores, fo that they feem to be (trainers fine enough to hin-
der the particles of the Air (whether hinder d by their bulk, or by their
'agitation, arculation.rotation ox undulation , I (hall notheredetermine)
from getting through them,and,by that means,ferve the Animal as well.if
not better, then if they were little films. I fay, if not better, becaufe I
have obfery d that all thofe creatures, that have film cl wings, move them
abcmndantly quicker and more (trongly,fuchas all kind of Flies and Sea-
rabees and Batts, then fuch as have their wings covered with feathers, as
butter-flies and Birds, ortwiggs, as Moths, which have each of them a
much flower motion of their wings ; That little ruggednefs perhaps of
their wings helping them fomewhat,by taking better hold of the parts of
the Air, or not fuflenng them fo eafily to pafs by , any other way. then one.

• >V! h?^eV,er bethereafonofiti 'tis molt evident, that, the froboth/
wing d Infefts have the ftrongeft Mufcles or movent parts of their wings,
and the other much weaker 5 and this very rnfec\ we are novv defcribingy

had

MiCROGRAPHIA.

had a very {mall thorax or middle part of his body, if compar'd to the
length and number of his wings 5 which therefore as he rnov d them ve-
ry flowly/o muft he move them very weakly. And this laft propriety do
we find fomewhat obferv'd alfo in bigger kind of Fly ing creatures3Birds 3
fo that we fee that the Wifdom and Providence of the All-wife Creator,
knot lefsfhewn in thefe fmall defpicable creatures Flies and Moths,
which we have branded with a name of ignominy, calling them V ermine,
then in thofe greater and more remakable animate bodies, Birds. ,

I cannot here ftand to add any thing about the nature of flying,
though, perhaps, on another occafion, I may fay fomethmg on that fub-
ied it being fuch as may deierve a much more accurate examination and
fcrutinv then it has hitherto met with 3 For tome, there feems nothing
wanting to make a man able to fly, but what may be eafily enough fup-
plv'd from the Mechanicks hitherto known, fave onely the want of
Length, which theMufcles of a man feem utterly uncapable of, by rea-
fon of their fmalnefs and texture, but how even ftrength alfo may be me-
chanically made, an artificial Mufcle fo contriv d,that thereby a man ftiall
be able to exert what ftrength he pleafes, and to regulate it alfo to his
own mind, I may elfewhere endeavour to mamfeft.

Obferv. XL VI I. Of the Shepherd Spider, or long leggd
Spider.

T*He Carter,ShePherd SPider,or long-legg d Spider,has, for two p*ti-
1 cularities very few fimilar creatures that I have met with 5 the firft,
which is difcovcrable onely by the Murofcope and is in the firft and fc-
co^Fgures of the 3 plainly defcrib'd is the curious ; contri-

vance of his eyes, of which (differing from moft : other Spiders) , he ] has
onely two, and thofe plae'd upon the top of a fmall pillar or hillock rifing
oHf the middle of the top of its back, or rather the crown of its head,
for they were fixd on the very top of this pillar (which is about the
he ghth^of one of the tranfverfe Diameters of the eye and look d on in
another poftu^appeardmuchofthe (hape, BCD) The two eyes -BB,
we^placedback to back, with the tranfparent Parts,or the pupils, look-
L towards either fide, but fomewhat more forward then backwards.
C was the column or neck on which they ftood, and D the crown of the
head out of which that neck.fprung. c a „ .,

Thefe eyes,to appearance, feem d to be of the very fame ftruclure with
that of larger bJcular creatures, feeming to have a very finooth .and ve-
rTprotuberant C,r*ea5and in the midft of it to have a very black pupil,
bcompalTed about with a kind of grey Iris as appears by^
whether it were able to move thefe eyes to and fro I have "Otobfervd,
but 'tis not very likely he fhould,the pillar or neck C, feeming to be co-
vered and ftiffen' d with a crufty foil 5 but Nature^ Probabihty,has ^

MlCROGRAPHlA.

ply'd that defccl, by making the Cornea fo very protuberant, and fctting
it lb cleer above the lhadowing or obftrufting of its profpect by the body,
that 'tis likely each eye may perceive,though not fee diftinftly, almoft a
Hew///>£ere, whence having fo fmall and round a bodyplac'd upon fuch
long leggs, it is quickly able lb to wind, and turn it, as to fee any thing
diftinft. This creature, as do all other Spiders I have yet examin'd, does
very much differ from mod: other Infe&s in the Figure of its eyes 5 for
I cannot, with my beft Miirofcope^ difcover its eyes to be any ways
knobb'd or pearlxl likethofe of other Infefts.

The fecond Peculiarity which is obvious to the eye, is alio very re-
markable, and that is the prodigious length of its leggs, in proportion to
its fmall round bod}-, each legg of this I drew, being above fixteen times
the length of its whole body, and there are fome which have then! yet
longer, and others that feem of the fame kind,that have them a great deal
fliortcr-, the eight leggs are each of them jointed, juffc like thole of a
Crab, but every of the parts are fpun out pvodijgioully longer in pro*
portion $ each of thefe leggs are terminated in a fmall cafe or ihell,fhap'd
almoft like that of a Mufle-lhell, as is evident in the third Figure of the
fame Scheme (that reprelents the appearance of the under part or belly
of the creature) by the lhape of the protuberant conical body, 1 1 1 1, &c.
Thele are as 'twere plac'd or faften'd on to the protuberant body of the
Infect,which is to be fuppos'd very high at M,making a kind of blunt cone
whereof M is to beliippos'd the Apex, about which greater cone of the
body,the fmaller cones of the leggs are placd,each of them almoft reach-
ing to the top info admirable a manner, as does not a little rhanifeftthe
wildom of Nature in the contrivance , for thefe long Leavers (as I may lb
call them)of the legs,havingnot the advantage of a long end on the other
fide of the hypomochlion or centers on which the parts of the leggs move,
muft neceflarily require a vaft ftrength to move them , and keep the
body ballancd and fufpended,in lb much, that if we Ihould fuppole a
man's body fufpended by fuch a contrivance, an hundred and fifty-
times the ftrength of a man would not keep the body from falling on the
breaft. To lupply therefore each of thele leggs with its proper ftrength.
Nature has allow'd to each a large Cheft or Cell, in which is included a
Very large and ftrong Mulcle, and thereby this little Animal is not onely
able to mfpend its body upon lels then thefe eight, but to move it very
fwiftly over the tops of grals and leaves.

Nor are thele eight leggs lb prodigioufly long, but the ninth, and
tenth, which are the two claws, K K, are as fhort, and ferve in fteed of a
trobofcis^ for thofe leem'd very little longer then his mouthy each of them
nad three parts, but very Ihort, the joints K K, which reprefented
the third, being longer then both the other. This creature, leems
(which I have feveral times with pleafure obferv'd) to throw its body
upon the prey, infteed of its hands, not unlike a hunting Spider, which
leaps like a Cat at a Moufe. The whole Fabrick was a very pretty one,
and could I have difleclred it,I doubt not but I fhould have found as ma-
ny Angularities within it as without,perhaps, for the moft part,not unlike

Ml CROGRAHP I A.

the parts of a Crab, which this little creature does in many things, very
much refemble$ the curiofityof whofe contrivance,I have in another place
examin'd. I omit the defcription of the horns, A A, of the mouth, L L,
which feem'd like that of a Crab 5 the fpecklednefs of his (hell, which
proceeded from a kind of feathers or hairs, and the hairinels of his leggs,
his large thorax and little belly, and the like, they being manifefted by
the Figure and (hall onely take notice that the three parts of the body,
namely, the hcad,breaft,and belly,are in this creature ftrangely confus'd,
lb that 'tis difficult to determine which is which,as they are ajfo in a Crab 3
and indeed, this feemsto be nothing elfe, buttan Air-crab, being made
more light and nimble, proportionable to the medium wherin it refides 5
and as Air feems to have but one thoufandth part of the body of Water,fo
does this Spider feem not to be a thoufandth part of the bulk of a Crab.

Obferv. XL VIII. Of the hunting Spider \and fever al other forts
of Spiders*

'T~'He hunting Spider is a {mail grey Spider, prettily befpeck'd with
black (pots all over its body, which the Microfcopc difcovers to be a
kind of feathers like thofe on Butterflies wings, or the body of the
white Moth I lately defcrib'd. Its gate is very nimble by fits, fometimes
running, and fometimes leaping, like a Graftiopper almoft,then ftanding
ftill, and fetting it felf on its hinder leggs, it will very nimbly turn its
body, and look round it felf every way : It has fix very conipicuous
eyes, two looking directly forwards, plac'd jufi: before $ two other, on
either fide of thofe, looking forward and fide-ways$and two other about
the middle of the top of its back or head, which look backwards and
fide-wards , thefe feem'd to be the biggeft. The furface of them all was
very black,fphserical, purely polifh'd, reflecting a very cleer and diftinft
Image of all the ambient obje&s, fuch as a window,a man's hand,a white
Paper, or the like. Some other properties of this Spider, obferv'd by the
moft accomplifh'd Mr. Evelynt in his travels in Italy, are moft empha-
tically fet forth in the Hiftory hereunto annexed, which he was pleas'd
upon my defire to fend me in writing.

Of all the forts of Infe&s, there is none has afforded me
more divertifements then the Venatores, which arc a fort of Lupi7
that have their Denns in the rugged walls, and crevices of our
houfes ; a fmall brown and delicately fpotted kind of Spiders,
whofe hinder leggs are longer then the reft.

Such I did frequently oblerve at Rome? which efpying a Fly
at three or four yards diftancc,upon the Balcony (where I ftood)

would

MtCROGRAPHlA.

would not make direftly to her, but craul under the Rail, till
being arriv'dtothe Antipodes, it would fteal up, leldom miffing
its aim ; but if it chanced to want any thing of being perfectly
oppofite,would at firft peep, immediatly Aide down again, till
taking better notice, it would come the next time exactly upon
the Fly's back : But, if this hapn'd not to be within a compe-
tent leap, then would this Infeft move fo foftly, as the very
fhadpw of the Gnomon feem'd not to be more imperceptible,
unlefs the Fly mov'd ; and then would the Spider move alfo in
the fame proportion, keeping that juft time with her motion,as
if the fame Soul had animated both thole little bodies ; and
whether it were forwards, backwards, or to either fide, without
at all turning her body, like a well mannag'd Horfe • But, if
the capricious Fly took wing, and pitch'd upon another place
behind our Huntrefs, then would the Spider whirle its body fb
nimbly about, as nothing could be imagin'd more fwift ; by
which means,fhe always kept the head towards her prey,though
to appearance, as immovable, as if it had been a Nail driven
into the Wood, till by that indifcernable progrefs (being ar-
riv'd within the fphere of her reach) fhemadea fatal leap
(fwift as Lightning) upon the Fly, catching him in the pole,
where (he never quitted hold till her belly was full, and then
carried the remainder home. 1 have beheld them inflruffcing
their young ones, how to hunt, which they would fometimes
difciplinc for not well oblerving ; but, when any of the old
ones did (as fometimes) mifs a leap, they would run out of
the field, and hide them in their crannies, as afham'd, and
haply not be feen abroad for four or five hours after • for fd
long have I watched the nature of this ftrange Infect, , the con-
templation of whole fo wonderfull fagacity and addrefs has
amaz d me ; nor do I find in any chafe whatfoever, more cun-
ning and Stratagem obferv'd : I have found fome of thefc Spi-
ders in my Garden* when the weather (towards the Spring)

E e is

202 Micrograph i a.

is very hot, buc they are nothing fo eager of hunting as they
are in Italy.

There are multitudes of other forts of Spiers whofc eyes, and moft
other parrs and properties, are fo exceedingly. different both from thofe
I have defcrib dfand from one another, that it would be almoft endlefs,
at leaft too long for my prefent Ellay, to defcribe ,hem,as fome with fix
eves Plae?d in quite another order , others with eight eyes 5 others with
fcweVand fome with more. They all feem to be creatures of prey, and
tofced on other fmalllnfefts, but /heir ways of catching them feemvery
differing the Shepherd Spider by running on his prey j the Hunting Spi-
defby fe;Pingonft,otherPforts weave Ne'ts, orCobwebs, whereby they
enfiJe thek Nature having both fitted them wit .material and tool s
andtausht them how to work and weave their Nets, and to lie per
due, Xo watch diligently to run on any Fly, as foon as everen-

ta1het thread, or web feems to be fpun out of Tome vhcous kind of
excrement, lying in their belly, which, though foft when drawn out, is,
pSyoyreafon of its fmalnefs, hardnedand dried by the ambient
Air. Examining feveral of which with my Mcrofe*pe,l found them to ^ap-
pear much likfwhite Horf-hair, or fome fuchtranfparent horny fubftance,
and to be of very differing magnitudes; fome appearing as bigg as a
P Ws brifle, others equal to a Horfi-hair pother no bigger then a man s
hafr; others yet fmalier and finer. I obferv d further, that the radia-
ting chords otthe web were much bigger, and fmoother then thofe that
were woven round, which feem'd fmaller,and all over knotted or pearl d,
wkh fmall tranfparent Globules, not unlike fmall Cryftal Beads or feed
„ ^Pearls thin ftrungon a Clew of Silk; which, whether they ^were fo fpun
-I by the Spider, or by the adventitious moifture of a fogg (whichlhaye
obferv'd to coverall thefe filaments with fuchCryftall.ne Beads) Iw.U

n°Th0efeSds were fome of them fofmall, that I could veryplainly,
V"* *<1d""^ with the Microfeope, difcover the fame <:onfecunons of colours as ma
<A " Trifmc, and they feernd to proceed from the fame caufe with thofe co-
'■?'■>! %t¥7~l lours which I have already defcrib'd in thin plated bodies.
1 I -I J *l V Much refembling a Cobweb , or a confus d lock of thefe Cylm-
W, derv is a certain white fubftance which, after a fogg, may be pbfetv d
Wh, . to fly up and down the Air; catching feveral of thefe and cxamm ng
\ J K * ■ _r , , _m l„ rmTrh nf the fame torm,

4Y aiAr

U0

c% h fi- i'P» /IftiA j-cA < <jA&

'diet

elrf$Z tumour

erv.

i tut 1^*

I

Mi CROGRAPHlA.

Obferv. XLIX. Of an Ant or Pifmire.

THis was a creature, more troiiblefom to be drawn, then any of the
reft, for I could not, for a good while, think of a way to make it
fuller its body to ]y quiet in a natural pofture 5 but whil'ft it was alive
if its teet were fetter d in Wax or Glew , it would fo twift and wind its
body, that I could not any wayes get a good view of it 5 and if I killed
it, its body was fo little, that I did often fpoile the fliape of it, before I
could throughly view it: for this is the nature of thcfe minute Bodies,
that as foon,almoft, as ever their life isdeftroy'd, their parts immediate-
ly (hnvel and lofe their beauty 5 and fo is it alfo with fmall Plants, as I
inftanced before, in the defcription of Mofs. And thence alfo is the rea-
fon of the variations in the beards of wild Oats, and in thofe of Mu/k-
grafs feed, that their bodies, being exceeding fmall, thofe fmall variations
which are made in the furfaces of all bodies, almoft upon every change
of Air, efpecially if the body be porous, do here become fenfible, where
the whole body is fo fmall, that it is almoft nothing but furfaces for as in
vegetable mbftances, Ifeenogreat xeafon to think, that the moifture of
the Aire(that, fticking to a wreath'd beard, does make it untwiftjiliould
evaporate, or exhale away, any fafter then the moifture of other bodies,
but rather that the avolation from, or accefs of moifture to, the furfaces
of bodies being much the fame, thofe bodies become moft fenfible of it,
which have the leaft proportion of body to their furface. So is it alfo
vyith Animal fubftances 5 the dead body of an Ant, or fuch little creature,
does almoft inftantly fhrivel and dry, and your object (hall be quite an-
other thing, before you can half delineate it, which proceeds not from the
extraordinary exhalation, but from the fmall proportion of body and jui-
ces, to the ufual drying of bodies in the Air, efpecially if warm. For
which inconvenience, where I could not otherwife remove it, I thought
of this expedient. &

I took the creature, I had defignd to delineate, and put it into a drop
of very wel rectified fpirit of Wine,thisl found would prefently difpatch
as it were, the Animal, and being taken out of it, and lay'd on a paper'
thefpintof Wine would immediately flyaway, and leave the Animal
dry, in its natural pofture, or at leaft, in a conftitution, that it might eafi-
iy with a pin be plac'd, in what pofture you defired to draw it, and the
Jimbs would fo remain, without either moving, or fhriveling. And thus I
dealt with this Ant, which I have here delineated, which was one of ma-
ny, of a very large kind, that inhabited under the Roots of a Tree from
whence they would filly out in great parties, and make moft grievous
fcavockoi the Flowers and Fruits, in the ambient Garden, and return
back again very expertly, by the fame wayes and paths they went

It was more then half the bignefi of an Earwig, of a dark brown, or
reddifh colour, with long legs, on the hinder of which it would ftand

E e 2 u p,

204 MlCROGRAPHIA.

up,and raife its head as high as it could above the ground, that it might
(tare the further about it, juft after the fame manner as I havealfo ob-
ferv'd a hunting. Spider to do: and*putting my finger towards them,
they have at firft all run towards ir,till almoft at it ; and then they would
ftand round about it, at a certain diftance, and fmell, as it were, and con-
fider whether they fhould any of them venture any further, till one more
bold then the reft venturing to climb it,all the reft, if I would have fufTer-
ed them, would have immediately followed : many fuch other feeming-
ly rational actions I have obferv'd in this little Vermine with much plea-
iure,which would be too long to be here related $ thofe that defire more
of them may fatisfie their curiofity in Ligons Hiftory of the Earbadoes.

Having infnar'd feveral of thefe into a fmall Box, I made choice of the
talleft grown among them, and feparating it from the reft,I gave it a Gill
of Brandy, or Spirit of Wine, which after a while e'en knock d him down
dead drunk, fo that he became movelefs, though at firft putting in he
ftruggled for a pretty while very much, till at laft, certain bubbles hill-
ing out of its mouth, it ceafed to move 5 this ( becaufe I had before
found them quickly to recover again, if they were taken out prefently )
I fuffered to lye above an hour in the Spirit 5 and after I had taken it
out, and put its body and legs into a natural pofture, remained move-
lefs about an hour 5 but then , upon a rndden, as if it had been awa-
ken out of a drunken fleep, it fuddenly revivd and ran away $ be-
ing caught, and ferv'd as before, he for a while continued ftruggling and
ftriving,till at laft there ifliied feveral bubbles out of its mouth,and then,
tanquam animam expzraffet, Jie remained movelefs for a good while 3 but
at length again recovering, it was again redipt, and funered to lye fbme
hours in the Spirit 5 notwithftanding which , after it had layen dry
lome three or four hours, it again recovered life and motion : Which
kind of Experiments, if profecuted, which they highly deferve, feem
to me of no inconfiderable ufe towards the invention of the Latent
Scheme^, (as the Noble Verulam calls it) or the hidden, unknown Texture
of Bodies.

Of what Figure this Creature appear'd through the Microfcope , the
32. Scheme ( though notfo carefully graven as it ought) will repre-
fent to the eye, namely. That it had a large head A A, at the upper
end of which were two protuberant eyes, pearl'd like thofe of a Fly,
but fmaller B B 5 out of the Nofe,or fbremoft part, ifliied two horns C C,
of a ftiape fufficiently differing from thofe of a blew Fly, though indeed
they feem to be both the fame kind of Organ, and to ferve for a kind
of fmelling 5 beyond thefe were two indented jaws D D, which he o-
pend fide-wayes, and was able to gape them afunder very wide % and
the ends of them being armed with teeth, which meeting went between
each other, it was able to grafp and hold a heavy body , three or four
times the bulk and weight of its own body : It had only fix legs, fnap'd
like thofe of a Fly, which, as I fhewed before, is an Argument that it is a
winged Infett, and though I could not perceive any fign of them in the
middle part of its body ( which feem'dto confift of three joints or pie-
ces

Micrograph! a* 2o£

ces EF C, out of which fprung two legs, yet 'tis known that there are
of them that have long wings, and fly up and down in the air.

The third and laft part of its body 1 1 1 was bigger and larger then
the other two , unto which it was joyn'd by a very fmall middle , and
had a kind of loofelhell, or another diftinft part of its bodyH, which
feem'd to be interpos'd, and to keep the thorax and belly from touch-
ing.

The whole body was cas'd over with a very ftrong armour, and the
belly III was covered likewife with multitudes of fmall white fhining
brilles \ the legs, horns, head, and middle parts of its body were beftuck
with hairs alio, but fmaller and darker.

y

Obfcrv. L. Of the mndrlng Mite.

]N September and O&ober, \66\. I obferv'd in Oxford fever a\o£ theft
little pretty Creatures to wander to and fro,and often to travel over c=^3-
the plains of my Window. And in September and O&ober. 1663. I ob-
ferv'd likewife feveral of thefe very fame Creatures traverfing a window
at London, and looking without the window upon the iubjacent wall, I
found whole flocks of the fame kind running to and fro among the fmall
groves and thickets of green mofsj and upon the curioufly fpreading ve* .
eetable blew or yellow mofs , which is a kind of a Muftirome or Tews- c , y/"v"*/<

Thefe Creatures to the naked eye feemed to be a kind of black Mite, H
but much nimbler and ftronger then the ordinary Cheefe-Mites 5 but '/\'"f?J/'?f*aJ 4
examining them in a Microfcope , I found them to be a very fine crufted. x /" /V"->-
or (hell'd Infect, much like that reprefented in the firft Figure of the
three and thirtieth Scheme, with a protuberant oval fhell A, indented
or pitted with an abundance of fmall pits 5 all covered over with little
white brilles, whofe points all directed backwards.

It had eight legs, each of them provided with a very fharp tallon, or
claw at the end, which this little Animal, in its going, faftned into the'
pores of the body over which it went. Each of thefe legs were beftuck
in every joynt of them with multitudes of fmall hairs, or ( if we re-
ipect the proportion they bore to the bignefs of the leg ) turnpikes, all
pointing towards the claws.

The lhorax,ox middle parts of the body of this Creature, was exceed-
ing fmall, in refped both of the head and belly , it being nothing but
that part which was covered by the two (hells BB, though it feem'd to
grow thicker underneath: And indeed, if we confider the great
variety Nature ufes in proportioning the three parts of the body,
the Head, Thorax, and Belly ) we fhall not wonder at the lmall pro-
portion of this Thorax , nor at the vafter bulk of the belly, for could
we exactly anatomife this little Creature, and obferve the particular de-
figns of each part, we (hould doubtlefs, as we do in all her more ma-
nageable

MlCROGRAPHi A.

pageable and tradable fabi icks 9 find much more reafon to admire the
excellency of her contrivance and workmanfliip, then to wonder, it was
not madeotherwife.

The head of this little Infect was fhap'd fomewhat like a Mite's, that
isjit had a long fnout , in the manner of a Hogs, with a knobbed ridge
running along the middle of it, which was bcftuck on either fide with
many (mall brides, all pointing forward, and two very large pikes or
horns, which rofe from the top of the head, juft over each eye, and
pointed forward alfo. It had two pretty large black eyes on either fide
of the head E E, from one of which I could fee a very bright reflection
of the window, which made me griefs, that the Cornea of it was finooth,
like thofe of bigger Infects. Its motion was pretty quick and ftrong,
it being able very eafily to tumble a ftone or clod four times as big as its
whole body.

At the fame time and place, and divers times fince, I have obferved
with my Microfcope , another little Infect , which, though I have not an-
nexed the picture of, maybe worth noting, for its exceeding nimblenels
as well as fmalnefs^ it was as fmall as a Mite, with a body deep and
ridged, almoft like a Flea it had eight blood-red legs, not very long,
but {lender , and two horns or feelers before. Its motion was fo exceed-
ing quick, that I have often loft fight of one I haveobferved with my
naked eye 5 and though, when it was not frighted, I was able to follow
the motions of lbme with my Microjcope 5 yet if it were never fo little
ftartled, it polled away with mch fpeed, and turn'd and winded it felf
fo quick, that I fihould prefently lofe fight of it.

When I fiift obferv'd the former of thefe Infects, or Mites, I began to
conjecture, that certainly I had found out the vagabond Parents of thole
Mites we find in Cheefes, Meal, Corn, Seeds, mufty Barrels, mufty Lea-
ther, &c. thefe little Creatures, wand ring to and fro every whither,
might perhaps, as they were invited hither and thither by the multy
fteamsof feveral putrifying bodies, make their invafions upon thofe new
and pleafing territories , and there fpending the remainder of their life,
which might be perhaps a day, or thereabouts, in very plentiful and rio-
tous living , might leave their off-fpring behind them , which by the
change of the foil and Country they now inhabite, might be quite al-
^ ter'd from the hew of their primogenitors^ and, like Mores tranflated into
Northern European Climates^ after a little time, change both their skin
)y=r and fhape. And this feems yet more probable in thefe Infects , becaufe
that the foil or body they inhabit, feems to be almoft half their parent,
for it not only hatches and brings thofe little eggs, or feminal principles,
to perfection, but feems to augment and nourilh them alfo before they
are hatch d or fhaped $ for it is obvious enough to be obferv'd, that the
eggs of many other Infects, and particularly of Mites, are increas'd in
bulk after they are laid out of the bodies of the Infects, and plump'd
fometimes into many times their former bignefs , fo that the bodies they
are laid in being, as it were, half their mothers, we frail not wonder that
it (hould have fuch an active power to change their forms. We find by

relations,

206

MlCROGRAPHlA.

relations how much the Negro Women do befmeer the of-fpring of the
Spaniard, bringing forth neither white-fkinn'd nor blacky but tawny
hided Mulattos.

Now, though I propound this as probable, I have not yet been fofafr
certify d fry Obfervationsas to conclude any thing, either pofitively or
negatively ,conccrning it. Ferhaps,fome more lucky diligence may pleafe
the curious Inquirer with the difcovei y of this,to be a truth,which I now
conjecture, and may thereby give him a latisfadtory account of the caufe
of thofe creaturcs,whofe original feems yet fo obfeure, and may give him
caufe to believc,that many other animate beings, that fcem alio to be the
mere product of putrifaction, may be innobled with a Pedigree as anci-
ent as the firfr creation, and farr exceed the greatcft beings in their nu-
merous Genealogies. But on the other lid e, if it fliould be found that
thefejOr any other animate body,have no immediate fimilar Parent,I have
in another place let down a conjectural Hypothecs whereby thofe Thce-
nomena. may likely enough be fblv'd, wherein the infinite wifdom and
providence of the Creator is no left rare and wonderfull.

Obferv. LI. Of the Grab-like £feS.

REading one day in Septemb. I chanced to obferve a very final creature
creep over the Book I was reading,very flowly 5 having a Mtcrofcepe
by me,I obferv'd it to he a creature of a very unufual form,and that not
lefs notable '-, fuch as is defcrib'd in the fecond Figure of the 33. Scheme. It
was about the bignefs of a large Mite^or fomewhat longer,it had ten legs,
eight of which, A A A A, were topt with veryfharp claws, and were thofe
upon which he walk'd, deeming fhap'd much like thofe of a Crab, which
in many other things alfo this little creature refembled i for the two
other claws,B B, which were the formoft of all the ten,and feem'd to grow
out of his head,like the horns of other Animals,were exactly form'd in che
Planner of Crabs or Lobfters claws, for they were ihap'd and jointed
much like thofe reprefened in the Scheme and the ends of them were fur-
niih'd with a pair of claws or pincers,C C,which this little animal did open
and (hut at pleafure : It feem'd to make ufe of thofe two horns or claws
both for feelers and holders 5 for in its motion it carried thefe aloft ex-
tended before, moving them to and fro, juft as a man blindfolded
would do his hands when he is fearfull of running againft a wall, and if I
put a hair to it, it would readily take hold of it with thefe claws,
and feem to hold it fafr. Now, though thele horns feem'd to ferve him
for twoufes,namely,for feeling and holding 5 yet he feem'd neither blind,
having two fmall black fpots, D D, which by the make of them, and the
bright reflection from them feem'd to be his eyes} nor did it want other
hands, having another pair of claws, E E, very neer plac'd to its mouth,
and feem'd adjoining to it.

The whole body was cafed over witjj armour- (hells, as is ufuall in all

thofe

208 MlCROGRAHPIA.

thofe kinds of crujiaceous creatures, efpecially about their bellies, and
feem'd of three kinds 5 the head F feem'd covcr'd with a kind of fcaly
fliell, the thorax with two fmooth (hells^ or Rings, G G, and the belly
with eight knobb'd ones. I could not certainly find whether it had under
thefe laft (hells any wings, but I fufpecl: the contrary } for I hav Aot found
any wing'd Infect with eight leggs,twoof thofe leggs being always con-
verted into wings, and, for the moft part, thofe that have but fix, have
wings.

This creature, though I could never meet with more then one of
them, and fo could not make fo many examinations of it as otherwifc I
would,Idid notwithftanding,by reafon of the great curiofity that appeard
to me in its (hape, delineate it, to (hew that,in all likelihood, Nature had
crouded together into this very minute Infect, as many, and as excellent
contrivances, as into the body of a very large Crab, which exceeds it in
bulk,perhaps,fome Millions of times 5 for as to all the apparent parts:there
is a greater rather then a lefs multiplicity of parts,each legg has as many
parts, and as many joints as a Crabs, nay,and as many hairs or brides-} ana
the like may be in all the other vifible parts 5 and 'tis very likely,that the
internal curiofities are not le(s excellent : It being a general rule in Na-
ture's proceedings, that where (he begins to difplay any excellency, if
the (ubject be further fearch'd into, it will manifeft, that there is not le(s
curiofity in thofe parts which our fingle eye cannot reach, then in thole
which are more obvious.

Obferv. L1I, Of the [mall Silver '-colour V Book-worm.

AS among greater Animals there are many that are fcaled, both for
ornament and defence, (b are there not wanting fuch alfo among the
lefler bodies of Infects, whereof this little creature gives us an Inftance.
It is a fmall white Silver-(hining Worm or Moth,which I found much con-
verfant among Books and Papers, and is fuppos'd to be that which cor-
rodes and eats holes through the leaves and covers 5 it appears to the
naked eye, afmall glittering Pearl-colour d Moth,which upon the remov-
ing of Books and Papers in the Summer, is often obferv'd very nimbly to
feud,- and pack away to (bme lurking cranney, where it may the better
protect it felf from any appearing dangers. Its head appears bigg and
blunt, and its body tapers from it towads the tail, fmaller and fmaller,be-
ing (hap'd almoft like a Carret.

This the Microfcopcal appearance will more plainly manifeft,which ex-
hibits,inthe third Figure of the ^.Scheme^ a conical body, divided into
fourteen feveral partitions,being the appearance of fo many feveral (hels,
or fhields that cover the whole body, every of thefc (hells are again co-
ver'd or tiled over with a multitude of thin tranfparent fcales, which,
from the multiplicity of their reflecting furfaces3make the whole Animal
appear of a perfect Pearl-coloui*.

Which

Ji hath not

MlCROGRAPHlA. 20,9

Whichjby the way,may hint us the reafon of that fo much admired ap-1
pearance of thofe fo highly eftecm'd bodies, as alfo of the like in mother
of Pearl-fbells, and in multitudes of other fhclly Sea-fubfrances j for they
each of them confining of an infinite number of very thin lhells or la- *
- minated orbiculations, caufc fuch multitudes of reflections, that the com-
petitions of them together with the reflections of others that are lb thin
as to afford colours (of which I eliewhere give the reafon) gives a ve-
ry pleafant reflection of light. And that this is the truccaufe/eems likely,
firft, becaufe all thofe fo appearing bodies are compounded of multitudes
of plated fubftances. And next tha't,by ordering any traiparent fubftance
after this manner,the like Thtinomena may be produe'd this will be made
very obvious by the blowing of Glafs into exceeding thin (hells, and
then breaking them into fcales,which any lamp-worker will prefently do$
for a goodquantity of thefe fcales,laid in a heap together,have much the
fame refemblance of Pearls. Another way, not lefs inftructive and plea-
fant, is a way which I have feveral times done, which is by working and
toliing,as 'twere, a parcel of pure cryftalline glafs whilft it is kept glowing
hot in the blown flame of a Lamp, for,by that means,that purely tranfpa-
rent body will be Co divided into an infinite number of plates, or fmall
firings, with interpos'd aerial plates and fibres, that from the multiplicity
of the reflections from each of thofe internal furfaces, it may be drawn
out into curious Pearl-like or Silver wire, which though fmall, will yet
be opacous1} the fame thing I have done, with a compofition of red Colo-
phon and Turpentine, and a little Bee s Wax, and may be done likewife
with Birdlime, and fuch like glutinous and tranfparent bodies : But tore-
turn to our defcription.

The fmall blunt head of this Infect was furnifh'd on either fide of it
with a clufter of eyes, each of which feem'd to contain but a very few, in
comparifon of what I had obferv'd the clutters of other Infects to abound
with j each of thefe clufters were befet with a row of fmall brifles, much
like the cilia or hairs on the eye-lids, and, perhaps, they ferv'd for the
fame purpofe. It had two long horns before, which were ftreighr, and
tapering towards the top, curioufly ring'd or knobb'd., and brilled. much
like theMarfh Weed, call'd Horfe-tail, or Cats-tail, having at each knot
a fring'd Girdle,as I may fo call it, of fmaller hairs, and feveral bigger and
larger brifles,here and there difpers'd among them : befides thefe, it had
two fhorter horns, or feelers, which were knotted and fring'd, juffc as the
former, but wanted brifles, and were blunt at the ends 5 the.hinder jpart
of the creature was terminated with three tails, in every par.trctilar.re-
fembling the two longer horns that grew out of the head : The leggs of
it were fcal'd and hair'd much like the reft, but are notexprefs'd ifi this
Figure, the Moth being intangled all in Glew, and fo the leggs. of this
appear'd not through the Glafs which looked perpendicularly upon
the back.

This Animal probably feeds upon the Paper and covers of Books., and
perforates in them feveral fmall round holes, finding, perhaps, a conve-
nient nourifhment in thofe hufks of Hemp and Flax, which have pafs'd

F f through

MlCROGRAPHIA.

through fo many fcourings, wafhings^drcftings and dryings," as the parts
of old Paper muff necefiarily have (afford; the digeftivefaculty,it feems.,
of thefe little creatures being able yet further to work uponthofe ftub-
born parts, and reduce them into another for©.

And indeed, when Iconfider what a heap of Saw-duft or chips thii
little creature (which is one of the teeth ol Time) conveys into its in-
trals. I cannot chufe but remember and admire the excellent contrivance
of Nature, in placing in Animals luch a fire, as is continually nourilhed and
fupply'd by the materials convcy'd into the ftomach., and fomented by the
bellows of the lungs } and in fo contriving the moft admirable fabrick of
Animals, as to make the very (pending and wafting of that fire, to be
inft rumental to the procuring and collecting more materials to augment
and cherilh it felt, which indeed feeirs to be the principal end of all the
contrivances obfervabie in bruit Animals.

Obfcrv. LI 1 1. 0/aFlea.

'"pHe ftrength and beauty of this fmall creature, had it no other rela-
tion at all to man, would deferve a defcription.

For its ftrength, the Microfcope is able to make no greater difcoveries
of it then the naked eye, but onely the curious contrivance of its leggs
and joints, for the exerting that ftrength,is very plainly manifefted, fuch
as no other creature, I have yet obferv'd, has any thing like it 5 for the
joints of it are lb adapted,that he canvas 'twere,fold them fliort one with-
in another.and wddenly ftretch,or fpring them out to their whole length,
that is, of the fore-leggs, the part A, of the 34. Scheme, lies within B,
and B within C, parallel to, or fide by fide each other, but the parts
of the two next, lie quite contrary, that is, D without E, and E with-
out F, but parallel alfo } but the parts of the hinder leggs, G, H and I,
bend one within another, like the parts of a double jointed Ruler, or
like the foot, legg and thigh of a man 5 thefe fix leggs he ditches up al-
together, and when he leaps, fpi ings them all out, and thereby exerts
his whole ftrength at once.

But, as for the beauty of it, the Microfcope manifefts it to be all over
adorn'dwitha curioully polifh'd tint of fable Armour, neatly joiated,
and befet with multitudes of (harp pinns, fhap'd almoft like Porcupines
Quills, or bright conical Steel-bodkins 5 the head is on either fide beau-
tify'd with a quick and round black eye K, behind each of which alfo
appears a fmall cavity, L, in which he feems to move to and fro a cer-
tain thin film befet'with many fmall tranfparent hairs, which probably may
be his ears 3 in the forepart of his head, between the two forc-legg$, he
has two fmall long jointed feelers, or rather fmellers, M M, which have
four joints,and are hairy, like thole of feveral other creatures , between
thefe, it has a fmall probofek^ox probe^ NNO, that feems to confift of a

tubea

jM. icrographi a*

1 ube N N, and a tongue or fucker O, which I have perceiv'd him to flip
in and out. Bcfidcs thefe, it has alfo two chaps or biters P P, which arc
fomcwhat like thofe of an Ant , but I could not perceive them tooth'd $
thefe were fhap'd very like the blades of a pair of round top'd Scizers,
and were opened and lhut juft after the dime manner 5 with thefe Inftru-
ments does this little bufie Creature bite and pierce the (kin . and fuck
out the blood of an Animal ..leaving the hkin inflamed with a fmall round
redlpot. Thefe parts are very difficult to be difcovered, becaufe, for
the molt part, they lye covered between the fore-legs. 1 here arc many
other particulars, which, being more obvious, and affording no great
matter of information , I lhall pals by , and refer the Reader to the Fi-
gure.

Obferv. L I V. Of a Loufe.

THis is a Creature fo officious , that 'twill be known to every one at
one time ©r other, fo bufie, and fo impudent, that it will be intru-
ding it lelf in every ones company, and fo proud and afpiring withall,
that it fears not to trample on the beft, and affects nothing fo much as a
Crown 3 feeds and lives very high, and that makes it fofaucy, as to pull
any one by the ears that comes in its way, and will never be quiet till it
has drawn blood : it is troubled at nothing fo much as at a man that
lcratches his head, as knowing that man is plotting and contriving fbrne
mifchief againft it, and that makes it oftentime fculk into fome meaner
and lower place, and run behind a mans back, though it go very much
againft the hair , which ill conditions of it having made it better known
thentrufted, would exempt me from making any further defcription of
it, did not my faithful Mercury, my Aticrofcopc i bring me other infor-
mation of it. For this has difcovered to me, by means of a very bright
light caft on it, that it is a Creature of a very odd fhape j it has a head
(hap'd like that expreft in ^.Scheme marked with A, which feems al-
moft Conical, but is a little flatted on the upper and under fides, at the
biggeft part of which, on either fide behind the head ( as it were, be-
ing the place where other Creatures ears ftand) are placed its two black
fhining goggle eyes BB, looking backward?, and fenced round with fe-
veral fmall cilia or hairs that incompafs it,fo that it feems this Creature
has no very good forefight : It does not feem to have any eye-lids , and
therefore perhaps its eyes were lb placed, that it might the better cleanfe
them with its fore-legs 5 a*nd perhaps this may be the realbn, why they
ib much avoid and run from the light behind them , for being made to
live in the fhady and dark recefles of the hair, and thence probably their
eye having a great aperture, the open and clear light, efpecially that
of the Sun, niuft needs very much offend them 3 to fecure thefe eyes
from receiving any injury from the hairs through which it pafles , it has

F f 2 two

212 MiCROGRAPHIAv ^

two horns that grow before it, in the place where one would hive
thought the eyes ftiould be } each of theleCC hath four joynts, which
are fringed, as 'twere, with fmall brillcs, from which to the tip o^its
fnout D, the head feems very round and tapering, ending in a vdry
(harp nofe D, which feems to have a fmall hole, and to be the paffage
through w hich he fucks the blood. Now whereas if it be plac'd on its
back, with its belly upwards, as it is in the 3 5. Scheme, it feems in feve-
ral Pofitions to have a refemblance of chaps, or jaws, as is represented
in the Figure by E E, yet in other poftures thofe dark ftrokes dilappear 5
and having kept feveral of them in a box for two or three dayes_, to that
for all that time they had nothing to feed on, I found, upon letting one
creep on my hand, that it immediately fell to fucking, and did neither
feem to thruft its nofe very deep into the fkin, nor to open any kind of
mouth, but I could plainly perceive a fmall current of bloody which
came directly from its fnout, and paft into its belly 5 and about A there
feem'd a contrivance, fomewhat refembling a Pump, pair of Bellows, or
Heart, for by a very fwift jjjiole and diaftole the blood feem'd drawn
from the nofe, and forced into the body. It did not feem at all,though
I viewed it a good while as it was fucking, to thruft more of its nofe in-
to the fkin then the very fnout D, nor did it caufe the leaft difcernable
pain, and yet the blood feem'd to run through its head very quick and
freely, fo that it feems there is no part of the fkin but the blood is di-
fpers'd into, nay, even into the cuticula 5 for had it thruft its whole nofe
in from D to C C, it would not have amounted to the fuppofed thick-
nefs of that tegument length of the nofe being not more then a three
hundredth part of an inch. It has fix legs, covered with a very tranfpa-
rent fhell , and joynted exafrly like a Crab's , or Lobfter's each leg is
divided into fix parts by thefe joynts , and thofe have here and there
feveral fmall hairs 5 and at the end of each leg it has two claws, very
properly adapted for its peculiar ufe^ being thereby inabled to walk
very fecurely both on the fkin and hair , and indeed this contrivance of
the feet is very curious, and could not be made more commodioufly and
compendioufly, for performing both thefe requifite motions, of walking
and climbing up the hair of a mans head, then it is : for, by having the
t letter claw (a ) fet fo much fhort of the bigger (b) when it walk* on
the fkin the fhorter touches not, and then the feet are the fame with
thofe of a Mite, and feveral other fmall Infe&s, but by means of the
fmall joynts of the longer claw it can bend it round, andfo with both
claws take hold of a hair, in the manner reprefented in the Figure, the
long tranfparent Cylinder F F F, being a Man's hair held by it.

The Thorax feem'd cas'd with another kind of fubftanee then the bel-
ly, namely, with a thin tranfparent horny fubftanee, which upon the
fafting of the Creature did not grow flaccid } through this I could plain-
ly fee the blood, fuck'd from my hand, to be varioufly diftributed, and
mov'd to and fro} and about G there feem'd a pretty big white fub-
ftanee, which feem'd to be moved within its thorax 5 befides, there ap-
pear'd very many fmall milk-white veflels., which croft over the breaft

between

I

Ml CROGRAPHIA. 21%

between the legs, out of which, on either fide, were many fmallbran-
chings,thcfe feem d to be the veins and artcries,for that which is analogus
to blood in all Infects is milk-white.

The belly is covered with a tranfparent fubftance likewile, but more
refembling a fkin then a fhell , for 'tisgrain'd allovcrthc belly juftlike
the skin in the palms of a man's hand, and when the belly is empty ,grows
very flaccid and wrinkled} at the upper end of this is placed dhe fto-
mach H H,and perhaps alfo the white fpot 1 1 may be the liver.or fancreat^
Which:by the perifialtick^ motion of the guts, is a little mov'd to and fro,
not with z fyjiole and diafiole, but rather with a thronging ox juftling
motion. Viewing one of thefe Creatures, after it had failed two dayes,
all the hinder part was lank and flaccid , and the white fpot I I hardly
mov'd, moftof the white branchings difappcar'd , and moft alfo of the
rednels or fucked blood in the guts, the perifialtii\ motion of which
was fcai ce difcei nable } but upon the fuflering it to fuck , it prelently
fill'd the ikin of the belly, and of the fix fcolop'd embofments on either
iide, as full as it could be ftuft '■> the ftomach and guts were as full as
they could hold 5 the pcrij}altu\ motion of the gut grew quick,and the
juftling motion of 1 1 accordingly 3 multitudes of milk-white veflels
ieem'd quickly filled, and turgid, which were perhaps the veins and ar-
teries, and the Creature was fo greedy, that though it could not contain
more, yet it continued fucking as fail: as ever, and as faft emptying it felf
behind: the digeftion of this Creature muft needs be very quick, for
though I perceiv'd the blood thicker and blacker when fuck'd , yet3
when in the guts, it was of a very lovely ruby colour, and that part of
it, which was digefted into the veins, feemed white} whence it appears,
that a further digeftion of blood may make it milk, at leaft of a refem-
bling colour : What is elfe obfervable in the figure of this Creature, may
be feen by the 3 5. Scheme.

Obferv. LV. Of Mites.

THe leaft of Reptiksl have hitherto met with, is a Mite, a Creature
whereof there are fome fo very Imall , that the fharpeft fight, un-
affifted with Glafles, is not able to dilcern them, though, being white of

therdelves, they move on a black and fmooth furface^ and the Eggs, </5W»* ?9f

out of which thefe Creatures feem to be hatch'd, are yet fmaller, thofe ,,^//?<'»v S°fn'A

being umally not above a four or five hundredth part of a well grown ,;, jn Ju t>i // */j M

Mite, and thofe well grown Mites not much above one hundredth (fit-.'t O/a <wj£|

of an inch in thickneis } fo that according to this reckoning there maybe <-,;•<* o/fs» c^fM

no lefs then a million of well grown Mites contain'd in a cubick inch, and 6* ^ t, ^ j,icn, <,i
five hundred times as many Eggs. — //„ n0 a> » « ^ -V- -

Notwithftanding which minuteftefs a good Mcrofcope difcovers thofe //£>/«• f k* tfto <jt

fmall movable fpecks to be very prettily fihapd Infects, each of them fur- of-#K

nifh'cf

Cot t to t% f.^J<*«.

214 • MlCROGRAPHl A.

nifh'd with eight well fhap'd and proportion'd legs, which are each of
them joyntcd or bendable in eight feveral places,, or joynts, each of
which is covered, for thcmoft part, with a very tranfparent (hell, and
the lower end of the (hell of each joynt is fringed with feveral fmall
hairs } the contrivance of the joynts Teems the very fame with that of
Crabs and Lobfters legs, and like thofe alfo, they are each of them ter-
minated with a very fharp claw or point 5 four of thefe legs are fo pla-
ced, that they feem to draw forwards, the other four are placed in a
quite contrary pofition 9 thereby to keep the body backwards when
f here is occafion.

rig. 1. The body, as in other larger Infects , confifts of three regions or
uhcm,}6. parts- the hinder or belly A, fecms covered with one intire (hell , the
middle, or cheft, feems divided into two (hells B C. which running one
within the other, the Mite is able to fhrink in and thruft out as it finds
occafion, as it can alfo the fnout D. The whole body is pretty tranfpa-
rent, fo that being look'd on againft the light, divers motions within its
body may be perceived 5 as alfo all the parts are much more plainly de-
Jineable, then in other poftures, to the light. The (hell, efpecially that
which covers the back, is curioufly pblifht, fo that 'tis eafie to fee$ as in a
convex , Looking-glafs, or foliated Glafs-ball, the picture of all the ob-
jects round about 5 up and down, in feveral parts of its body, it has fe-
veral fmall long white hairs growing out of its (hell , which are often
longer then the whole body, and are reprefented too fhort in the firft
and fecond Figures 5 they feem all pretty ftraight and plyable, (a ve only
two upon the fore- part of its body, which feem to be the horns, as may
be feen in the Figures 5 the firft whereof is a profpect of a fmaller fort of
Mites ( which are ufually more plump ) as it was pajjant to and fro 5 the
fecond is the profpect of one fixt on its tail ( by means of a little mouth-
glew rub'd on the object plate) exhibiting the manner of the growing of
the legs, together with their feveral joynts.

This Creature is very much diverfify'd in fhape, colour, and divers
other properties, according to the nature of the fubftance out of which
it feems to be ingendred and nouri(hed,being in one fubftance more long,
in another more round, in (bme more hairy, in others more fmooth, in
this nimble, in that (low, here pale and whiter, there browner, blacker,
more tranfparent, &c; I have obferved it to be refident almofton all
kinds of fubftances that are mouldy, or putrifying, and have feen it very
nimbly mefhing through the thickets of mould, and fometimes to lye
dormant underneath them 5 and 'tis not unlikely: but that it may feed on
that vegetating fubftance , Spontaneous Vegetables feeming a food proper
enough for spontaneous Animals ,

But whether indeed this Creature, or any other, be fuch or not, lean-
not pofitively, from any Experiment, or Obfervation, I have yet made,
determine. But,as I formerly hinted, it feems probable, that fome kind
of wandring Mite may fow, as 'twere, the firft feeds, or lay the firft eggs,
in thofe places , which Nature has inftrudred them to know convenient
for the hatching and nourifhing their young and though perhaps the

prime

MlCROGRAPHlA.

prime Parent might be of a ihape very differing from what the off-
ering, after a little while, by reafon of the fubftance they feed on, or
the Region (as 'twere) they inhabited yet perhaps even one of thefe
alter' d progeny, wandering again from its native foil, and lighting on by
chance the lame place from whence its prime Parent came, and there fet-
tling, and planting, may produce a generation of Mites of the fame
jfhapes and properties with the fid t wandring Mite : And from fome fucll
accidents as thefe, I am very apt to think, the mod forts of Animals, ge-
nerally accounted Jpontaneous , have their origination , and all thofe va-
rious forts of Mites, that are to be met with up and down in divers pu-
trifyingfubfhnces, may perhaps be all of the lame kind, and have fprung
from one and the fame fort of Mites at the firfh

Oblerv. LVI. Of a [mall Creature batch 'd on a Vine.

THere is, almoft all the Spring and Summer time, a certain finally
round, white Cobweb, as 'twere, about the bignefsof a Pea,which
flicks very clofe and fall: to the ftocks of Vines nay I'd againff. a warm
wall : being attentively viewed,they leem cover d, upon the upper fide
of them, with a fmall husk, not unlike the fcale, or fhellof a Wood-
loufe, or Hog-loufe 5 a fmall Infect ufually found about rotten wood,
which upon touching prefently rouls it felf into the form of a pepper-
corn : Separating feveral of thefe from the ftock , I found them, with
my JlficroJiopc} to confift of a fliell, which now feemed more likely to be
the hulk of one of thefe Infedts .• And the fur feem'd a kind of cobweb,
confifting of abundance of fmall filaments, or fleaves of cobwebs. In
the midft of this, if they were not hatch'd,and run away before, the time
of which hatching was ufually about the latter end of June, or begin-
ning of July , I have often found abundance of fmall brown Eggs, fuch
as A and B in the fecond Figure of the 36. Scheme, much about the big-
nefs of Mites Eggs , and at other times, multitudes of fmall Infects , fha-
ped exactly like that in the third Figure marked with X. Its head large,
almoft half the bignefs of its body , which is ufual in the foetus of moft
Creatures. It had two fmall black eyes aa? and two fmall long joynted
and brifled horns: b h. The hinder part of its body feem'd1 to confift of
nine fcales, and the laft ended in a forked tayl , much like that of a Cu-
tiOj or Wood-loufe, out of which grew two long hairs 5 they ran to
and fro very fwiftly, and were much of the bignefs of a Common Mite,
but fome of them lefs : The longeft of them feem'd not the hundredth
part of an inch , and the Eggs ufually not above half as much. They
feemed to have fix legs, which were not vifible in this I have here define
ated, by reafon they were drawn under its body.
If thefe Minute creatures were Wood-lice(as indeed from their own fhape
and frame, the fkin,or fhell3that grows on them,one may with great pro-
bability

MlCROGRAHPIA.

bability ghefsj it'arTords us an Infrance, whereof perhaps there are not
many like in Nature,and that is,of the prodigious increafe of thele Crea-
tures,after they are hatch'd and run about ifor a common Wood-loufe,of
about half an inch long, is no lefs then a hundred and twenty five thou-
fand times bigger then one of thefe, which though indeed it teems very
ftrange, yet 1 have obferved the young ones of fome Spiders have almoft
kept the fame proportion to their Dam.

This, methinks, if it be fo, does in the next place hint a Qua?ry, which
may perhaps deferve a little further examination : And that is, Whether
there be not many of thofe minute Creatures,fuch as Mites, and the like,
which, though they are commonly thought of otherwife , are only the
pul/y, or young ones, of much bigger Infects, and not the generating,
or parent Infect, that has layd thofe Eggs 5 for having many times ob-
ferv'd thofe Eggs, which ufually are found in great abundance where
Mites are found , it feems fomething ftrange , that fo fmall an Animal
fliould have an Egg fo big in proportion to its body. Though on the
other fide, I muft confefs, that having kept divers of thofe Mites inclofed
in a box for a good while, I did not find them very much augmented be-
yond their ufual bignefs.

What the husk and cobweb of this little white fubftance fhould be, I
cannot imagine, unlefs it be, that the old one, when impregnated with
Eggs, fliould there ftay, and fix it felf on the Vine, and dye, and all the
body by degrees fliould rot, faveonly the husk, and the Eggs in the bo-
dy : And the heat, or fire, as it were, of the approaching Sun-beams
fliould vivifie thofe Relicts of the corrupted Parent , and out of the
allies, as 'twere, ( as it is fabled of the Thmnix ) fliould raile a new off-
spring for the perpetuation of the fpecies. Nor will the cobweb , as it
were, in which thefe Eggs are inclos'd, make much againft this Con je-
6hire } for we may, by thofe cobwebs that are carried up and down the
Air after a Fog (which with my Microfcope I have difcovered to be made
up of an infinite company of fmall filaments or threads) learn, that
fuch a texture of body may be otherwife made then by the fpinning of
a Worm.

Obferv. LVII. Of the Kds in Vinegar.

OF thefe fmall Eels, which are to be found in divers forts of Vine-
gar, I have little to add befides their Picture, which you may
find drawn in the third Figure of the 2 5. Scheme : That is, they were
fhaped much like an Eel, faveonly that their nofe A, ( which was a lit-
tle more opacous then the reft of their body ) was a little (harper, and
longer, in proportion to their body, and the wrigling motion of their
body feem'd to be onely upwards and downwards , whereas that of
Eels is onely fide wayes : 1 hey feem'd to have a more opacous part

about

MlCROGRAPHlA.

about B, which might, perhaps, be their Cills^ it Teeming always theiame
proportionate diftant from their nole, from which, to the tip of their
taiJ,C, their body feem'd to taper*

Taking feveral ofthefe out of their Pond of Vinegar, by the net of a
(mall piece of filtring Paper, and laying them on a black fmooth date
plate, I found that they could wriggle and winde their body, as much
almofc as a Snake, which made me doubt, whether they were a kind of
Eal or Leech.

I (hall add no other obfei vat ions made on this minute Animal, being
prevented herein by many excellent ones already publifli'd by the inge-
nious, Doctor Power, among his Microfcopical Oblervations, fave onely
that a quantity of Vinegar repleat with them being included in a fmall
Viol, and ftop'd very clofe from the ambient air, all the included Worms
in a very (hort time died, as if they had been ffifled.

And that their motion feems (contrary to what we may obferve in the
motion of all other Infe&s) exceeding (low. But the reafon of it feems
plain, for being to move to aad fro after that manner which they do, by
waving onely, or wrigling their body 5 the tenacity, or glutinoufne^
and the denfity or refinance of the fluid medium becomes lb exceeding
fcnfible to their extremely minute bodies,that it is to me indeed a greater
wonder that they move them ib faft: as they do,then that they move them
no fafter. For what a vaftly greater proportion have they of their fuper-
ficies to their bulk, then Eels or other larger Fifhes, and next, the tena-
city and denfity of the liquor being much the fame to be moved,both by
the one and the other, the refiftance or impediment thence arifing to
the motions made through it, miift be almoft infinitely greater to the
fmall one then to the great. This we find experimentally verify 'd in the
Air, which though a medium a thoufand times more rarify d then the wa-
ter,the refiftance of it to motions made through it,is yetfo fenfible to ve-
ry minute bodies,that a Down-feather(the lealt of whole parts feem yet
bigger then thefe Eels, and many of them almoft incomparably bigger,
fuch as the quill and ftalk) is fufpended by it, and carried to and fro as if
it had no weight.

Obferv. L V 1 1 1. Of a new Property in the Air, and fever at other
tranfparent Mediums narrid Inflexion, whereby very many con-*
fiderable Phenomena are attempted to be folvdy and divers other
ufes are hinted.

Since the Invention (and perfecting in forne meafure) oiTelefcopes, it has
been obferv d by feveral, that the Sun and Moon neer the Horizon,
are disfigur d ( lofing that exa&Jy-lmooth terminating circular limb,
which they are obferv'd to have when fituated neerer the Zenith) and
are bounded with an edge every way (efpecially upon the right and left

G g fides)

MlCROGRAP HI A.

fides) ragged and indented like a Saw : which inequality of their limbs, I
have farther obferv d, not to remain always the lame, but to be conti-
nually chang'd by a kind of fluctuating motion, not unlike that of the
waves of the Sea-, fo as that part of the limb, which was but even now
nick'd or indented in, is now protuberant, and will prefently be finking
again 5 neither is this alfbut the whole body of the Luminaries, do in the
Tele/cope, feem to bedeprefs'd and flatted, theupper,and more elpecially
the under lide appearing neerer to the middle then really they are,and the
right and left appearing more remote:whence the whole ^re/ifeems to be
terminated by a kind of Oval.Tt is further obferv Jd .that the body,for the
moft part, appears red, or of fome colour approaching neer unto it, as
fome kind of yellow 5 and this I have always mark d, that the mere the
limb is flatted or ovalled,the more red does the body appear, though not
always the contrary. It is further obfervablc, that both fix'd Stars and
Planets, the neerer they appear to the Horizon, the more red and dull
they look, and the more they are obferv'd to twinkle } in fo much, that
I have feen the Dog-ftarr to vibrate fo ftrong and bright a radiation of
light, as almoft to dazle my eyes, and prefently, almoft to difappear.
It is alfo obfervable, that thofe bright fcintillations neer the Horizon, are
not by much fo quick and fiidden in their confecutions of one another, as
the nimbler twinklings of Stars neerer the Zenith. This is alfo notable,
that the Starrs neer the Horizon, are twinkled with feveral colours 5 fo as
fometimes to appear red,fometimes more yellow,and fometimes blue,and
this when the Starr is a pretty way elevated above the Horizon. I have
further, very often feen fome of the fmall Starrs of the fifth or fixth ma-
gnitude, at certain times to difappear for a (mall moment of time, and
again appear more confpicuous, and with a greater lufter. I have feveral
times,withmy naked eye, feen many fmaller Starrs, fuch as maybecall'd
of the feventh or eighth magnitude to appear for a fhort fpace, and then
vanifh, which, by directing a fmall Tekfeope towards that part they ap-
pear'd pnd difappeard in ^ I could prefently find to be indeed fmall Starrs
fo fituate;as I had feen them with my naked eye, and to appear twinkling
like the ordinary vifible Stars 5 nay, in examining fome very notable parts'
of the Heaven,with a three foot Tube , me thought I now and then, in
feveral parts of the conftellation, could perceive little twinklings of
Starrs, making a very fhort kind of apparition,and prefently vanifhing,
but noting diligently the places where they thus feem'd to pla.y at boe-
peep, I made ufe of a very good twelve foot Tube, and with that it was
not uneafie to fee thofe, and fe veral other degrees of fmaller Starrs, and
fome fmaller yet, that feem'd again to appear and difappear, and thefe
alfo by giving the fame Object-glafs a much bigger aperture, I could
plainly and conftantly fee appear in their former places 5 fo that I have
obferv'd fome twelve feveral magnitudes of Starrs lefs then thofe of the
fix magnitudes commonly recounted in the Globes.

It has been obferv'd and confirm'd by the accurateft Obfervati-
onsof the beftof our modern Aftronomers, that all the Luminous bodies
appear above the Horizon, when they really are be-low it. So that the

Sun

218

Micrograph! a*

Sun and Moon have both been feen above the Horizon, whil'ft theMoofi
has been in an Eclipfc. I (hall not here inftance in the great refractions*
that the tops of high mountains, feen at a diftance, have been found to
have $ all which feem to argue the Horizontal refraction, much greater
then it is hitherto generally belicv'd.

I have further taken notice, that not onely the Sun, Moon artd Starrs,
and high tops of mountains have fuffer'd thefe kinds of refraction, but
Trees, and feveral bright Objects on the ground : I have often taken no-
tice of the twinkling of the reflections of the Sun from a Glafs-windovv
at a good diftance, and of a Candle in the night, but that is not fbcon-
fpicuous.and in obferving the fettingSun,I have often taken notice of the
tremulation of the Trees and Bufhes, as well as of the edges of the Sun.
Divers of thefe Thdwomena have been taken notice of by feveral, who
have given feveral reafbns of them: but I have not yet met with any alto-
gether fatisfactory, though fome of their conjectures have been partly
true,but parly alio falfe.bctting my felf therfore upon the inquiry of thefe
Thwomena, I firft endeavour'd to be very diligent in taking notice of
the feveral particulars and circumftances obfervable in them ; and next,
in making divers particular Experiments, that might cleer fbme doubts,
and lerve to determine, confirm, and illuftrate the true and adequate
caufe of each 5 and upon the whole, I find much reafon to think, that
the true caufe of all thefe Vhaenomena is from the ixfle&ion, or multi-
plicate refia&ion of thofe Rays of light within the body of the Atmojphere^
and that it does not proceed from a refiatlion caus'd by any terminating
fuperficies of the Air above, nor from any fuch exactly defin'd fuperficies
within the body of the Atmofphere.

This Conclusion is grounded upon thefe two Propofitions :
Firft, that a medium, whofe parts are unequally denfe, and mov'd by
various motions and tranfpofitions as to one another, will produce all
thefe vifible effects upon the Rays of light, without any other coefficient
caufe.

Secondly, that there is in the Air or Atmofphere, fuch a variety in the
conftituent parts of it, both as to their density and rarity ', and as totheir
divers mutations and pofitions one to another.

By Dexfity and Rarity, Iunderftanda property of atranfparent body,
that does either more or lefs refract a Ray of light (coming obliquely
upon its fuperficies out of a third medium) toward its perpendicular : As
I call Glafs a more denfc body then Water, and Water a more rare body
then Glafs. becaufe of the refractions (more or lefs deflecting towards the
perpendicular) that are made in«them,of a Ray of light out of the Air
that has the fame inclination upon either of their fuperficies.

So as to the bufinefs of Refraction, fpirit of Wine is a more denfi body
then Water,it having been found by an accurate Inftrument that meafures
the angles of Refractions to Minutes that for the fame refracted angle of
30 •• 00' in both thofe Mediums, the angle of incidence in Water was
but 410. 3*5. but the angle of the incidence in the trial with fpirit of
Wine was 42°.* 45'* But as to gravity, Water is a more denfe body then

G g 2 fpirit

220 MiCROGRAPHIA.

fpirit of Wine, for the proportion of the lame Water, to the lame very
well re&ityd fpirit of Wine was, as 21. to 19.

So as to Retradiion, Water is more Denfe then Ice 5 fori have found
by a molt certain Experiment, which I exhibited before divers illuftrious
Perlbns of the Royal Society, that the Refraction of Water was greater
then that of Ice, though fome considerable Authors have affirm'd the con-
trary, and though the Ice be a very hard, and the Water a very fluid
body.

That the former of the two preceding Propositions is true,may be ma-
nifested by feveral Experiments:As firSf jf you take any two liquors differ-
ing from one another in denfity,but yet fuch as will readily mixras SaltWa-
ter,or Brine,& Frelf^almoSt any kind of Salt diflolv'd in Water,and filtra-
ted, fo that it be cleer,fpirit of Wine and Water j nay, fpirit of Wine,and
fpirit of Wine, one more highly rectify 'd then the other, and very many
other liquors 5 if(I fay) you take any two of thefe liquors, and mixing
them in a Glafs Viol, againft one fide of which you have fix'd or glued a
fmall round piece of Paper, and Shaking them well together (fo that the
parts of them may be fomewhat difturb'd and move up and downjyou
endeavour to fee that round piece of Paper through the body of the li-
quors 5 you Shall plainly perceive the Figure to wave, and to be indented
much after the fame manner as the limb of the Sun through a lelefcopc
feemsto be,lave onely that the mutations here,are much quicker. And ii\
in Steed of this bigger Circle, you take a very fmall fpot, and faften and
view it as the former, you will find it to appear much like the twinkling
of the Starrs, though much quicker : which two Phenomena (for I (hall
take notice of no more at prefent, though I could inftance in multitudes
of others) muft neceflarily be caus d by an inflection of the Rays within
the terminating Superficies of the compounded medium, Since the furfaces
of the tranfparent body through which the Rays pafs to the eye, are not
at all altered or chang'd.

This inflexion (if I may lb call it) I imagine to be nothing elSe, but a
multiphcate refraction, caufed by the unequal denjity of the constituent
parts of the medium , whereby the motion, action or progrelsof the Ray
of light is hindred from proceeding in a Streight line, ana* inflected orde-
fle&edby a curve. Now, that it is a curve line is manifeft by this Expe-
riment : I took a Box,fuch as A D G E, in the firft figure of the 3 j .Scheme,
whofe fides A B C D, and E F G H, were made of two Smooth flat
plates of Glals, then rilling it half full with a very Strong folution of
Salt, I filled the other half with very fair freSh water, then expofing
the opacous fide, D H G C, to the Sun, I obferv'd both the refraction and
inflection of the Sun beams,l D & K H, and marking as exactly as I could,
the points, P, N, O, M, by which the Ray, K H, palled through the com-
pounded medium, I found them to be in a curve line 5 for the parts of the
medium being continually more denSe the neerer they were to the bot-
tom, the Ray p f was continually more and more deflected downwards
from the {freight line.

This Inflection may be mechanically explained., either by Monfieur

Des

MlCROGRAPHlA.

Des Cartes principles,by conce iving the Globuls of the third Element to
find lefs and lefs refinance jgainft that fide of them which is downwards.,
or by a way, which I have further explicated in the Inquifition about Co-
lours, to be from anobliquation of the pulfcof light, whence the ruder
part is continually promoted, and confequently refracted towards the
perpendicular, which cuts the Orbs at right angles. What the particu-
lar Figure of the Curve Hmt deferib'd by this way of light, is, I mail not
now frand to examine, efpceially fince there may be fo many forts of it as
there may be varieties of the Portions of the intermcdiat degrees of clek-
jlty and rarity between the bottom and the top of the inflecting Medium.

I could produce many more Examples and Experiments, to illufrrat£
and prove this firlt Propofition, viz. that there is fuch a conftitution of
fome bodies as will caule inflexion. As not to mention thofc I have ob-
iervd \x\Horn^ Tortoije-fl.ic//, travfparetit Gums, and refinous Subjlances ;
The veins of Glals, nay, of melted Cryjial^ found, and much complained
of by Glals-grinders, and others, might fufficiently demonftrate the
truth of it to any diligent Obfervator.

But that, I prefumc, I have by this Example given proof fufficient
(viz,, ocular demonstration*) to evince, that there is fuch a modulation,
or bending of the rayes of light , as I have oall'd inflettion^ differing
both from reflection, and refr§£tion (fince they are both made in the fu-
perficies, this only in the middle ) ; and likewife, that this is able or fuf-
ficient to produce the effe£rs I have alcribedto it.

It remains theiefore to fhew , that there is fuch a property in the Air3
and that it is fufficient to produce all the above mentioned Thanomena^
and therefore may be the principal, if not the onlycaufe of them.

Firft, That there is fuch a property, may be proved from this, that the
parts of the Air are fome of them more condensd., others more rarified,
either by the differing heat, or differing prefliire itfuitains, or by the
fomewhat heterogeneous vapours interfpers'd through it. For as the Air
is more or lefs rarified, fo does it more or lefs refract a ray of light ( that
comes out of a denfer medium) from the perpendicular. This you may
find true, if you make tryal of this Experiment.

Take a fmall Glals-bubblc , made in the form of that in the fecond
Figure of the 37. Scheme s and by heating the Glafs very hot, and there-
by very much rarifying the included Air, or, which is better, by rarify-
ing a fmall quantity of water, included in it, into vapours, which will
expel the molt part, if not all the Air , aftd then fealing up the fmall
neck of it, and letting it cool, you may find, if you place it in a conve-
nient Inftrument, that there will be a manifeft difference, as to the refra-
ction.

As if in this fecond Figure you fuppofe A to reprefent a fmall fight or
hole, through which the eye looks upon an object, as C, through the
Glafs-bubble B, and the fecond fight L 5 all which remain exactly fixt
in their feveral places, the object C being fo cized and placed, that it
may juft feemto touch the upper and under edge of the hole L : and
fo all of it be feen through the fmall Glafs-ball of rarified Air 5 then by

breaking

222 MiCROGRAPHi A.

breaking off the fmall feal'd neck of the Bubble ( without at all ftirring
the fights, object, or glafs ) and admitting the external Air, you will
find your fell unable to fee the utmoft ends of the object 5 but the termi-
nating rayes A E and A D ( which were before refracted to G and F
by the rarified Air ) will proceed almoft directly to I and H } which al-
teration of the rayes ( feeing there is no other alteration made in the
Organ by which the Experiment is tryed, fave only the admiffion, or ex*
clufion of the condens d Air ) rauft neceflarily be caufed by the variation
of the medium contain'd in the Glafs B 5 the greatcft difficulty in the ma-
king of which Experiment, is from the uneven furfaces of the bubble,
which will reprefent an uneven image of the object.

Now,that there is fuch a difference of the upper and under parts of the
Air.is clear enough evine'd from the late improvement of the Torricellian
Experiment, which has been tryed at the tops and feet of Mountains 5
and may be further illuftrated , and inquired into, by a means , which
fbme whiles fince I thought of, and us d, for the finding by what degrees
the Air pafies from fuch a degree of Denfity to fuch a degree of Rarity.
And another, for the finding what preffure was requifite to make it pais
from fuch a degree of Rarefaction to a determinate Denfity : Which
Experiments, becaufe they may be ufeful to illuftrate the prefent Inqui-
ry, I (hall briefly defcribc. #

Fig. 3. * t0°k tnen a fma^ Glafs-pipe A B, about the bignels of a Swans quill,
and about four foot long, which was very equally drawn, fo that, as far
as I could perceive, no one part was bigger then another : This Tube
( being open at both ends) I fitted into another fmall Tube D E, that
had a fmall bore juft big enough to contain the fmall Pipe, and this was
feal'd up at one, and open at the other, end 5 about which open end I
faftned a fmall wooden box C with cement, fo that rilling the bigger
Tube, and part of the box, with Quickfilver, I coul4 thruft the fmaller
Tube into it, till it were all covered with the Quickfilver .• Having thus
done, I faftned my bigger Tube againft the fide of a wall , that it might
ftand the fteadier , and plunging the fmall Tube cleer under the Mercu-
ry in the box, I ftopt the upper end of it very faft with cement, then
lifting up the fmall Tube, I drew it up by a fmall pully, and a ftring that
I had faftned to the top of the Room, and found the height of the Mer-
curial Cylinder to be about twenty nine inches.

Then letting down the Tube again, I opened the top, and then thruft
down the fmall Tube, till I perceived the Quickfilver to rife within it to
a mark that I had plac'd juft an inch from the- top^and immediately clap-
ping on a fmall peice of cement that I had kept warm, I with a hot Iron
feal'd up the top very faft, then letting it cool ( that both the cement
might grow hard , and more efpecially 3 that the Air might come to its
temper, natural for the Day I try'd the Experiment in ) I obferv'd dili-
gently, and found the included Air to be exactly an Inch.

Here you are to take notice, that after the Air is feal'd up, the top of
the Tube is not to be elevated above the luperficies of the Quickfilver

in

MlCROGRAPHlA.

in the box, till the furface of that within the Tube be equal to it, for
the Quickfilver ( as I have ehewhere prov d ) being more heterogene-
ous to theGlals then the Air, will not naturally rile upfo high within
thefmaIlPipe,asthefuperficies of the Mercury in the box ij and therefore
you are to obferve , how much below the outward (uperficies of the
Mercury in the box, that of the fame in the Tube does ftand, when the
top being open, free ingr.fs is admitted to the outward Air.

Having thus done, I permitted the Cylinder^ or (mall Pipe, to rile out
of the box, till I found the furface of the Quickfilver in the Pipe to be
two inches above that in the box, and found the Air to have expanded
it felf but one fixteenth part of an inch 5 then drawing up the frriaH
pipe, till I found the height of the Quickfilver within to be four inches
above that without, I observed the Air to be expanded only % of an inch
more then it was at firft , and to take up the room of if inch : then I
raifed the Tube till the Cylinder was fix inches high, and found the Air
to takeiip 1* inches of room in the Pipe $ then to 8, io, 12. &c.
the expanfion of the Air that I found to each of which Cylinders are
fet down in the following Table ; where the firft row fignifies the
height of the Mercurial Cylinder 5 the next, the expanfion of the Air 5
the third, the prefliire of the Atmofphere , or the higheft Cylinder of
Mercury^ which was then necr thirty inches : The laft fignifies the force
of the Air fo expanded , which is found by fubftracting the firft row of
numbers out of the third for having found, that the outward Air would
then keep up the Quickfilver to thirty inches , look whatever of that
height is wanting muft be attributed to theElater of the Air deprefling.
And therefore having the Expanfion in the fecond row,and the height of
the fubjacent Cylinder of Mercury in the firft,' and the greatefb height of
the Cylinder of Mercury^ which of it felf counterbalances the whole
prefliire of \heAtmofyhere 5 by fubftrafting the numbers of the firft row
out of the numbers of the third, you will have the meafure of riie Cylin-
ders fo depreft, and consequently the force of the Air,in the federal Ex-
pa nfions, regiftred.

?3

\

01 -;^2

The

224 Micrograph i a.

The height of the
Cylinder oi'Mer-
£wry,that,together
with the Elater of
the included Air,
ballanced the
preflure of the
Atmofphere.

The Expan-
fion of the
Air.

The height of The ftrength
the Mercury \ of the Elater

that counter-
ballanc'd the
Atmofphere

of the expan-
ded Air.

oo

01

30

30

02

_ _ "i

30

28

04

01-

7

30

26

>

06

*

3°

24

oii

J

30

22

10

oii

tm

30

20

12

J

30

1 0

X4

01 r

30

16

16

02±

30

H

18

02 4

30

12

20

03

3°

10

22

°3i

3°

8

24

30

6

25

30

5

26

o8i

30

4

2%

*9i

30

31

2&-

ioi

30

3r

261.

30

3r

*7

«5r

30

3

I had

MlCROGRAPHlA. 22$

I had feveral other Tables of my Obfervations , and Calculations,
which I then made } but it being above a twelve month fince I made
them and by that means having forgot many circumftances and par-
ticulars , I was refblvcd to make them over once again, which I did
Angttji the fecond 1 66 i. with the very lame. Tube Which I ufed the year
before j when I firft made the Experiment ( for it being a very good
one, I had carefully preferv'd it:) And after having tryed it over and
over again j and being not well fatisfied of fome particulars, I, atlaft,
having put all things in very good order, and being as attentive, and
obfervant, aspollibly 1 could, of every, circumftance requifite to beta-
ken notice of did regiftermy feveral Obfervations in this following
Table. In the making of which, I did not exactly follow the methoa
that I had ufed at firft j but, having lately heard of Mr- Townlys Hypo-
thecs, Ifhap'd my courfein fuch fort, as would be mod convenient for
the examination of that Hypothecs $ the event of which you have in the
latter part of the laft Table.

The other Experiment was, to find what degrees of force were requi-
fite to comprefs, or condenfe, the Air into fuch or fuch a bulk.

The manner of proceeding therein was this : I took a Tube about
five foot long, one of whofe ends was fealed up, and bended in the form
of a Syphon , much like that reprelented in the fourth Figure of the
37. Scheme, one fide whereof A D, that was open at A, was al>out fifty
inches long, the other fide B C, fhutatB, was not much above feven in-
ches long 3 then placing it ex tctly perpendicular , I pour d in a little
Quickfilver, and found that the Air B C was 6% inches, or very near to
feven $ then pouring in Quickfilver at the longer Tube, I continued
filling of it till the Air in the fhorter part of it was contracted into half
the former dimenfions, and found the height exactly nine and twenty in-
ches ■> and by making feveral other try als, in feveral other degrees of
condenfation of the Air, I found them exactly anlwer the former Hypo-
thecs.

But having (by reafbn it was a good while fince I firft made J forgot-
ten many particulars,and being much unfatisfied in others., I made the Ex-
periment over again, and, from the feveral tryals, collected the former
part of the following Table : Where in the row next the left hand 24.
fignifies the dimenfions of the Air., fuftainingonly the prefiure of the At-
mojphere, which at that time was equal to a Cylinder b£ Mercury of nine
and twenty inches ; The next Figure above it (20) was the dimenfi-
ons of the Air induring the firft compreflion, made by a Cylinder di Mer-
cury 56 high, to which theprellurc of the Atwofphere nine artd twenty
inches being added , the elaftick ftrength of the Air fo compreft will be
found 34,*, &c.

H h A

MlCROGRAPHIA.

A Table of the Elaftick, power of the Air,

both Experimentally and Hypothetic ally calculated^
according to its various cDimenfions.

The dimen-

The heiahr

The ~M.pt cu-

The nirri

Whaf'rhev

KJL LUC i'lcl —

rinl 1 vlirinPV \

ll.ll> ^ill/lUU

nr fliftf_

\JL Wl 1 1 1 V -

U1C1UU.CH

dUUCCl ^ CU

1 CI ICC Ul

UC oCCUl —

Air

nUn frnm

fhpfp two

LXXU IV- L W \J

dine ro

nnii'n

former

HIV IV/llXld •

1

Hip rnitw-

111C XXlTllQ-

ihpfii

1

T2

2Q +

7

«^8

^8

2Q +

24-:—
T 6 —

ieiii

14

29 +

20 -~

l6

2fc) t

y T

14 ~
14r — ■

42

42 r-

x8

2Q *

7

2 3

20

29 t

5.i=

34r«

34?

24

29

O

29

29

48

29—

Hf=

Hr

96

29-:

2.2?==

6r

7r

192

20

3.1

3r

384

29 —

27r=

it

a

»3

576

29 —

27r=:

j 1.

•3

768

29 —

28i=.

4

o"i

s

960

°*

1152

29—

*8|*

*3

From

Micrograph! a*

From which Experiments, I think, we may fafely conclude, that the
Elatcr of the Air is reciprocal to its extenfion, or at lcaft very neer. So
that to apply it to our prefent purpofe (which was indeed the chief
caufe of inventing thefe wayes of tryal ) we will fuppofe a Cylinder in-
definitely extended upwards, [I lay a Cylinder, not a piece of a Cone,
becaufe, as I may elfewhere fhew in the Explication of Gravity, that tri-
plicate proportion of the fhels of a Sphere, to their refpective diameters,
I fuppofe to be removed in this cafe by the decreafe of the power of Gra-
vity ] and the preflure of the Air at the bottom of this Cylinder to be
ftrong enough to keep up a Cylinder of Mercftry of thirty inches : Now
becaufe by the moft accurate tryals of the molt illuftrious and incompa-
rable Mr. Boyle, publifhed in his defervedly famous Pneumatick Book,
the weight of Quickfilver, to that of the Air here below, is found neer
about as fourteen thoufand to one: If we fuppofe the parts of the Cy-
linder of the Atmofphere to be every where of an equal denlity, we {hall
( as he there deduces ) find it extended to the height of thirty five
thoufand feet, or feven miles : But becaufe by thefe Experiments we have
fomewhat confirm'd the hypothefis of the reciprocal proportion of the
Elaters to the Extenfions we (hall find, that by fuppofing this Cylinder of
the Atmofphere divided into a thoufand parts, each of which being equi-
valent to thirty five feet, or feven geometrical paces,that is,each of thefe
divifions containing as much Air as is fuppos'd in a Cylinder neer the
earth of equal diameter,and thirty five foot high, we (hall find the lower-
moft toprefs againft the furface of the Earth with the whole weight of
the above mentioned thoufand parts 5 the preflure of the bottom of the
fecond againft the top of the firft to be icoo— — 1 — 999. of the third
againft the fecond to be 1000 — 2 "998. of the fourth againft the third
to be 1000 - 3zzz 9971 of the uppermoft againft the 999. or that next be-
low it, to be icoo — 999—1. fo that the extenfion of the lowermoft
next the Earth, will be to the extenfion of the next below the upper-
moft, as 1. to 999. for as the preflure fuftained by the 999. is to the
preiliire fuftaind by the firft, fb is the extenfion of the firft to the ex-
tenfion of the 999. fb that; from this hypothetical calculation, we (hall
find the Air to be indefinitely extended : For if we fuppofe the whole
thicknefs of the Air to be divided^ as I juft nowinftanced, into a thou-
fand parts, and each of thofe under differing Dimenfions, or Altitudes,
to contain an equairquantity of Air, we (hall find, that the firft Cylinder^
whofe Bafe is fuppofed to lean on the Earth, will be found tobeextcm-
ded 3 5^ foot 5 the fecond equal Divifion, or Cylinder, whofe bafis is
fuppofed to lean on the top of the firft,(hall have its top extended higher
by 35^} the third 35^ 5 the fourth 35^55 and fo onward, each e-
qual quantity of Air having its dimenfions meafured by 35. and fome
additional number expreft alwayes in the manner of a fraction , whofe
numerator is alway the number of the place multipli'd by 35* arid
whofe denominator is alwayes the preflure of the Atntojpherefcftairid by
that «part, fo that by this means we may eafily calculate the height of 999.
divifions of thofe 1000. divifions, I fuppos'd 3 whereas, the uppermoft

H h 2 may

M ICROGRAPHIA.

may extend it felf more then as high again,nay, perhaps indefinitely, or
beyond the Moon 5 for the Elaters and Expansions being in reciprocal
proportions, fince we cannot yet find the plus ultra, beyond which the Air
will not expand it felf, we cannot determine the height of the Air : for
fince, as we have fhewn, the proportion will be alway as the preflure
fuftain'd by any partis to 35. fo 1000. to the expanfion of that part 5
the multiplication or product therefore of the preflure, and expanfion,
that is, of the two extream proportionals, being ajwayes equal to the
producl: of the means, or 35000. it follows, fince that Rectangle or
Product may be made up of the multiplication of infinite diversities of
numbers, that the height of the Air is alio indefinite 5 for fince (as far as
I have yet been able to try) the Air feems capable of an indefinite Ex-
pansion, the preflure may be decreafed in infinitum, and confequently its
expanfion upwards indefinite alio.

There being therefore fuch a difference of denfity, and no Experi-
ment yet known to prove a Saltus, or flapping from one degree of rari-
ty to another much differing from it, that is, that an upper part of the
Air fhould fo much differ from that immediately fubjacent to it, as to
make a diftinct fuperficies, fuch as we obferve between the Air and Wa-
ter, &c. But it being more likely, that there is a continual increafe of
rarity in the parts of the Air, the further they are removed from the
fiirface of the Earth : It will hence neceflarily follow, that ( as in the
Experiment of the fait and frclTi Water ) the ray of Light palling ob-
liquely through the Air alfo, which is of very different denfity, will be
continually, and infinitely inflected, or bended, from a ftreight, or direct
motion.

This granted , the reafbn of all the above recited Vhanomena, con-
cerning the appearance of the Celeftial Bodies, will very eafily be de-
duced. As,

Firft, The rednefsof the Sun, Moon, and Stars, will be found to be
caufed by the inflection of the rays within the Atmofphere. That it is
not really in or near the lprninous bodies, will, I fuppofe, be very eafily
granted, feeing that this rednefs is obfervable in feveral places differing
in Longitude, to be at the fame time different, the fetting and rifing Sun
of all parts being for the moft part red :

And fecondly, That it is not meerly the colour of the Air interpos'd,
will, I fuppofe, without much more difficulty be yielded, feeing that we
may obferve a very great inttrfiitium of Air betwixt the Object and the
Eye, makes it appear of a dead blew, far enough differing from a fed,
or yellow.

But thirdly, That it proceeds from the refradtion,or inflection, of the
rays by the Atmosphere, this following Experiment will, I fuppofe, fuffici-
ently manifeft.

Take a fphaerical Cryftalline Viol, fuch as is defcrib'd in the fifth Fi-
gure A BCD, and, having filld it with pure clear Water, expofe it to
the Sun beams; then taking a piece of very fine Venice Paper, apply it
againft that fide of the Globe that is oppofite to the Sun, as againft the

fide

M I C R O G R A P I I I A.

fideBC, and you ihal! perceive a bright red Ring to appear, causd by
the refraction of the Rays, A A A A, which is made by the Globe} in
which Experiment, if the Gla£ and Water be very cleer, lb that there be
no Sands nor bubbles in the dais, nor dirt in the Water, you fhall not
perceive any appearance of any other colour. To apply which Experi-
ment, we may imagine the Atmojpherc to be a great tranlpajent Globe,
which being of a fublrance more denle then the other, or (which comes
to the fame) that has its parts mure denfe towards the middle, the Sun
beams that are tangents, or next within the tangents of this Globe,will
be refracted or inflected from their direct pallage towards the center of
the Globe, whence, according to the laws of refractions made in a trian-
gular JYj/w, and the generation of colour fet down in the defcription of
Mufcovi-glals,theremulc necellarily appear a red colour in the trattfitus
or pailage of thofe tangent Rays. To make this more plain, we will lup-
pofe (in the fixth Figure') A B C D, to reprefent the Globe of the At-
mofpherc, EFGH to reprefent the opacous Globe of the Earth, lying
in the midlt of it, neer to which, the parts of the Air, fuftaining a very
great preflurc, are thereby very much condens'd, from whence thole
Rays that are by inflection made tangents to the Globe of the Earth,and
thole without them, that pals through the more condens'd part of the At-
mofphere, as luppole between A and E, are by realbn of the inequality
of the medium, inflected towards the center, whereby there mult necefc
farilybe generated a red colour, as is more plainly Ihewn in the former
cited place 5 hence whatfoever opacous bodies (as vapours,or thelikej
fhall chance to be elevated into thofe parts, will reflect a red towards the
eye 5 and therefore thole evenings and mornings appear reddelt,that have
themoft ftore of. vapours and halituous fubitances exhaled to a conve-
nient diftance from the Earth 5 for thereby the inflection is made the
greater,and thereby the colour alfo the more intenfejand feveral of thole
exhalations being opacous, reflect leveral of thofe Rays, which, through
an Homogeneous tranfparent medium would pals unleen 5 and therefore we
fee, that when there chances to be any clouds fituated in thofe Regions
they reflect a Itrong and vivid red. Now, though one great caule of
the rednels may be this inflection,yet I cannot wholly exclude the colour
of the vapours themfelves, which may have fomething of rednefs in them,
they being partly nitrous.and partly fuliginous } both which {teams tinge
the Rays that pals through them, as is made evident by looking at bodies*
through the fumes of Aquafortk0 or fpirit of Nitre [as the newly mend*
oned Illultrious Perfon has dcmonltrated] and alio through the fmoak of
a Fire or Chimney*

Having therefore made it probable at leaft, that the morning and
evening rednels may partly proceed from this inflection or refraction of
the Rays,we (hall next fhew. how the Oval Figure will be likewifc eafily
deduced.

Suppofe we therefore, EFGH in the fixth Figure of the 37, Scket*ey
to reprefent the Earth 5 A B C D, the Atmofpere -0 E I, and E L, two Rays
coming from the Sun, the one from the upper.the other from the neather

Limb,

MlCROGR AP H I A*

Limb, thefe Rays, being by the Atmofphere inflected, appear to the eye
at E, as if they had come from the points, N and Oy and becaufe the
Ray L has a greater inclination upon the inequality of the Atmofphere
then I, therefore mult itfuffera greater inflection, -and confequently be
further elevated above its true place, then the Ray I, which has a left
inclination , will be elevated above its true place 5 whence it will
follow, that the lower fide appearing neerer the upper then really it is,
and the two lateral fides, viz. the right arid left fide, fufieringno fenfible
alteration from the inflection, at leaft what it does fuffer, does rather
increafe the vifible Diameter then diminish it, as I fhall (hew by and by,
the Figure of the luminous body muft ncceflarily appear fomewhat
Elliptical.

This will be more plain, if in the feventh Figure of th 37. Scheme we
fuppofe A B to reprefent the fenfible Horizon 5 C D E F, the body of the
Sun really below it } GHIK, the fame appearing above it, elevated
by the inflection of the Atmofphere : For if, according to the beft obfer-
vation, we make the vifible Diameter of the Sun to be about three or
four and thirty minutes,and the Horizontal refraction according to Ticha
be tbereabout^or fomewhat more,the lower limb of the Sun E,will be ele-
vated to 1 5 but becaufe,by his account, the point C will be elevated but
29. minutes, as having not fo great an inclination upon the inequality of
the Air, therefore I G, which will be the apparent refracted perpendicu-
lar Diameter of the Sun,will be lefs then C G,which is but29« minutes,and
confequently fix or (even minutes fhorter then the unrefracted apparent
Diameter. The parts, D and F,will be likewile elevated to H and K,
whofe refraction^ by reafon of its inclination, will be bigger then that of
the point C,though lefs then that of E^therefore will the femidiameter I L,
be fhorter then L G, and confequently the under fide of the appearing
Sun more flat then the upper.

Now, becaufe the Rays from the right and left fides of the Sun, e£r.
have been obferv'd by Ricciolo and Grimaldus^ to appear mere diftant
one from another then really they are,though(by very manyObfervations
that I have made for that purpofe,with a very good lekfope.dttcd with a
divided Ruler) I could never perceive any great alteration, yet there be-
ing really fome,it will not be amifs,to fhew that this alfb proceeds from the
refraction 01 inflection of the Atmofphere } and this will be manifeft,if we
confider the Atmofphere as a tranfparent Globe, or at leaft a tranfparent
fhell, encompafling an opacous Globe, which, being more denfe then the
medium encompafling it, refracts or inflects all the entring parallel Rays
into a point or focus,lb that wherefoever the Obfervator is plac'd within
the Atmofthere, between the focus and the luminous body, the lateral
Rays muft neccflarily be more converg'd towards his eye by the refracti-
on or inflection, then they would have been without it 5 and therefore
the Horizontal Diameter of the luminous body muft neceflarily be aug-
mented.

This might be more plainly manifeft to the eye by the fixth Figure 5
but becaufe it would be fbmwhat tedious, and the thing being obvious

enough

MlCROGRAPHlA. 2^1

enough to be imagin d by any one that attentively conliders it, I fhall ra-
ther omit it, and proceed to fihew, that the mafs of Air neer the furface of
theEarth,confifts,or is made up,of parcels, which do very much differ from
one another in point of denfity and rarity 5 and confequcntly the Rays of
light that pafs through them will be vai ioufly inflected,here one way.and
there another,according as they pafs fo or fo through thofe differing parts}
and thole parts being always in motion,either upw ards or downwards,or
to the right or left, or in fome way compounded of thefe, they do by this
their motion inflect the Rays, now this way, and prefently that way.

This" irregular,unequal and unconftant inflection of the Rays of light,
is the reafon why the limb of the Sun, Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and
Venus, appear to wave or dance 5 and why the body of the Starrs appear
to tremulate or twinkle, their bodies,by this means, being fometimes ma-
gnif) 'd,and fometimes diminifhed 3 fometimes elevated, otherwhiles de-
prefs'd \ now thrown to the right hand, and then to the left,

And that there is fuch a property or unequal diftribution of parts, is
manifeft from the various degrees of heat and cold that are found in the
Air, from whence will follow a differing denfity and rarity, both as to
quantity and refraction } and likewife from the vapours that are inter-
pos'd, (which,by the way, I imagine,as to refraction or inflection, to do
the fame thing, as if they were ratify 'd Air 5 and that thofe vapours that
afcend,are both lighter, and left denfe, then the ambient Air which boys
them up 3 and that thofe which defcend, are heavier and more denfe)
The firft of thefe may be found true, if you take a good thick piece of
Glafs,and heating it pretty hot in the fire, lay it upon fuch another piece
of Glafs, or hang it in the open Air by a pie ce of W ire, then looking
upon fome far diftant Object ( fuch as a Steeple or Tree) fo as the Rays
from that Object pafs directly over the Glafs before they enter your eye,
you fhall find fuch a tremulation and wavering of the remote Object, as
will very much offend your eye : The like tremulous motion you may
obferve to be caus'd by the afcending fleams of Water, and the like.
Now, from the firft of thefe it is manifeft, that from the rarifaction of the
parts of the Air,by heat,there is caus'd a differing refraction,and from the
afcenfion of the more rarify'd parts of the Air, which are thruft up by the
colder, and therefore more condens'd and heavie, is caus'd an undula-
tion or wavering of the Object 3 for I think, that there are very few
will grant , that Glafs , by as gentle a heat as may be endur d by ones
hand, fhould fend forth any of its parts in fteams or Vapours, which does
not feem to be much Wafted by that violent fire of the green Glafs-houfe ^
but, if yet it be doubted, let Experiment be further made with that bo-
dy that is accounted, by Chymifts and others, the molt ponderous and
fix'd in the world 3 for by heating of a piece of Gold, and proceeding in
the fame manner, you may find the fame efiects.

This trembling and fhaking of the Rays, is more fenfibly caus'd by an
actual flame, or quick fire, or any thing elfe heated glov\ roe hot 5 as by
a Candle, live Coal, red-hot Iron, or a piece of Silver, and the like : the
fame alfb appears very confpicuous , if you look at an Object betwixt

whicr*

MlCROGRAPHlA.

which and your eye, the riling fmoak of (bme Chimney is interpos'd $
which brings into my mind what I had once the opportunity toobferve,
which was, the Sun riling to my eye juft over a Chimney that fent forth
a copious (team of lmoak $ and taking a fhort Telejcope, which I had then
by me, I obferv d the body of the Sun, though it was but juft peep d
above the Horizon, to have its underlide, not onely flatted, and preis'd
inward, as it ufually is when neer the Earth } but to appear more pro-
tuberant downwards then if it had differed no refraction at all 5 and
bclides all this, the whole body of the Sun appear'd to tremble or dance,
and the edges or limb to be very ragged or indented, undulating or wa-
ving, much in the manner of a flag in the Wind.

This I have likewile often obferv'd in a hot Sunfhiny Summer's day,
that looking on an Objecl over a hot ftone,or dry hot earth,! have found
the Ob ject to be undulated or (haken, much after the fame manner. And
if you look upon any remote Object through zTelefcope (in a hot Sum-
mer's day efpeciallyj you (hall find it likewife to appear tremulous. And
further, if there chance to blow any wind, or that the air between you
and the Object be in a motion or current, whereby the parts of it, both
rarify'd and condens-d, are fwiftly remov'd towards the right or left, if
then you obferve the Horizontal ridge of a Hill far di(tant,through a very
good Tele/cope, you (hall find it to wave much like the Sea, and thole
waves will appear to pafs the fame way with the wind.

^ From which,and many other Experiments, tis cleer that the lower Re-
gion of the Air,efpecially that part of it which lieth neereft to the Earth,
has, for the molt part,its conftituent parcels variouily agitated, either by
heat or winds, by thefirft of which, (bme of them are made more rare,
and lb furfer a lefs refraction 5 others are interwoven, either with amend-
ing or defending vapours , the former of which being more light., and
fo more rarify d,have likewife a lefs refraction , the latter being more hea-
vie, and confequently more den(e,have a greater.

Now, b<*caule that heat and cold are equally diftus'd every way 5 and
that the further it is Ipread, the weaker it grows 5 hence it will follow,
that the moft part of the under Region of the Air will be made up of fe-
veral kinds of lentes, fome whereof will have the properties of Convex,
others of Concave glajjes, which, that I may the more intelligibly make
out, we will fuppofe in the eighth Figure of the 37. Scheme, that A re-
presents an alcending vapour, which, by reafon of its being fomewhat
heterogeneous co the ambient Air,is thereby thrult into a kind of Globular
form, not any where terminated, but gradually finifhed, that is, it is mofc
rarky'd in the middle about A, fomewhat more condens'd about B B,
more then that about C C^ yet further, about DD, almoft of the fame
denfity with the ambient Air about EE 5 and laftly, mclofed with the
more denfe Air F F, fo that from A, to F F, there is a continual in-
creafe of d entity. The reafon of which will be manifefr, if we confider the
riling vapour to be much warmer then the ambient hcavie Air 5 for by
thecoldnefs of the ambient Air, the (hell EE will be more refrigerated
then D D.and that then C C, which will be yet more then B B, and that

more

MlCROGRAPHlA,

more then A ; lb that from F to A, there is a continual increafe of heat,
and conlequently of rarity } from whence it will neceflarily follow, that
the Rays of light will be inflefted or refracted in it, in the fame man-
ner as they would be in a Concave-glafi } for the Rays GKT, G K I will
be inflefted by <G K H, G K H, which will eafily follow from what I be-
fore explained concerning the inflection of the Atmofthere.

On the other fide, a defcendihg vapour,or any part of the air included
by an afcending vapour,will exhibit the fame eftefts with a Convex lens $
for,if we fuppofe,in the former Figure,the quite contrary conftitution to
that laft defcrib'd that is, the ambient Air F F bekig hotter then any
part of that matter within any circle, therefore the coldeft part muft
neceflarily be A, as being fartheft remov'd from the heat , all the
intermediate fpaces will be gradually difcrirainated by the continual!
mixture of heat and cold, fo that it will be hotter at E E, then D D, in
D D then C C, in C C then B B, and in B B then A. From which, a like
refraftion and condenfation will follow j and consequently a lefleror
greater refraction, fo that every included part will refraft more then the
including, by which means the Rays, G K I, G K I, coming from a Starr,
or fome remote Object, are fo inflefted, that they will again Concurr and
meet, in the point M. By the interpofition therefore of this defending
vapour the vifible body of the Star, or other Objeft, is very much aug-
mented, as by the former it was diminifhed.

From* the quick confecutions of thefe two,one after another, between
the Objeft and your eye,cauied by their motion upwards or downwards,
proceeding from their levity or gravity, or to the right or left,proceed-
ing from the wind, a Starr may appear, now bigger, now lefs, then really
it would otherwife without them $ and this is that property of a Starr,
which is commonly call'd twinkling, or fcintillation.

The reafonwhy a Star will now appear of one colour,now of another,
which for the moft part happens when 'tis neer the Horizon, may very
eafily be dedue'd from its appearing now in the middle of the vapour,
other whiles neer the edge 5 for if you look againft the body of a Starr
with a Telefiope that has a pretty deep Convex Eye-glafc, and fo order it,
that the Star may appear fometimes in one place,and fometimes in another
of it^you may perceive this or that particular colour to be predominant
in the apparent; Figure of the Starr, according as it is more or lefs remote
from the middle of the Lens. This I had here further explain'd, but that
it does more properly belong to another place.

Ifball therefore onely add fome few Quseries, which the confideration
of thefe particulars hinted, and fo finifh this Seftion.

And the firftl (hall propound is, Whether there may not be made an
artificial tranfparent body of an exaft Globular Figure that fhall fo
inflect or refraft all the Rays, that,coming from one point, fall upon any
Hemisphere of it 5 that every one of them may meet on the oppofite fide,
and crofs one another exactly in a point 5 and that it may do the like alfo
with all the Rays that, coming from a lateral point, fall upon any other
Hemifahere--, for iffo, there were to be hoped a perfection of Dioptricks,

T i and

MlCROGRAPHl A*

and a tranfmigration into heaven, even whil'ft we remain here upon earth
in the flcihj and a defcending or penetrating into the center and inner*
moft recefies of the earth, and all earthly bodies 5 nay, it would open not
onely a cranney, but a large window (as I may fo fpeak) into the Shop of
Nature, whereby we might be enabled to fee both the tools and opera-
tors, and the very manner of the operation it felf of Nature 5 this, could
it be effected, would as farr furpafs all other kind of pcrfpc&ives as the
vaft extent of Heaven does the lmall point of the Earth, which diftance
it would immediately remove, and unite them, as 'twerc,into one,at leaft,
that there ftiould appear no more diftance between them then the length
of the Tube, into the ends of which thefe GlafTes fhould be n fertcd :
Now, whether this may not be effected with parcels of Glafs of feveral
denfities, I have fometimes proceeded fo farr as to doubt (though in
truth, as to the general 1 have wholly defpaird of it) for I have often
obferv'd in Optical Glades a very great variety of the parts, which are
commonly called Veins 5 nay, fome of them round enough (for they are
for the moft part, drawn out into ftrings) to conftitute a*kind of lens.

This I fhould further proceed to ope, had any one been fo in-
quihtive as to have found out the way of making any tranfparent body,
either more denfe or more rare} for then it might be poffible to compofe
a Globule that fhould be more denfe in the middle of it , then in any
other part, and to compofe the whole bulk, fo as that there fhould be a
continual gradual tranfition from one degree of denfity to another \ fuch
as fhould be found requifite for the defired inflection of the tranfmigra*
ting Rays 5 but of this enough at prefent, becaufe I may fay more of it
"when I fet down my own Trials concerning the melioration of Dioptricl^s^
where I fhall enumerate with how many feveral fubftances I have made
both Microscopes 7 and Telefccpes, and. by what and how many, ways : Let
fuch as have leilure and opportunity farther confider it.

The next Qiisery fhall be, whether by the fame collection of a more
denfe body then the other, or at leaft, of the denfer part of the other,
there might not be imagin'd a reafon of the apparition of fome new fix'd
Stars, as thofe in the Swan , Cajfiope's Charr, Serpent arius, Pifiis , Cer
tus> &C.

Thirdly, Whether it be poffible to define the height of the Atmofphere
from this inflection of the Rays, or from the Quickfilver Experiment of
the rarifadtion or extenlion of the Air.

Fourthly, Whether the difparity between the upper and under Air be
not fometimes fo great, as to make a reflecting fuperficies $ I have had fe-
veral Obfervations which feem to have proceeded from fome fuch caufe,
but it would be too long to relate and examine them. An Experiment,
alfo fomewhat analogous to this, I have made with Salt-water and Frefh,
which two liquorSjin moft Pofitions,feem'd the fame, and not to be fepa-
rated by any determinate fuperficies, which feparating furface yet in fome
other Pofitions did plainly appear.

And if fo, Whether the reafon of the equal bounding or terminus of
the under parts of the clouds may not proceed from this caufe 5 whether,

fecondly,

M I C R OC R A P H 1 A.

fecondly, the Reafon of the apparition of many Suns may not be found
out, by confidering how the Rays of the Sun may lb be reflected, as to
defcribe a pretty true Image of the body,as we find them from any regu-
lar Superficies. Whether alio this may not be found to caufe the appa-
rition of fome of thofe Parelii, or counterfet Suns, which appear colou-
red,by refracting the Rays fo, as to make the body of the Sun appear in
quite another place then really it is. But of this more elfewherc.

5. Whether the Phenomena of the Clouds may not be made out by
this diverfity of denfity in the upper and under parts of the Air, by
fuppofing the Air above them to be much lighter then they themfelves
are, and they themfelves to be yet lighter then that which is fubjaccnt
to them, many of them feeming to be the fame fubftance with the Cob-
webs that fly in the Air after a Fog.

Now that luch a conftitution of the Air and Clouds, if fuch there be3
may be fufficient to perform this effect, may be confirm'd by this Expe-
riment, f

Make as ftrong a Solution of Salt as you are able, then filling a Glafs
of fome depth half full with it, till the other half with frefh Water, and
poyfe a little Glals-bubble, fo as that it may fink pretty quick in frefh
Water, which take and put into the aforefaid Glafs, and you (hall find
it to link till it comes towards the middle, where it will remain fixt^
without moving either upwards or downwards. And by afecond Ex-
periment, of poifing fuch a bubble in water, whole upper part is warmer j
and confequently lighter, then the under, which is colder and heavier 5
the manner of which follows in this next Quaery, which is,

6. Whether the rarefaction and condenfation of Water be not made
after the fame manner, as thofe effects are produe'd in the Air by heat 5
for I once pois'd a feal'd up Glafs-bubble fo exactly, that never fo fmall
an addition would make it fink, and as fmall a detraction make it fwim^
which fuffering to reft in that Veflel of Water for fome time , I alvvayes
found it about noon to be at the bottom of the Water, and at night, and
in the morning, at the top : Imagining this to proceed from the Rare*
faction of the Water, caus d by the heat , I made tryal, and found mod
true 5 for I was able at any time, either to deprefs, or raife it, by heat
and cold $ for if I let the Pipe ftand for fome time in cold water, I
could eafily raife the Bubble from the bottom, whether I had a little a-
fore detruded it, by putting the fame Pipe into warm Water. And this
way I have been able, for a very confiderabletime, to keep a Bubble fo
poys'd in the Water, as that it mould remain in the middle, and neither
fink, nor fwim : For gently heating the upper part of the Pipe with a
Candle, Coal, or hot Iron, till I perceived the Bubble begin to defcend,
then forbearing, I have obferved it to defcend to fuch or fuch a {ration,
and there to remain fulpended for fome hours, till the heat by degrees
were quite vanifhed , when it would again afcend to its former place.
This I have alfo often obferved naturally performed by the hear of the
Air , which being able to rarifie the upper parts of the Water looner
then the lower , by realbn of its immediate contact , the heat of the Air

MlCROGRAPHIA.

has fometimes fo (lowly increafed, that I have obfervcd the Bubble to be
fome hours in palling between the top and bottom.

7. Whether the appearance of the Pike of Tenerif, and fevcral other
high Mountains, at fo much greater a diftance then feems to agree with
their refpective heights , be not to be attributed to the Curvature of the
vifual Ray, that is made by its pafling obliquely through fo differingly
Denje a Medium from the top to the eye very far diftant in the Hori-
zon : For fince we have already, I hope, made it very probable , that
there is fuch an inflexion of the Rays by the differing denfity of the
parts of the Air j and fince I have found , by feveral Experiments made
on places comparatively not very high, and have yet found the prefiure
iiiftain'd by thofe parts of the Air at the top and bottom , and alfo their
differing Expanfions very confiderable : Infomuch that I have found the
prefliire of the Atmofphere lighter at the top of St. Pauls Steeple in Lon-
don ( which is about two hundred foot high ) then at the bottom by a
fixtieth or fiftieth part, and the expanfion at the top greater then that at
the bottom by neer about fo much alfo ^ for the Mercurial Cylinder at the
bottom was about 39. inches, and at the top half an inch lower , the Air
alfo included in the Weather-glafs.,that at the bottom fill d only 155. ipa-
ces, at the top fill'd 1 58. though the heat at the top and bottom was
found exactly the fame with a fcal'd Thermometer'. I think it very rational
to fuppofe , that the greateft Curvature of the Rays is made neareft the
Earth,and that the inflection of the Rays, above 3. or 4. miles upwards, is
very inconfiderable, and therefore that by this means fuch calculations of
the height of Mountains, as are made from the diftance they are vifible in
the Horizon,from the fuppofal that that Ray is a ftraight Line ( that from
the top of the Mountain is, as'twere, a Tangent to the Horizon whence it
is feen) which really is a Curve, is very erroneous. Whence, I fuppofe,pro-
ceeds the reafonof the exceedingly differing Opinions and Allertionsof
feveral Authors, about the height of feveral very high Hills.

8. Whether this Inflection of the Air will not very much alter the fup-
pofed diftances of the Planets, which feem to have a very great depen-
dence upon the Hypothetical refraction or inflection of the Air, and that
refraction upon the hypothetical height and denfity of the Air: For
fince ( as I hope ) I have here fhewn the Air to be quite otherwife then
has been hitherto fuppos'd, by manifefting it to be, both of a vaft, at
leait an uncertain, height, and of an unconftant and irregular denfity 5
It muft neceflarily follow, that its inflection muft be varied accordingly :
And therefore we may hence learn, upon what fure grounds all the A-
ftronomers hitherto have built, who have calculated the diftance of the
Planets from their Horizontal Parallax 5 for fince the Refraction and Pa-
rallax arefo nearly ally'd, that the one cannot be known without the
other, efpecially by any wayes that have been yet attempted, how uncer-
tain muft the Parallax be,when the Refraction is unknown? And how eafie
is it for Aftronomers to allign what diftance they pleale to the Planets,and
defend them,when they have fuch a curious fubterfuge as that of Refracti-
on,wherein a very little variation will allow them liberty enough to place
the Celeftkl Bodies at what diftance they pleafe, ff

Micrograph i a.

If therefore we would come to any certainty in this point, we muftgo
other wayes to work 3 and as I have here examined the height and refra-
ctive property of the Air by other wayes then arc ufual , fo muft we
find the Parallax of the Planets by wayes not yet prafrifed} and to this
end. I cannot imagine any better way, then the Obfervations of them by
two perfons at very far diftant parts of the Earth, that lye as neer as may
be under the fame Meridian, or Degree of longitude , but differing as
much in latitude, as there can be places conveniently found : Thefe two
perfons, at certain appointed times, fhould ( as near as could be ) both
at the fame time , obferve the way of the Afoon, Afars, Venus f Jupiter^
and Saturn, amongfl: the fixt Stars, with a good Izxg^Telefcope, and ma-
king little Iconilmes, or pictures, of the fmall fixed Stars, that appear to
each of them to lye in or near the way of the Center of the Planet, and
the exact meafure of the apparent Diameter 3 from the comparing of
fuch Obfervations together, we might certainly know the true diftance,
or Parallax, of the Planet. And having any one true Parallax of thefe
Planets, we might very eafily have the other by their apparent Diame-
ters, which the Tele/cope likewife affords us very accurately. And thence
their motions might, be much better known, and their Theories more ex-
actly regulated. And for this purpofe I know not any one place more
convenient for fuch an Obfervation to be made in, then in the Iflandof
St. Helena, upon the Coaft of Africh^, which lyes about (ixteen degrees
to the Southwards of the Line, and is very near, according to the lateft
Geographical Maps, in the fame Meridian with London for though
they may not perhaps lye exactly in the fame, yet their, Obfervations,
being ordered according to what I fhall anon (hew, it will not be diffi-
cult to find the true diftance of the Planet. But were they both under
the fame Meridian, it would be much better. ,

And becaufe Obfervations may be much eafier, and more accurately
made with good Telefiopes, then with any other Inftruments, it will not,
Ifuppofe, feem impertinent to explain a little what wayes I judge moft
fit and convenient for that particular. Such therefore as fhall be the
Obfervators for this purpofe, ftiould be furnifhed with the belt. Tckfiopes
that can be had, the longer the better and more exact will their Obfer*,
vations be, though they are fomewhat the more .difficultly manag'd.
Thefe ftiould be fitted with a Rete, or divided Scale, plac'd at fuch a di-
ftance within the Eye-glals,that they may be diftindtly feen,which ftiould
be themealuresof minutes and feconds •■> by this Inftrument each Ob-
fervator ftiould, at certain prefixt times,, obferve the Moon, or other!
Planet, in, or very near, the Meridian 3 and becaufe it may be very diffi-
cult to find two convenient ftations that will happen to be juft under the
fame Meridian, they (hall, each of them, obferve the way of tlie Planet,
both for an hour before, and an hour after, it arrive at the Meridian 5
and by a line, or ftroke, amongfl: the fmall fixed Stars, they frail denote,
out the way that each of them obfervd the Center of the Planet to be
movd in for thole two hours : Thefe Obfervations each of tiiem fhall
repeat for many day es together, that both it may happen^ that both o£

MlCROGRAP H I A.

them may fomctimcs make their Obfervations together, and that from
divers Experiments we may be the better aflured of what certainty and
cxaftnels fuch kind of Obiervations are like to prove. And becaufe ma-
ny of the Stars which may happen to come within the com pa fs of fuch
an Iconifm, or Map, may be fuch as are only vifible through a good Tele-
y?0/K, whofePofitions perhaps have not been noted, nor their longitudes,
or latitudes, any where remarked:, therefore each Obfervator fhould in-
deavour to infert fome fixt Star,whofe longitude, and latitude, is known $
or with his TelefcopehefhaU find the Pofition of fome notable telefcopical
Star, inferted in his Map, to fome known fixt Star, whofe place in the Zo»
diack^ is well defin'd.

Having by this means found the true diftance of the Moon, and ha-
ving obferved well the apparent Diameter of it at that time with a good
Telefiopc, it is eafie enough, by onefingle Oblervation of the apparent
Diameter of the Moon with a good Glafs, to determine her diftances
in any other part of her Orbit, or Dragon, and confequcntly, fome few
Obfervations will tell us, whether (he be mov'd in an Ellipp, (which, by
the way, may alfo be found, even now, though I think we are yet igno-
rant of her true diftance ) and next ( which without fuch Obfervati-
ons, I think, we fhall not be fure of ) we may know exactly the bignefs of
that Ellipjis, or Circle, and her true velocity in each part, and thereby be
much the better inabled to find out the true caufe of all her Motions,
And though, even now alfo, we may, by fuch Obfervations in one Nati-
on, as here at London, obfervethe apparent Diameter and motion of the
Moon in her Dragon , and confequently be inabled to make a better
griefs at the Species or kind of Curve, in which (he is mov'd, that is,
whether it be fphajrical, or elliptical, or neither, and with what propor-
tional velocities fhe is carried in that Curve 5 yet till her true Parallax
be known, we cannot determine either.

Next, for the true diftance of the Sun, the bed: way will be, by accu-
rate Obiervations, made in both thefe forementioned ftations, of fome
convenient Eclipfe of the Sun , many of which may fo happen , as to be
feen by both 5 for the Penumbra of the Moon may, if fhe be fixty Semi-
diameters diftant from the Earth, and the Sun above feven thoufand, ex-
tend to about feventy degrees on the Earth , and confequently be feen
by Obfervators as far diftant as London, and St. Helena, which are not
full fixty nine degrees diftant. And this would much more accurately^
theri any way that has been yetufed, determine the Parallax, and di-
ftance, of the Suns for as for the Horizontal Parallax I have already
(hewn it fufficiently uncertain i nor is the way of finding it by the Eclipfe
of the Moon any other then hypothetical 5 and that by the difference of
the true and apparent quadrature of the Moon is 4efs not uncertain, wit-
aefs their Deductions from it,whohave made nfe of it 5 for Ve ndaline puts
that difference to be but 4'. 30". whence he deduces a vaft diftance of
the Sun, as I have before fhewn. Ricciolo makes it full 30'. 00. but Rei*
nolduf,2X\A Kircher,no\eis then three degrees. And no wonder, for if
we exarnirie the Thtorj^ we (hall find it fo complicated with uncertain^
ties. Firft,

Micrographi a*

Firft, From the irregular furface of the Moon^ and from feveral Paral-
laxes, that unlefc the Dichotomy happen in the Nonagefmus of the Eclip-
tic^ and that in the Meridian, &c. all which happen fo very feldom,
that it is almoft impolhble to make them otherwise then uncertainly.
Bel ides, we are not yet certain, but that there may be fomewhat about
the Moon analogm to the Air about the Earth, which may caufe a refra-
ction of the light of the Sun, and confequently make a great difference
in the apparent dichotomy of the Moon. 1 heir way indeed is very
rational and ingenious 5 and fuchasis much to be preferr'd before the
way by the Horizontal Parallax, could all the uncertainties be removd,
and were the true diftance of the Moon known.

But becaufe we find by the Experiments of Vendiline, Keinoldus, Sec.
that Obfervations of this kind are very uncertain alfo : It were to be
wifht, that fuch kind of Oblervations, 'made at two very diftant ftati-
ons, were promoted. And it is fo much the more defirable, becaufe, from
what I have now fliewn of the nature of the Air, it is evident, that the
refraction may be very much greater then all the Aftronomers hitherto
have imagined it : And confequently, that the diftance of the Moon, and
other Planets , may be much letfe then what they have hitherto made
it '

For firft, this Inflection, I have here propounded, will allow the fha-
dow of the Earth to be much fhorter then it can be made by the other
Hypothecs of refraction, and confequently, the Moon will not fufFer an
Eclipfe, unlefs it comes very much nearer the Earth then the Aftronomers
hitherto have fuppofed it.

Secondly, There will not in this Hypothecs be any other fhadow of the
Earth, fuch as Kepler fuppofes, and calls the Penumbra, which is the fha-
dow of the refracting Atmofphere 3 for the bending of the Rays being al*
together caus'd by Inflection, as I have already ihewn , all that part
which is afcribed by Kepler, and others after him, to the Penumbra, or
dark part, which is without the umbra terra, does clear vanifh 5 for in
this Hypothecs there is no refracting furface of the Air, and confequently
there can be no fhadows, iuch as appear in the ninth Figure of the 37.
Scheme^ where let ABCD reprefent the Earth, and EFGH the At-
0tojphere,wh ich according to Kepler f fuppofition^is like a Sphere of Water
terminated with an exact furface EFGH, let the lines M F, LB, ID,
K H, reprefent the Rays of the Sun 'tis manifeft, that all the Rayes be-
tween L B, and I D, will be reflected by the furface of the Earth
BAD, and confequently, the conical fpace BOD would be dark and
obfcure$ but, fay the followers of Kepler, the Rays between MF, and
LB, and between ID, and K H, falling on the Atmofphere , are re-
fracted, both at their ingrefs and egrefs out of the Atmojphere, nearer to-
wards the Axis of the fpaerical fhadow C O, and confequently, inlighten
a great part of that former dark Cone, and fhortcn, and contract, its top
to N. And becaufe of this Reflection of thefe Rays, fay they, there- is
fuperindue'd another fhell of a dark Cone F P H, whofe Apex P is yet
further diftant from the Earth : By. this Penumbra, fay they, the Moon

is

MiCROGRAPHlA.

is Eclipfed , for it alwaycs pafles between the lines i 2, and
3 4-

To which I fry, That if the Airbefuch, as I have newly fhewn it to
be, and confequently caufe fuchan intfeftion of the Rays that fall into
it, thofe dark Penumbra's F Y Z CL H X VT , and ORPS, will all va-
nifh. For if we fuppofe the Air indefinitely extended, and to be no
where bounded with a determinate refracting (urface, as I have (hewn
it uncapable of having, from the nature of it $ it will follow, that the
Moon will no where be totally obfeured, but when it is below the Apex
N, of the dark blunt Cone of the Earth's fhadow:Now,from the fuppofi-
tion, that the Sun is diftant about feven thoufand Diameters, the point
N, according to calculation, being not above twenty five terreftrial Se-
midiameters from the Center of the Earth : It follows, that whenfoever
the Moon eclipfed is totally darkned, without affording any kind of
light, it muft be within twenty five Semidiameters of the Earth, and con-
fequently much lower then any Aftronomers have hitherto put it.

This will feem much more confonant to the reft of the fecundary Pla-
nets 5 for the higheft of Jupiter's Moons is between twenty and thirty
Jovial Semidiameters diftant from the Center of Jupiter } and the Moon
of Saturn much about the lame number olSaturnial Semidiameters from
the Center of that Planet. H

But thefe are but conjectures alfb,and muft be determine! by iuch kind
of ObfervationsasI have newly mention 'd.

Nor will it be difficult, by this Hj/potbefis9tofa\ve all the appearances
of Eclipfes of the Moon, for in this Hypothecs alfo, there will be,on each
fide of the fhadow of the Earth, a Penumbra^ not caus'd by the Refracti-
on of the Air, as in the Bypothejis of Kepler 5 but by the faint inlight-
ning of it by the Sun : For if, in the fixth Figure, we fuppofe ES and
G SR,to be the Rays that terminate the fhadow from either fide of the
Earth 5 E S Q_ coming from the upper limb of the Sun, and GSR. from
the under 5 it will follow, that the fliadow of the Earth, within thole
Rays, that is, the Cone G S E, will be totally dark. But the Sun being
not a point, but a large area of light, there will be a fecondary dam
Cone of fhadow E P G, which will be caus'd by the earth's hindring
part of the Rays of the Sun from falling on the parts G P R, and E P
of which halved fhadow5 or Penumbra, that part will appear brighteft
which lyes neareft the terminating Ray es G P, and EP, and thofe dar-
ker that lye neareft to G S, and E S : when therefore the Moon ap-
pears quite dark in the middle of the Eclipfe,fhe muft be below S,that is,
between S and F5 when (he appears lighter near the middle of the
Eclipfe, fherauft pals fbme where between R CLand S} and when (he
is alike light through the whole Eclypfe, fhemuft pais between RQ„.
and P.

Obfcrvr

MlCROGRAPHi A*

Obfcrv. L I X. Of multitudes of fmall Stars difcoverable bj the
Telcfcope.

HAving,in thelaft Obfervation, premis'd fome particulars obfervable
in the #W/w«?,through which we mult look upon Ca-leJiialObjcQs,
lihallhere add one Obfcrvation of the Bodies themfelves 5 and for a
jpecivten I have made choice of the Pleiades, or feven Stars, commonly fo
called C though in our time and Climate there appear np more then fix
to the naked eye ) and this I did the rather, becaufe the defervedly fa-
mous Galileo, having publifht a Piclure of this Ajierifme, was able, it
feems, with his Glafs to difcover no more then thirty fix, whereas with a
pretty good twelve foot Telefeope,by which I drew this 38 Iconifm,\ could
very plainly difcover feventy eight, placed in the order they are ranged
in the Figure 3 and of as many differing Magnitudes as the Jjler is J$s,
wherewith they are Marked, do fpecifie 5 there being no lefs then four-
teen Several Magnitudes of thole Stars, which are comprise! within the
draught, the biggeft whereof is not accounted greater then one of the
third Magnitude 5 and indeed that account is .much too big,if it be com-
pared with other Stars of the third Magnitude, efpecially by the help of
a Telefeope 5 for then by it may be perceiv'd, that its fplendor, to the na-
<ked eye, may be fomewhat augmented ;by the three little Stars immedi-
ately above it, which are near ad'joyning to it. The Telefeope alfo difee^
vers a great variety, even in the bignefs of thofe, commonly reckorfd, of
thefirft, fecond, third, fourth, ififth, and fixth Magnitude 5 fo that fhould
they be diftinguifh'd thereby, thofe fix Magnitudes would, at leaf!:, af-
ford no lefs then thrice that number of Magnitudes, plainly enough ,di-
iringuifhable by their Magnitude, and brightnefs} f© that a good twelve
foot Glafs would afford us no lefs then twenty five feveral Magnitudes.
Nor are thefe all, but a longer Glafs does yetfurther, both more nicely
diftinguifh the Magnitudes of thofe already noted, and alfo difcover fe-
veral other of fmall er Magnitudes, not difcernable by the twelve foot
Glafs; Thus have I been able, with a good thirty fix foot Glafs, to difco-
ver many moreStars in the Pleiades then are here delineated, and thofe
of three or fourdiftmct -Magnitudes lefs then any of thofe fpots of the
fourteenth Magnitud e. And by the twinkling of divers other places of
this jijlerifme, when the Sky was very clear, I am apt to think, that with
longer Glafles, or fuch as would bear a bigger aperture, there might be
difcovered multitudes of other fmall Stars, yet inconfpicuous. And in-
deed, for the difcovery of fmall Stars, the bigger the aperture be, the
better adapted is the Glafs ; for though perhaps it does make the feveral
fpecks more radiant, and glaring, yet by that means, uniting more Rays
very near to one point, it does make many of thofe radiant points confpi-1

K k cuousj

MlCROGRAPHl A.

CUOUS, which, by putting on a lels aperture, may be found to vanifh 5
and therefore, both for the difcovery of the fixt Star, and for finding the
Satellites of Jupiter, before it be out of the day, or twilight , Ialwayes
leave the Object-glaft as clear without any aperture as I can , and have
thereby been able to dilcover the Satellites a long while before •■> I was
able to difcern them, when the fmaller apertures were put on 5 and at o-
ther times, to fee multitudes of other fmaller Stars, which a fmaller aper-
ture makes to difappear.

In that notable Afierijm alfo of the Sword of Orion, where the ingeni-
ous Monfieur Hugens van Zulichemhzs difcovered only three little Stars
in a clufter, I have with a thirty fix foot Glafs,without any aperture (the
breadth of the Glafe being about fbme three inches and a half )difcover'd
five, and the twinkling of divers others up and down in divers parts of
that fmall milky Cloud.

So that 'tis not unlikely, but that the meliorating of Telcfiopes will af-
ford as great a variety of new Difcoveries in the Heavens, as better Mi-
croscopes would among finall terreftrial Bodies, and both would give us
infinite caufe, more and more to admire the omnipotence of the Crea-
tor.

Obfcrv. L X. Of the Moon.

HAving a pretty large corner of the Plate for the (even Starrs, void,
for the filling it up, I have added one fmall specimen of the ap-
pearance of the parts of the Moon, by defer ibing a fmall fpot of it,which,
though taken notice of, both by the Excellent Hevelius, and called Mons
Olympus ("though I think (bmewhat improperly, being rather a vale) and
reprefented by the Figure X,of the %8.Sche?»e9 and alfo by the Learnd
Riccielus, who calls it Hipparchus, and delcribes it by the Figure Y, yet
how far ftiort both of them come of the truth, may be (bmewhat per-
ceiv'd by the draught, which I have here added of it, in , the Figure Z,
( which I drew by a thirty foot Glafs, mOftober 1664. juft before the
Moon was half inlightned) but much better by the Reader's diligently
obferving it himfelf^ at a convenient time, withaGlafs of that length,
and much better yet with one of threefcore foot long 5 for through thefe
it appears a very (pacious Vale, incompafled with a ridge of Hills, not
very high in comparifon of many other in the Moon, nor yet very fteep.
The Vale it felf A B C D, is much of the figure of a Pear, and from lc-
veral appearances of it, feems to be fome very fruitful place, that is, to
have its fiirface all covered over with fome kinds of vegetable fubftan-
ces 5 for in all pofitions of the light on it, it feems to give a much fainter
reflection then the more barren tops of the incompafling Hills, and thole
a much fainter then divers other cragged, chalky, or rocky Mountains
of the Moon. So that I am not unapt to think, that the Vale may have

Vegetables

MlCROGRAPHIA.

Vegetables analogus to our Graft, Shrubs, and Trees $ and moft of thefe
incompafling Hills may be covered with fo thin a vegetable Coat, as we
may obferve the Hills with us to be, fuch as the fhort Sheep pafture which
covers the Hills of Salisbury Plains.

Up and down in feveral parts of this place here defcrib'd fas there
are multitudes in other places all over the furface of the Moon ) may
be perceived feveral kinds of pits, which are fhap'd almoft like a difti,
fome bigger, fome left, fome fhallower, fome deeper, that is, they feem
to be a hollow Hemifphere: incompafled with a round rifing bank, as if
the fubftance in the middle had been digg'd up, and thrown on either
fide. Thefe feem to me to have been the effeds of fome motions within
the body of the Moon, analogus to our Earthquakes, by the eruption
of which, as it has thrown up a brim,orridge3round about, higher then
the Ambient furface of the Moon, lb has it left a hole, or depreflion, in
the middle, proportionably lower 5 divers places refembling fome of
thefe, I have obierv'd here in England^ on the tops of fome Hills, which
might have been caus'd by fome Earthquake in the younger dayes of the
world. But that which does moft incline me to this belief, is, firft, the
generality and diverfity of the Magnitude of thefe pits all over the bo-
dy of the Moon. Next, the two experimental wayes, by which I have
made a reprefentation of them.

The firft was with a very loft and well temper'd mixture of Tobacco-
pipe clay and Water, into which, if I let fall any heavy body, as a Bul-
let, it would throw up the mixture round the place, which for a while
would make a reprefentation, not unlike thefe of the Moon 5 but con-
fidering the (rate and condition of the Moon, there feems not any proba-
bility to imagine, that it (hould proceed from any caufe analogus to this 5
for it would be difficult to imagine whence thofe bodies fhould come 5
and next, how the fubftance of the Moon (hould be fb foft } but if a
Bubble be blown under the furface of it, and fuffer 'd to rife, and break 5
or if a Bullet, or other body, lunkinit, be pull'd out from it, thefe de-
parting bodies leave an impreflion on the furface of the mixture, exactly
like thefe of the Moon, fave that thefe alio quickly fubfide and vanifh.
But the fecond, and moft notable, reprefentation was, what I obfervd
in a pot of boy ling Alabafter, for there that powder being by the erupti-
on of vapours redue'd to a kind of fluid confiftence, if,wmTft it boy Is, it
be gently remov'd befides the fire , the Alabafter prefently ceafing to
boyl, the whole furface, efpecially that where fome of the laft Bubbles
have rifen, will appear all over covered with fmall pits, exactly fhap'd
like thefe of the Moon, and by holding a lighted Candle in a large dark
Room, in divers pofitions to this furface, you may exactly reprefent all
the rhattomena of thefe pits in the Moor, according as they are more or
lefsinlightnedby the Sun.

And that there may have been in the Moon fome luch motion as
this, which may have made thefe pits , will feem the more probable^
if we fuppofe it like 'our Earth, for the Earthquakes here with us feem
to proceed from fome fuch caufe, as the boy ling of the pot of Ala-

K k a bafter.

244 Micrograph i a.

baftcr , there feeming to be generated in the Earth from {bme fubter-
raneous fires, or heat, great quantities of vapours, that is, of expan-
ded aerial fubftances, which not presently finding a pafiage through the
ambient parts of the Earth, do, as they are increafed by thefupplying
and generating principles, and thereby (having not fufricient room to
expand themfelves^) extreamly condens'd, at laft overpower, with
their elaflicl^ properties, the refiftence of the incompafimg Earth, and
lifting it up, or cleaving it, and fo (nattering of the parts of the Earth
above it, do at length, where they find the parts of the Earth above them
more loofe, make their way upwards, and carrying a great part of the
Earth before them, not only raife a fmall brim round about the place,out
of which they break , but for the raoft part confiderable high Hills and
Mountains , and when they break from under the Sea, divers times,
mountainous Iflands •■, this fecms confirm'd by the Vulcans in feveral
places of the Earth, the mouths of which, for the moft part, are incom-
pafled with a Hill of a confiderable height, and the tops of thofe HilJs,
or Mountains, areufually fliap d very much like thefe pits, ordifhes, of
the Moon .• Inftances of this we have in the defcriptions of Mtna in Si-
cily, of Hec/a in Iceland, of Tenerif in the Canaries, of the feveral Vul-
cans in New-Spain, defcrib d by Gage, and more efpecially in the erupti-
on of late years in one of the Canary Iflands. In all of which there is not
only a confiderable high Hill raifed about the mouth of the Vulcan , but,
like the fpots of the Moon, the top of thofe Hills are like a difh, or ba-
fbn. And indeed, if one attentively confider the nature of the thing,
one may find fufficient reafon to judge , that it cannot be otherwife 5 for
thefe eruptions, whether of fire, orfmoak, alwayesrayfing great quan-
tities of Earth before them, muft neceflarily, by the fall of thofe parts
on either fide, raife very confiderable heaps.

Now, both from the figures of them , and from feveral other cir-
. cumftances, thefe pits in the Moon feem to have been generated
much after the fame manner that the holes inAlabafter, and the Vul-
cans of the Earth are made. For firft, it is not improbable, but that
the fubftance of the Moon may be very much like that of our Earth,
that is, may confift of an earthy, fandy, or rocky fubftance, in feveral of
its fuperficial parts, which parts being agitated, undermin'd, or heav'd
up, by eruptions of vapours, may naturally be thrown into the fame
kind of figured holes, as the fmall duft, or powder of Alabafter. Next,
it is not improbable, but that there may be generated, within the body
of the Moon, divers fuch kind of internal fires and heats, as may pro-
duce fuch Exhalations 5 for fince we can plainly enough difeover with a
Telefcope , that there are multitudes of fuch kind of eruptions in the
body of the Sun it felf, which is accounted the moft noble /Etherial bo-
dy , certainly we need not be much fcandaliz'd at fuch kind of altera-
tions3 or corruptions, in the body of this lower and left confiderable
part of the univerfe, the Moon, which is only fecundary, or attendant,
on the bigger, and more confiderable body of the Earth. Thirdly, 'tis
not unlikely, but that fuppofing fuch a fandy or mouldring fubftance to

MlCROC'RAP H 1 A*

be there found, and fiippofing alio a poflibility of the generation of the
internal clajlical body (whether you will call it air or vapours) 'tis
not unlikely. I fay, but that there is in the Moon a principle of gravita-
tion, fuch as in the Earth. And to make this probable, I think, we need
no better Argument, then the roundnefs, or globular Figure of the bo-
dy of the Moon itfelf, which we may perceive very plainly by theTe-
fe]?ope3 to be (bating the final I inequality of the Hills and Vales in it,,
which are all of them likewife fhap'd, or levelled, as it were, tOanfwer
to the center of the Moons body ) perfectly of a Spherical figure, that
is, all the parts of it are fo range! (bating thecomparitively frnaU rtig-
gednefi of the Hills and Dales) that the outmoft bounds of them are
equally diftant from the Center of the Moon, and conlequently, it is
exceedingly probable alfo, that they are equidiftant from the Center of
gravitation •, and indeed, the figure of thefuperficial parts of the Mood
are fo exactly fhap'd, according as they fhould be, fuppofing it had a
gravitating principle as the Earth has, that even the figure of thofe
parts themfelves is of fufticicnt efficacy to make the gravitation, and the
other two fuppofitions probable** fo that the other luppofitions may be
rather prov'd by this confiderable Circumftance, or Obfervation, then'
this fuppos'd Explication can by them 3 for he that fhall attentively
obferve with an excellent Telefcope, how all the Circumftances, notable irl
the fhape of the fuperficial parts, are, as it were, exactly adapted to;
fuit with fuch a principle,will,if he well confiders the ufual method of Na-
ture in its other proceedings,find abundant argument to believe it to have
really there alfo fuch a principle} for I could never obferve,among all the
mountainous or prominent parts of the Moon ( whereof there is a huge
variety ) that any one part of it was plac'd in fuch a manner,that if there
fhould be a gravitating, or attracting principle in the body of the Moon,
it would make that part to fall, or be mov'd out of its vifible pofture.
Next, the fhape and pofition of the parts is fuch, that they all fcem put
into thofe very fhapes they are in by a gravitating power / For firft,there
are but very few clifts, or very fteep declivities in the afcent of thefe
Mountains j for befides thofe Mountains, which are by Hevelius call'd the
Apennim Mountains, and fome other, which feem to border on the Seas
of the Moon, and thofe only upon one fide, as is common alfo in thole
Hills that are here on the Earth-, there are very few that feem to have
very fteep afcents, but, for the moft part, they are made very round,
and much refemble the make of the Hills and Mountains alfo of the
Earth this may be partly perceived by the Hills incompaffing this Vale,
which I have here defcrib'd and as on the Earth alfop the middlemoft
of thefe Hills feems the highefr, fo is it obvious alfo, through a good Te-
lefcope^ in thofe of the Moon the Vales alfo in many are much fhap'd
like thofe of the Earth, and I am apt to think, that could we look upon
the Earth from the Moon, with a good Tele/cope, we might eafily enough
perceive its furface to be very much like that of the Moon.

Now whereas in this fmall draught, (as there would be multitudes if
the whole Moon were drawn after this manner) there are feveral little

Ebullitions,

Ml CROGRAP HIA.

Ebullitions, or Dilhes, even in the Vales themfclves,and in the incompaf-
fing Hills alfo $ this will, from this fuppofit ion, ("which I have, I think, up-
on very good reafon taken )' be exceeding eafily explicable 5 for, as I
have feveral times alfo obferv'd, in the furface of Alabafter lb ordered,
as I before defcrib'd, fo may the later eruptions of vapours be even in the
middle, or on the edges of the former 3 and other fucceeding thefe alfo
in time may be in the middle or edges of thefe, &c. of which there are
Inftances enough in divers parts of the body of the Moon, and by a
boyling pot of Alabafter will be fufficiently excmplifi'd.

To conclude therefore, it being very probable, that the Moon has a
principle of gravitation , it affords an excellent diftinguifliing Inftance
in the fearch after the caufe of gravitation, or attraction, to hint, that it
does not depend upon the diurnal or turbinated motion of the Earth, as
fome have fomewhat inconfiderately fuppofed and affirmed it to do } for
if the Moon has an attractive principle, whereby it is not only ftiap'd
sound , but does firmly contain and hold all its parts united, though
many of them feem as loofe as the land on the Earth, and that the Moon
is not mov'd about its Center } then certainly the turbination cannot be
the caufe of the attraction of the Earth 5 and therefore fome other
principle muft be thought of, that will agree with all the fecundary as
well as primary Planets. But this, I confefs, is but a probability, and
not a demonftration, which (from any Obfervation yet made J it leems
hardly capable of, though how fucceisful future indeavours (promoted
by the meliorating of GlalTes, and oblerving particular circumftances)
may be in this, or any other, kind, muft be with patience expected.

1

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*** ^'i1* *w* *v* *■?** *r* *$* *y* *r* *#* ***

THE T

Pag.

i Obfervat. i. Of the point of a Nee-
dle.

A Defcription of it : what other
Bodies have the fljarpeji points :
of the ruggednefs of polijht Metal. A

3 defcription of a printed point. Of ve-
ry fmall writings and the ufe of it for
jecret intelligence : the caufe of the
courfnefl of printed lines and points'

4 Obferv.2. Of the Edge of a Razor.

A defcription of it : the caufes of
^ its roughnefl : of the roughneff of very
well polifljt Optick^ GlaJJes. "

Obfer.3. Of line Lawn.

A defcription of it : A filken Flax
mention d,an attempt to explicate the

6 Phenomena of it 3 with a conjetture
at the caufe of theglofiof Silk.

Obferv.4.. Of Tabby.

A Jhort defcription of it. A conje-

7 Sure about the reafon why Silk, is fo
fufceptible of vivid colours : and why
Flax and Hair is not. A conjecture,
that it may perhaps be pojfible to Jpin
a kind of artificial Silk, out of fame
glutinous fubjiance that may equalize
natural Silk.

8 Obferv. 5. Of water d Silks.

7he great unaccuratene.fi of artifi-
cialworks . A defcription of a piece of

9 water d Silkh an Explication of the
caufe of the Phenomena : the way by
which that operation is performed :

ABLE-

fome other Phenomena mention d 10
depending on the fame caufe.

Obferv. 6. OfGlafs-Canes.

7he exceeding fmalnefi of fome of
thefe Bodies By what means the hol-
lownefiof thefe fmall pipes was difco-
ver d: fever al Phenomena of it men- 1 1
tion'd. An attempt to explicate them
from the congruity and incongruity of 12
Bodies : what thofe proprieties are. A 13
hypothetical explication of fluidity : of
the fluidity of the airland fever al other 1 4
Phenomena of it : of congruity & in- 1 5
congruity^ il/ujiratedwith fever al Ex- 16
periments:what ejfe&s may be afcrib'd I J
to thefe properties : an explication of 18
the roundnefS" of the Jurfice of fluid
Bodies : how the ingrefs 'of fluid bodies 1 9
into a fmall hole of an heterogenous 20
body is kindred by incongruity^ a
multitude of Phenomena explicable 2 1
hereby. Several guaries propounded 5
I . Concerning the propagation of light
through differing mediums. 2. Con- 22
cerning Gravity. 3. Concerning the
roundnefS of the Sun, Moon, and Pla-
nets. 4. Concerning the roundnefiof
Fruits, Stones, and divers artificial
Bodies. His Highnefi Prince Rupert's 23
way of making shot. Of the roundnefi 24
of Hail. Of the grain of Kettering
Stone,andof the Sparks of fire.^Con- 25
cerning fyringinefi and tenacity.
6. Concerning the original of Foun- 26
tains -0 fever al Hijiories and Experi-
ments relating thereto. 7. Concerning 27
the dijjolution of Bodies in Liquors.
8. Concerningthe univerfality of this 28
Principle : what method was takgn in
making and applying experiments ff^e

explication

The Table.

explication of filtration , and fever al
i$ other Phenomena } fuch as the motion
of Bodies on the furfaceof Liquors^fe-
30 veral Experiments mention d to this
purpofe.vf the height to which the wa-
ter may rife in thefe Pipes^and a conje-
} 1 tlure about the juices of Vegetable s,&
theufe of their pores. A further expli-
cation of Congruity:And an attempt of
fblvmg the Phenomena of the firange
Experiment of the fufpenfion of the

3 2 Mercury at a much greater height
then thirty inches. The efficacy of im-
mediate contacJ, and the reafon of it.

33 Obferv. 7. Of Glalsdrops.

Several Experiments made with

34 thefe fmall Bodies, ihe manner of the
breaking and flawing of them, expli-

3 5 cated by Figures. What other bodies
will beflawed much in the fame man-
ner : fome other tryals, and a deferip-
tion of the Drops themfelves : fome
conjectures at the caufe of the Phse-
nomenajndeavoured to be made pro-

36 bable by fever al Arguments and Exp e-
riments.An Experiment of the expan-

jion of Water by heat, and {bringing by
cold : the like Proprieties fupposd in

37 Glaf drops , and what effects proceed
from them : the feven Proportions on
which the conjectures are grounded.
Experiments to ff)ew, that bodies ex-

38 pand by heat. The manner of making
Thermometers, and the Inflrument

39 for graduating them. The manner of
graduating them, and their ufe: Ci-
ther Experiments to prove the expan-

40 Jion of bodies by heat. Four experimen-

tal. Arguments to prove the expanjion

41 of dap by heat : further provd by the
Experiment of boy ling Alabajierj
which is explicated. An explication
of the contracting of heated Glafiup-

42 on cooling. An explication how the
paris of the Glaf become bent by fud-
den cold3 and hoif*kept from extrica-

ting themfelves by the contignation of
the Glaf drop 5 which if f urther ex-
plicated by another Experiment made
with a hollow Glaf ball ' : the reafon of^
the flying afunder of the parts further
explicated: that th probable thefe bo-
dies may have many flaws, though not
vifible,and why : how a gradual heat-
ing and cooling does put the parts of 44
Glaf, and other hardned bodies 3
into a loofer texture.

Obferv. 8. Of Fiery Sparks.

45

The occafton and manner of ma-
king this Experiment : divers Obfcr-
vations fet down in order to the find-
ing out the reafbns : fome conjectures
concerning it, which are endeavoured
to be explicated and confirm d by fe-
deral Experiments and Reafbns : the . g
Hypothefis a little further explica-
ted. Some Obfervations about the
Globular Figure : and an Experiment
of reducing the filings of Tin or Lead
to exaBly round Globules.

Obferv. 9. Of Fantaftical Colours.

The texture of Mufcovy Glaf 5 its
Figures rwhat other Bodies are like it: p
that it exhibits fever al colours , and
how. fever al Obfervations and Experi-
ments about thofe colours : the reafon
why on this occasion the nature of co- 49
leurs is inquir'd into. A conjecture at
the reafon of thefe colours explicated 5°
by fever al Experiments and Reafbns .•
Firfi, by continual cleaving the Body
till it become colburd. Secondly, by
producing all kinds cf colours with
two flat Plates of GlaJC Thirdly, by
blowing Glafs'fb thin in the Lamp, till
it produce the fame efleSt. Fourthly, by
doing the fame with Bubbles of di-
vers other tranfparent Bodies: the
reafbns of the colours on nealedsteel,
where by the way the canfes of the 5 2

hardning

51

Tl

T

52 hardning and tempering of Steely
endeavour d to be fiewn and explica-
ted by feveral Reafons and Experi-
ments: the reafon ofthc colours on

52 Lead, Brafe, Copper, Silvcr,&.c. other
Injiances of Juch colour d bodies in
animal Jubfiances : feveral other di-
jlinguifeing Obfervations. Des Cartes

54 Hypothecs of Colours examind. An
Hypothefis for the explication of
light by motion, indeavourcd to be
explicated and determined by feve-

5 5 ral Reafons and Experiments : three
clijiinguijhing Properties of the moti-
on of light. 1 he dijhnguifemg Proper-
ties of a trafparent Medium [that
there feems to be no Experiment that
proves the Injiantaneous motion of

S7 light"] the manner of the propagati-
on of light through them. Of the ho-
mogeniety and heterogeniety of
tranjparent Mediums , and what ef-
fects they caufe on the Rayes of light,
explicated by a Figure: an Exami-

^3 nation of the refraction of the Rays
by a plain Surface s which caufe s Co-
lours. An Examination of the like ef-
ts fetts produced by a Jpherical Surface :
the ufe that may be made of thefe Ex-
periments , for the examination of
feveral Hypothefes of Colours. Des

60 Cartes Hypothefis examind. Some

61 Difficulties taken notice of in it. What
feems mofi likely to be the caufe of co-
lour: that propriety is indeavoured

92 to be fhenon in a Glafe ball: that the
reflection is not neceffary to produce

63 Colours nor a. double refraction : the
Hypothefis/#rf/>er examined,both in

64 the pellucid Medium and in the Eye.
The definitions of Colour s-^and a fur-

65 ther explication and examination of

66 the Proprieties of laminated Bodies 5

67 by what means they conduce to the
production of Colours.

Obferv. 10. Of Metalline Colours.

68 That all Colours feem to be caused by

A B L E.

refraction. An Hypothefis confonant
hereunto, explicated by Figures. How 69

feveral Experiments , of the fudden
changing of Colours by Chymical Li-
quors, may be hereby explicated : how JO
many wayes fuch chymical Liquors
may alter the colours of Bodies.
Objections made againjl this Hypo- 71
thefis of two colours only, indeavour-
ed to be anfwerd, by feveral Reafons
and Experiments* The reafon why J2

jome Colours are capable of being di-
luted,others not : what thofe are: that

probably the particles of mofi metal-
line Colours are tranjparent 5 for this

feveral Arguments and Obfervations
are recited : how Colours become in- 75
capable of diluting , explicated by a
Similitude. An Lnflrument ,by which 74
one and the fame coloured Liquor at
once exhibited all the degrees of co-
lours between the paleji yellow and
deepeft red : as likewife another that
exhibited all varieties of blues : fe-
veral Experiments try d with thefe
Boxes. An Objection drawn from the 75
nature of Painters colours anjwered:
that diluting and whitening a colour
are different operations 3 as are
deepening and blackening : why Come
may be diluted by grinding, and feme
other by being tempered withOyl:

feveral Experiments for the explica- j6
ting of feme former Ajjertions: why J J
Painters are forced to make ufe of
many colours : what thofe colours are :
and how mixt. The conclufion, that 78
mofi coloured Bodies feem to confijl
of tranjparent particles : that all co-
lours dijjolublc in Liquors are capa-
ble ef diluting .-feme of mixing, what
a ftrange variety may thereby be pro-
due d.

Obferv. 11.
Sand.

Of the Figures of

Of the fubjiances and Jliapes of go
L 1 common

The Table*

common and other Sands : a defer i-
ption of a very fmall shell.

8 1 Obferv. 12. Of Gravel in Urine.

A defer ipt ion of fuck Gravely and

82 fame tryals made with it , and conje-
ctures at its caufe.

Obfer. 13. Of Diamonds in Flints.

A defcription and examination of
fome of them , explicated further by

83 CorniJI) Diamonds : feveral Obferva-
Hons about reflection and refraction :
and fome deductions therefrom 3 as
an explication of whitenefe^ that the
Air has a feronger reflection then Wa-

g^ ter. Hon ■> feveral Bodies may be made
tranfparent : an explication of the

85 Phenomena of Oculus Mundi. Of
the regular Geometrical Figures of

85 feveral Bodies : an hypothetical expli-

87 cation mentioned: the method of pro-
fecuting thk inquiry.

88 Obferv 14. Of frozen Figur e.

The Figures of hoar Frofe, and the
8p Vortices on windows : feveral Obfer-
vations on the branched Figures of
£0 Vrine: the F7^#re/^RegulusMar-
j 2 tis frellatus, and of Fern. OftheFi-
£2 gures of Snow. Of frozen water.

Obferv. 15. Of Kettering Stone.

A defcription of the Figure of the

24 Particles ; and of the Pores, and of the
Contexture. Several Observations and

^ 6 Confederations thereupon : fome Con-
jectures about the medium and pro-

97 potion of light, and the confeitution
of fluid, and tranfparent Bodies. Se-

^8 veral Experiments to prove the po-
roufhefi of f Marble , and fome other
Stones. An account of fome Experi-
ments to this purpofe made on an

Oculus Mundi : feme other Confide- 99
rations and Experiments about the
porokjhefl of Bodies: fome other Con- iqq
federations aboitt the propagation of
light and refraction.

Obferv. 1 6. Of Charcoal.

Of two fort of Pores to be found I0I
in all Woods and Vegetables \ the
Jl)ape of them 5 the number , thick?
nefe, manner and ufe of thefe Pores.
An explication of the Phenomena 102
of Coals. The manner of charring
Wood, or any other body. What part
of Wood is combufeible. An Hypo-
thefis of fire explicated in twelve
particulars , wherein the Action of
the Airy as a Menftruunij in the dif-
folution of all fulphureous bodies, is
very particularly explicated, and 105
fome other Confederations about the
Air propofed: the examination of
a piece of Lignum foffile fent from lQg
Rome, and fome Conclufeons thence
deduc d.

Obferv. 17. Of Wood, and other iQj
Bodies, petrified.

Several Obfervations of divers
kinds of thefefubfeances.A more par- 108
ticular examination and explicati-
on of one very notable piece of petri-
fied Wood 3 and fome Conjectures a-
bout the caufe of thofe productions :
feveral Obfervations made on other
petrified Bodies, as shells, &c. And llo
feme probable Conclufeons thence de-
due'd, about the original caufe ofll2
thofe Bodies.

Obferv. 1 8. Of the Pores of Cork,

and other Bodies. *

Several Obfervations and Confe-
derations about the nature of Cor\: 1 1^
the number of Pores in a cubical

Inch,

Inch, and feveral Coufedcr at ions a-

1 1 5 bout Tores. Several Experiments
and Observations about the nature
of Cork^: the Texture and Tores of
the Tith of an Elder , and fever al o-
ther Trees : of the Stalks of Bur-
docks^afels,Daifeesf arret, Fennel,

116 Ferne,Reeds,1kc. of the frothy tex-
ture of the Tith of a Feather : feme
Conjectures about the probability of
values in thefe Tores. Argued alfo
front the Phenomena of thefenfe-

H j bleand humble Tlant : feme Obfer-
120 vations on which are inferted.

The Table.

Moffes^ upon this occasion fever al
Conjectures, about the manner of the
production of thefe kinds of Bodies ;
are hinted, and feme of them expli-
cated by a Similitude taken from a1^
piece of Clockzwork. Thevafi diffe-
rence of the bignefeof vegetable Bo-
dies 5 and the probability that the
leafi may comprehend as curious
contrivances as thegreateji. Of mul- 135
titudes of other Moulds ,Mojje s ,and
Muferomes , and other vegetating
Trinciples, in Water, Wood, &c.

121 Obferv. 19. Of a Vegetable

growing on blighted Leaves.

122 Several Obfervations and Exa-

123 mi nations made of them: fever al

124 Confederations about feontaneous

125 generation arifing from the putre-
faction of Bodies.

Obferv. 20. Of Blew Mould and
Mufhromes.

126 The defer ipti on of fever al kinds

127 of Moulds. The method of proceed-
ing in natural Inquiries. Several
Confederations about the nature of
Mould and Mufliromes. 1. That
they may be producd without feed.

2. That they feem to have none.

3. That Saltsjkc. are Jhapd into as
j2g curious figures without a feed. \.0f

a {ind of Mufhrome growing in a
Candle: A more particular explica-
tion of this lafe fert of Mufhromes.

120 5* °f the figure and manner of the
produBion of petrified Iceiclesfeve-
ral dedu& ions from thefe Confidera-

j Q Hons, about the nature of the vege-
* tation of Mould and Mufhromes.

Obferv. 22. Of Sponges,and other
fibrous Bodies.

Several Obfervations andConje-
Ctures about the making of thefe Bo-
dies and fever al Hifeories out of
Authors. Scarce any other Body hath 1 37
fitch a texture^ the fibrous texture 138
of Leather, Spunky, 8cc. (which are 139
there defcrib'd ) come nearefe to it.-
That upon tryal with a piece of
Spunge and Oyl the necejfity of re- 140
fj>iration could not be alter d.

Obferv. 23. Of the Form of Sea-
weed,

From the curioufly fhap'd Sur-
face of this Sea-weed, and feme 0-
t hers, is conjeCturedthepofftbility ofl^l
multitudes of the like.

Obferv. 24. Of the Surfaces of
fome Leaves^

131

132

Obferv. 21. Of Mofs.
The defiription of fever al forts of

The defeription, 1. Of the bald
Surfaces of Leaves. 2. Of the dow-
ny Surfaces of feveral others.
3. Of the gummous exjudation, or
fmall transparent Fear Is, difeovered
with a Microfcope in feveral 0-
thers. An Inflame of all which is
afforded in a Rofemary Leaf

Obferv,

The Table

Obfcrv. 25. Of the ftinging
Points of a Nettle.

-A defcription of the Needles and
fever al ether contrivances in 'the leaf

144 of a Nettle ; bore the flinging pain is
created : upon this Jeveral confedera-
tions about poyjomng Darts are fet
down. An Experiment of killing Effs,
and Fijhes with Salt, Some conjectures
at the efficacy of Baths 5 the ufe that
may be mad* of injecting into the

145 Veins . Avery remarkable Hiflory
out of Bellonius } and fame Confede-
rations about (laining and dying of
Bodies.

Obferv. 26. Of Cowage.

The defcription of it out e/Parkin-

146 fon:«» Experiment made of it: a de-
fcriptiony and feme conjectures at the
iaufeof the Phenomena.

Obferv. 27. Of the Beard of a
wild Oat.

147

148 The defcription of its Jhape and

1 49 properties : the manner of making a

1 50 Hygrofcope with it s and a Conje-
Uure at the caufes of tmfe motions ,

ifx andof the motions of the Mufcles,

Obferv. 28. Of the Seeds of Ve>
nice Looking' glafs.

1 J3 The defcription of them.

Obfer. 29. Of the Seeds of Time.

154 A defcription of them. A digrejfion
about Natures method.

Obferv. 30. Of Poppy Seeds.

IJ7 The defcription and ufe of
them.

Obferv. 31. Of Purflane Seeds. iy6

A defcription of thefe and many
other Seeds.

Obferv. 32. Of Hair. e_

1 57

The defcription of fever al forts of 1 j8
Hair ; their Figures and Textures :
the reafon of their colours, A defcripti- j ^
on of the texture of the s kin 3 andof j60
S punle^ and Sponges : by what paf- 1 <j r
fages and pores of the skin tranfpira-
tion feems to be made. Experiments
to prove the poroufnefs of the skin of
Vegetables.

Obferv. 33. Of the Scales of a I(j2
Soale.

A defcription of their beauteous
form.

Obferv. 3 4. Of the Sting of a Bee. ,53

A defcription of its Jhape, mecha:
nifme, and ufe.

Obferv. 35. Of Feathers, 16 f

166

A defcription of the Jhape and cu- \$7
rious contexture of Feathers ; and
feme conjectures thereupon.

Obfer. 35. Of Peacocks Feathers.

A defcription of their curious form \ 6%
and proprieties ; rvith a conjecture at 169
the caufe of their variable colours,

Obfer. 37. Of the Feet of Flyes,
and other Infecls.

A defcription of their figure, parts, l70
and ufe $ and fome confederations l7j
thereupon*

Obferv,

The T ABLE.

17* Obfer.38. Of the Wings of Flyes.

After robat manner ^and how fwift-

173 lytbe wings of Infects move. .A de-
scription of the Pendulums under tbe

174 wings , and their motion i tbe fhape
andjiructure of tbe parts of the win^.

J7f Obfer. 39. Of the Head of a Fly.

1. AS the face of a Drone-fly is no-
thing almofi but eyes. 1. Thofe are

176 of two magnitudes. %. They are
Hemifpheres, and very refleSive and
fmooth. \.Some directed towards eve.
ry quarter. 5. How the Fly cleanfes
them.6 Their number. 7 .Their order s

177 divers particulars obferv d int'hedif

178 feeling ahead. That the fe are very
probably the eyes of the Creature 5 an
gued from fever al Obfervations and

179 Experiments, that Crabs s Lobflers,
Shrimp s^fe em to be water Infects, and
to be framed mucb like Air Infects.

1 80 Several Confi derations about their
manner of vifion.

Obfer.40.Of the Teeth of a Snail.

181 A brief defcription of it.

Obferv. 41. Of the Eggs of Silk-
worms.

1 8a Several Obfervables about the
Eggs of Infects:

183 Obferv. 42. Of a blue Fly.

j84 A defcription of its outward and
inward parts. Its bardinefs to indure
18 j freeqng^and fleeping in Spirit of wine.

Obferv. 43. Of a water Infeft.

186 A defcription of its Jbope, tranfpa-
rency, motion, both internal and pro.

grefftve^and transformation. A Hifto- 1 87
ry fomewhat Analogus cited out of
Pifo. Several Obfervations about the ,33
various wayes of the generations of
Infects : by what means they act fo t
feemingly wifely and prudently Seve* l00
ral Queries propounded. Poflfcript,
centaimng a relation of another very } ^ 2
odd way of the generation of In feels.
An Obfervation about the fertility of
the Earth of our Climate in producing
lnfefts, and of divers other wayes of
their generation.

Obferv, 44. Of the tufted Gnat.

Several Obfervables about Infects,
and a more particular defcription of 194
the parts of this Gnat.

Ob.45.Of the great belly'd Gnat. 1 9 s

A Jhort defcrtption of it*

Obfer. 46. Of a white Moth.

- A defcription of the feathers and
wings of this, and fever al other In- I97
feels. Divers Confi 'derations about tbe iy%
wings > and the flying of Infects and
Birds.

Obf. 47. Of the Shepherd Spider.

A defcription of its Eyes : and the
facets of its long legs : and a Cenje- 199
Uure of the mechanical reafon of its
fabriek. i together with a (uppofition,
that 'tis not unlikely ^but Spiders may
have the maty of their inward parts
exactly like a Crab, which may be
call' da water Spider.

Obfer.48. Of the hunting Spider.

A Jhort defcription of it s to which
is annext an excellent Hiftory of itj 20
made by Mr, Evelyn. Some further
M m Obfer ^

The Table.

3O2 Obferv attons on ether Spiders , and
their Webs , together with an exami-
nation of a white Suh fiance fiving up
and down in the Air after a Fog,

20 5

Obfer. 49. Of an Ant.

That all [mall Bodies, both Vege-
table and Animal, do quickly dry and
wither.! he befl remedy I found to hin-
der it,and to make the Animal lye JHU

204 to be obferv' d. Several particulars re-
lated of the ablions of this Creature 5

205- and a fhort defer iption of its parts.

Obf. 50. Of the wandrieg Mite.

206 A defcription of this Creature, and
of another very fmali one , which ufu-

207 afy bo™ if company. A Conjecture at
the original of Mites.

Obferv.51. Of a Crab-like Infeft.

20 8 A brief defer iption of it.

Obferv. 52. OfaBook-worm.

209 A defer iption of it 5 where by the
way is inferted a digreffion, experi-
mentally explicating the Phxnome-

210 na of Pearl. A c on fi deration of its
digeflive faculty.

Obferv. 53* Of a Flea*

211 A foort defer iption of it.

Obferv. 54. Of a Loufe.

a 1 2 A defcription of its parts \and fome

213 notable circumflances.

Obferv. 55-. Of Mites.

The exceeding fmalnefl of fome
Mites ^and their Eggs. A defcription

214 of the Mites of Cbeefe | and an inti-

mation of the variety of forms in other
Mites, with a Conjecture at the *ea* aiy
fan.

Ob.ftf. Of fmall Vine-Mites.

A defcription of them 5 aghefi at
their original • their exceeding ffnaU
nefs compared with that of a Wood- 2i£
loufe )f torn which they may be fuppos'd
to come.

Obferv. 57. Of Vinegar-worms.

A defcription of them, with fome 217
confi derations on their motions.

Obf. 58. Ofthe Inflexion of the
Rays of Light in the Air.

A Jbort rehear fal of fever al Pha»- 2 1 S
nomeua. An attempt to explicate 219
them-.the fuppofition founded on two
Proportions 5 both which are tndea-
voured to be made out by (everal Ex-
periments. What denfity and rarity
is in refpeU of refraction: the refraUi-
on of Spirit of Wine compared with
that of common Water '.the refraUion 220
of Ice. An Experiment of making an
Vndulation of the j\ays by the mixing
of Liquors of differing denfity. The
explication of i nfledtion , mccbani* 221
cally and hypothetic ally : what Bodies
have fuch an inflexion. Several Ex-
periments to Jbew that the Air has
this propriety i that it proceeds from 22z
the differing denfity of the Air : that
the upper and under part of the Air
are of differing denfity -. feme Expert- 22~
ments to prove this. A Table of the
ftrength of the fpring of the Mr , an-
fwering to each degree of extenfion $
when firft made . and when repeated. 2 24
Another Experiment of compr effing 225
the Air. A Table of the Jlrength of the j 26
Air , anfwering to each compreffion
and expanjion 5 from which the height

The Table.

2 27 of the Air may be fuppos'd indefinite i
228 t° what degree the Air is rarifi'dat
any diflance above the Surface of the
Earth : how, from this, Inflexion is
329 inferr'ds an^ fever al Phenomena
2^Q explain d. That the Air near the
Earth is compos d of parts of differing
22I denfitys made probable by fever al
2^2 Experiments and obfervations ; hew
this propriety produces the effetls of
the waving and dancing of Bodies i
- and of the twinkling of the Stars.
233 Several Phenomena explicated.
Some Quceries added.

1 . Whether this Principle may not
be madeufeof, for perfecting Optiek^

234. Claffes ? What might be hoped from
it if it were to be done f

2. Whether from thist PreneipU
the apparition of fome new Starr may'
not be explicated f

3. Whether the height &f the Air
may be defind by it ?

4. Whether there may not fome-
times be Jo great a difparity of din.
Jity between the upper and under parts
of the Air, as to make a refiefting
Surface ?

f. Whether if fo, this will not ex-
* plicate the Phenomena of the
Clouds. An Experiment to this pur-
pofe f

x$6 7- Whether the J{ayes frem the
Up of Mountains are not bended into
Curve-lines by inflexion? An Argu-
ment for it, taken from an Experiment
made on St. Paul V Steeple.

8. Whether the diflance of the
Planets will not be more difficult to
be found ? What wayes are moji Itke-
lytoreBifiethe dijiance of the Moon:
the way of fitting Telefcopes for
Jucb Obfervations. How to make the

2 % Observations ) and how from them to
* find the true distance of the Moon at
any time. How the dijiance oj the Sun
may be found by two Obfervators.Tbe

7 39 way by the Dicotomy of the Moon un-

certain. That the dijiance of the
Moon may be lefs then it has been
hitherto /uppos'd. Kepler'/ Suppofiti-
on not fo probable ; the explication of *4°
the Phasnomena by another Hypo-
thelis* •

Obferv. 59- Of the fixt Stars*

y 141

Of the multitudes of Stars difco-

verable by the Tele (cope , and the

variety of their magnitudes :?8. Stars

dijiiit&ujjfjt in the Pleiades-.tbat there -

are degrees ofkignefs even in the Stars

accounted of the fame magnitude : the

longer the Glafies are, and the bigger

apertures they will indure , the more

fit they are for thefe difcoveiies : that

'tis probable, longer Glafjes would yet

rWkjke gf^atort difcoveries. 5 . Stars 2 ^ 2

di/cover d in\he Galaxie of Orion V

Sword.

Obferv. <5o. Of the Moon.

A defenption of a Vale hi the
Moon what call'd by Etevelius and
R i cc i a ! u s^and how drfcrib'd by them-,
with what fuijlances the bills of the 7^
M own may be cover d. A defer iption
of the pits of the Moon 3 and a conje-
cture at their caufe : two Experiments
that make it probable, that of the fur?
face of boy I* d Alabajler dujl feemiv.g 244
the moji likely to be refembled by eru-
ptions of vapours out of the body of the
Moon : that Earthquakes (eem to be
generated much the fame way , and
their effetls feem very fimilar.An Arc
gument that there may be fuel? varia-
tions in the Moon , becaufe greater
have been obferv d in the Sun.becaufe .
the fubflance of the Moon and Earth
feem much alike: and becaufe 'tis pro-
bable the Moon has a gravitating
principle : this is argued from fever at
particulars. Thereafonwhy fever al ,
pits are one within another. The ufe *
that may be made of this lnjlance of
a gravity in the Moon.

ERRATA.

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ERRATA.

IN the Preface, Page 7. line 18. read feet : line 14. read Gilbert, Harvy.
Page I J. line ult. read tafle : p.j4.1.i8.r./»»W/ /«« ;1. penult, r. that proceeds from.; p40.1.44.r.ip1&e»
p.48.1.34. t.jbroadtft: p. 57. 3 delete; p. 6». 1.3*. r. water-drop : p. 64. l.f.r.duRionofG *AC H : 1.3f.r. »u»-
}refsioHs:ft96X3}.i-compofe: p. tao. 1. 1 1. r. Merfennus : p.to6l.i.r.extreamly : p. 110 5 8.r.,» ; l.n.
t.tbofe : p.ltx.\.ii.t.^ildroH<titdus>wormiut : p.i xr.l9.dclc of: p.i 18.I.43, de!e/Vo,w;p. 1 19.1. i8.t fifth place :
p. 130. 1.19. x.^tetitlmenfttuam :p. 136.L39.r- knew how : p. 144,1. *. r. parts of the : p. 147,1 r. foo<fe'«/oa:
p. J.r. &oi>: p I*tli7. deleo»(>: p. i£eM.il.r.tt : 1. 1 a. dele the Semicolon : I. 17. t, place S

p.l*7.1.40.r.xx:pi7*.l»8.r.(«»i fir(l for the : p. 1 9$.!. 17. t.and aH artific. p. tif. I. ult r. and from the ;
p. *Mj. 4' t. whence the under: pz34.l1 i.t.tohopt ; p.t33.I.4i.r is not lefts p 140.1.19. r.Afoo*.

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